DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 2 Homework Packet 1. the First People to Attempt to Explain

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 2 Homework Packet 1. the First People to Attempt to Explain Chapter 2 Homework Packet 1. The first people to attempt to explain why chemical changes occur were (see page 40 of text—early history) a) metallurgists b) physicians c) the Greeks d) physicists e) alchemists The Greeks were the first in recorded history to conceive of the idea of matter as being composed of elements. Around 450 B.C., Empedocles first suggested that various proportions of the elements, “earth, wind, fire and air,” constituted all matter. Aristotle subsequently expanded these ideas, suggesting that the four basic elements were characterized by varying degrees of the qualities, “hot, cold, moist and dry.” Changes (what we know as chemical changes) occurred by the addition of these qualities to one of the basic elements. Also in the 5th century B.C., Leucippus and his student Democritus proposed that matter was composed of tiny indivisible particles. They reasoned that if a bar of gold could be continuously divided, a particle would eventually be reached that, if divided further, would cease to exhibit the properties of gold. They called these theoretical particles atoms (Gr. atomos). Aristotle rejected this line of reasoning and the concept that matter was composed of these indivisible particles was abandoned until the scientists of the 1600-1800’s developed the atomic theory. Answer C 2. The Greeks proposed that matter consisted of four fundamental substances: (see page 40 of text—early history) a) atoms, fire, water, air b) atoms, metal, fire, air c) fire, earth, water, air d) fire, metal, water, air c) earth, metal, water, air See explanation to question 1. Answer C 3. The first chemist to perform truly quantitative experiments was a) Paracelsus b) Boyle c) Priestly d) Bauer e) Lavoisier Robert Boyle was one of the first truly quantitative scientists. He made observations of the relationship between pressure and volume of gases, leading to the understanding that pressure is inversely related volume, and providing one of the important clues to the development of atomic theory. He hypothesized that in order for the relationship he observed to exist, gases must be made of particles in motion. The motion of the particles crashing against the side of the container would be what caused the pressure of a volume of gas. If a volume of gas was compressed, the particles would be closer together, there would be more collisions of particles with the wall, and the pressure would increase. His ideas significantly influenced the idea Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Chapter Error! Unknown document property name.: Error! Unknown document property name. 22 that not only are gases made of particles, but all matter is made of particles. Answer B 4. The scientist who discovered the law of conservation of mass and is also called the father of modern chemistry is a) Priestly b) Bauer c) Lavoisier d) Proust e) Boyle In the late 1700’s, Antoine Lavoisier perfected techniques of precise measurements of mass and for the first time, demonstrated that the amount of mass in reactants of a reaction consistently equaled the amount of mass in the resulting products. Because of the consistency with which this observation is made (that is, we always observe this) the absence of a change of mass during a normal chemical equation became known as the law of conservation of mass. Answer C 5. Which of the following pairs of compounds can be used to illustrate the law of multiple proportions? a) NH4 and NH4Cl b) ZnO2 and ZnCl2 c) H2O and HCl d) NO and NO2 e) CH4 and CO2 According to the law of multiple proportions, if two elements (for example, elements A and B) can form two different compounds, , if you determine the ratio of mass fractions (mass percents) of A to B in each compound, and then determine the ratio of these ratios (“the ratio of the ratios”) this ratio will be a ratio of small whole numbers. Because of the conditions of this natural law, the compounds involved must both be composed of the same two elements. In this case, the only compounds that meet this requirement are NO and NO2. Answer D 6. Which of the following pairs can be used to illustrate the law of multiple proportions? a) H2O and C12H22O11 b) H2SO4 and H2S c) SO and SO2 d) CO and CaCO3 e) KCl and KClO2 See explanation for question 5. The only compounds that meet the requirements of this law are SO and SO2. Answer C 7. According to the law of multiple proportions: a) If the same two elements form two different compounds, they do so in the same ratio. b) It is not possible for the same two elements to form more than one compound. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Chapter Error! Unknown document property name.: Error! Unknown document property name. 23 c) The ratio of the masses of the elements in a compound is always the same. d) The total mass after a chemical change is the same as before the change. e) None of these. The law of multiple proportions states that if elements A and B react to form two different compounds, the different masses of B that combine with a fixed mass of A can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers. (A) False—this law states that the elements combine not in the same ratio but in the ratio of small whole numbers. (B) False—we know through observations that two elements commonly form more than one compound. (C) False—While it is true that the ratio of masses of elements in a compound is always the same, this is a statement of the law of definite proportions, not the law of multiple proportions. (D) False—While the total mass after a chemical change is the same as before the change, this is a statement of the law of conservation of mass, not the law of multiple proportions. (E) True—noe of the above relates to the law of multiple proportions. Answer E 8. A sample of chemical X is found to contain 5.0 grams of oxygen, 10.0 grams of carbon, and 20.0 grams of nitrogen. The law of definite proportion would predict that a 67 gram sample of chemical X should contain how many grams of carbon? Remember the strategy/show the work: gC = (mass fraction of C)(sample mass) = (.2857)(67.0g) = 19 g C 10.0 g C mass fraction of C = = .2857 5.0 g O + 10.0 g C + 20.0 g N Think—I want the grams of C in a 67 gram sample of chemical X—do I know a formula that would provide me with this? Yes—I simply need to multiply sample mass by the mass fraction of C, and this will give me the number of grams of carbon in the sample. Write out this formula. Then, inspect the formula to realize that you already have the sample mass but you do not have the mass fraction. Then realize that you are given data for the masses of oxygen, carbon and nitrogen for a different sample of X, so you should be able to use this data to calculate the mass fraction of carbon. You quickly realize that a formula that would give you this would be to divide the mass of carbon, by the sum of the masses of all of the components. If you label the calculation, the calculation is simple enough that you would not need to write out the formula, just show the calculation. Then take this value and plug it back in to the original formula. There are 2 sig figs in the final result, limited by 5.0 g in the given values. Answer 19 g C 9. Consider the following two compounds: H2O and H2O2 . According to the law of multiple proportions, the ratio of hydrogen atoms per gram of oxygen in H2O to hydrogen atoms per gram of oxygen in H2O2 is a) 2:2 b) 4:1 c) 1:1 d) 2:1 e) 1:2 Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Chapter Error! Unknown document property name.: Error! Unknown document property name. 24 The fact that there is the same mass of H in each compound but twice the mass of O in H2O2, when the question is asking for the amount of H per gram of O, makes this question a little confusing. It would be much easier to find the ratio of O atoms per gram of H. But, think of it in the following way—how many hydrogen atoms are there in each compound for every one O atom? In H2O, for every 1 O atom, there are 2 H atoms. In H2O2, for every 1 O atom, there is only 1 H atom. So, for H2O compared to H2O2, for every gram of oxygen, the ratio of atoms of hydrogen is 2:1. Answer D 10. Which of the following statements from Dalton's atomic theory is no longer true, according to modern atomic theory? a) Atoms are not created or destroyed in chemical reactions. b) All atoms of a given element are identical. c) Atoms are indivisible in chemical reactions. d) Elements are made up of tiny particles called atoms. e) All of these statements are true according to modern atomic theory. At first glance it might appear that all of these statements are still true. However, at the time of the first statement of the atomic theory in the early 1800’s, investigators did not know about isotopes—they truly thought all atoms of a given element would be identical.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sodium Chlorite Neutralization
    ® Basic Chemicals Sodium Chlorite Neutralization Introduction that this reaction is exothermic and liberates a If sodium chlorite is spilled or becomes a waste, significant amount of heat (H). it must be disposed of in accordance with local, state, and Federal regulations by a NPDES NaClO2 + 2Na2SO3 2Na2SO4 + NaCl permitted out-fall or in a permitted hazardous 90.45g + 2(126.04g) 2(142.04g) + 58.44g waste treatment, storage, and disposal facility. H = -168 kcal/mole NaClO2 Due to the reactivity of sodium chlorite, neutralization for disposal purposes should be For example, when starting with a 5% NaClO2 avoided whenever possible. Where permitted, solution, the heat generated from this reaction the preferred method for handling sodium could theoretically raise the temperature of the chlorite spills and waste is by dilution, as solution by 81C (146F). Adequate dilution, discussed in the OxyChem Safety Data Sheet thorough mixing and a slow rate of reaction are (SDS) for sodium chlorite in Section 6, important factors in controlling the temperature (Accidental Release Measures). Sodium chlorite increase (T). neutralization procedures must be carried out only by properly trained personnel wearing Procedure appropriate protective equipment. The complete neutralization procedure involves three sequential steps: dilution, chlorite Reaction Considerations reduction, and alkali neutralization. The dilution If a specific situation requires sodium chlorite to step lowers the strength of the sodium chlorite be neutralized, the chlorite must first be reduced solution to 5% or less; the reduction step reacts by a reaction with sodium sulfite. The use of the diluted chlorite solution with sodium sulfite to sodium sulfite is recommended over other produce a sulfate solution, and the neutralization reducing agents such as sodium thiosulfate step reduces the pH of the alkaline sulfate (Na2S2O3), sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3), and solution from approximately 12 to 4-5.
    [Show full text]
  • Six-Year Review 3 Technical Support Document for Chlorate
    Six-Year Review 3 Technical Support Document for Chlorate Office of Water (4607M) EPA-810-R-16-013 December 2016 Disclaimer This document is not a regulation. It is not legally enforceable, and does not confer legal rights or impose legal obligations on any party, including EPA, states, or the regulated community. While EPA has made every effort to ensure the accuracy of any references to statutory or regulatory requirements, the obligations of the interested stakeholders are determined by statutes, regulations or other legally binding requirements, not this document. In the event of a conflict between the information in this document and any statute or regulation, this document would not be controlling. This page intentionally left blank. Table of Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1-1 2 Contaminant Background .......................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 Chemical and Physical Properties ................................................................................. 2-1 2.2 Production, Use and Release ......................................................................................... 2-2 2.2.1 Commercial Production and Use in Industry and Agriculture ........................... 2-2 2.2.2 Incidental Production and Release ...................................................................... 2-6 2.3 Environmental Fate ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Formation of Perchlorate from Chlorine Species Under Simulated Mars Conditions
    Eighth International Conference on Mars (2014) 1020.pdf FORMATION OF PERCHLORATE FROM CHLORINE SPECIES UNDER SIMULATED MARS CONDITIONS. B. L. Carrier* and S. P. Kounaves, Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA. ([email protected]). Introduction: an ongoing mechanism for perchlorate formation from - Perchlorate (ClO4 ) was first discovered on Mars at chloride, and likely indicates the probable presence of the Phoenix landing site in 2008 at concentrations of other oxychlorine intermediates and radicals such as - - ● ● 0.4 to 0.6 wt % [1]. More recently results from Mars OCl , ClO2 , ClO2(g), OCl, Cl and others. The pres- Science Laboratory (MSL) pyrolysis experiments per- ence of these intermediates has serious implications for formed by the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) in- the survival and detection of organics as most of these strument suite indicate the presence of an oxychlorine intermediates, unlike perchlorate, are strong oxidizing species in samples collected at Rocknest, Cumberland agents at Mars ambient conditions. All of this seems and John Klein sites, with calcium perchlorate being to indicate the presence of a complex chlorine cycle on the most likely candidate [2,3]. Perchlorate has also the martian surface. been identified in martian meteorite EETA79001 [4] Our current reseach aims to investigate factors that and has been proposed as a possible explanation for the may influence the rate of perchlorate formation such as detection of chlorinated hydrocarbons at the Viking UV dosage, exposure time, relative humidity, concen- landing sites [5]. Taken together this seems to indicate tration of atmospheric oxidants and effects of direct a global distribution of perchlorate on the martian sur- exposure to UV photons vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicological Profile for Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite
    TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND CHLORITE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry September 2004 CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND CHLORITE ii DISCLAIMER The use of company or product name(s) is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND CHLORITE iii UPDATE STATEMENT Toxicological Profile for Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite, Draft for Public Comment was released in September 2002. This edition supersedes any previously released draft or final profile. Toxicological profiles are revised and republished as necessary. For information regarding the update status of previously released profiles, contact ATSDR at: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology/Toxicology Information Branch 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32 Atlanta, Georgia 30333 CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND CHLORITE vi *Legislative Background The toxicological profiles are developed in response to the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986 (Public law 99-499) which amended the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA or Superfund). This public law directed ATSDR to prepare toxicological profiles for hazardous substances most commonly found at facilities on the CERCLA National Priorities List and that pose the most significant potential threat to human health, as determined by ATSDR and the EPA. The availability of the revised priority list of 275 hazardous substances was announced in the Federal Register on November 17, 1997 (62 FR 61332). For prior versions of the list of substances, see Federal Register notices dated April 29, 1996 (61 FR 18744); April 17, 1987 (52 FR 12866); October 20, 1988 (53 FR 41280); October 26, 1989 (54 FR 43619); October 17, 1990 (55 FR 42067); October 17, 1991 (56 FR 52166); October 28, 1992 (57 FR 48801); and February 28, 1994 (59 FR 9486).
    [Show full text]
  • Occurrence of Chlorite, Chlorate and Bromate in Disinfected Swimming Pool Water
    Polish J. of Environ. Stud. Vol. 16, No. 2 (2007), 237-241 Original Research Occurrence of Chlorite, Chlorate and Bromate in Disinfected Swimming Pool Water R. Michalski*, B. Mathews institute of environmental engineering of Polish Academy of science, 34 sklodowska-curie str., 41-819 zabrze, Poland Received: June 29, 2006 Accepted: November 10, 2006 Abstract Swimming pool water treatment in general includes flocculation, sand filtration and subsequent dis- infection. Chlorite, chlorate and bromate are disinfection by-products of swimming pool water treated by chlorine species or ozone. They are responsible for adverse effects on human health and their analyses in swimming pool water are necessary. The simply and fast suppressed ion chromatography simultaneous separation and conductivity deter- mination of chlorite, chlorate, bromate, fluoride, chloride, nitrate, bromide, phosphate and sulfate in dis- infected swimming pool water has been described. The separation was performed on an anion-exchange column with 1.0 mm na2CO3 + 3.2 mm naHco3 as eluent, and determination by suppressed conductivity detection. chlorite has been found in 5 analyzed samples, chlorate in all of them, and bromate in the 2 samples originated from ozonated swimming pool water. ions were analyzed in the wide concentrations range from 0.05 mg l-1 (bromate) up to 300 mg l-1 (chloride, sulfate). Linearity of disinfection by-products was checked up to 2.0 mg/l (chlorite), 30 mg l-1 (chlorate) and 0.5 mg l-1 (bromate) with a 50 µl injection loop (r2= 0.9966 – 0.9985), respectively. Fluoride, chloride, nitrate, bromide, phosphate, and sulfate did not interfere with target anions.
    [Show full text]
  • Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite
    CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND CHLORITE What are CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND CHLORITE? Chlorine dioxide is a man-made gas that is yellow to reddish-yellow in color, with an unpleasant odor similar to chlorine. When chlorine dioxide is added to water, it forms chlorite. Where can chlorine dioxide and chlorite be found and how are they used? Paper plants use chlorine dioxide to bleach paper. Public drinking water suppliers use low levels of chlorine dioxide to kill harmful bacteria and organisms. How can people be exposed to chlorine dioxide and chlorite? You could be exposed to chlorine dioxide and chlorite through: Drinking water purified with chlorine dioxide and chlorite. Touching chlorine dioxide and chlorite by being in the air they have contaminated. Both chemicals are gases that break down in air. Eye Contact by being in the air that chlorine dioxide and chlorite have contaminated. Employees of pulp and paper mills or water treatment plants can have a high exposure if they work where chlorine dioxide and chlorite are used as disinfectants. How do chlorine dioxide and chlorite work? Both chlorine dioxide and chlorite break down quickly when they enter the body. Chlorine dioxide changes to chlorite ions, small groups of atoms with an electric charge. These ions further break down into chloride ions that leave the body within hours or days through the urine. How can chlorine dioxide and chlorite affect my health? Breathing air containing chlorine dioxide gas can irritate your nose, throat and lungs. There is no evidence that chlorine dioxide or chlorite affects reproduction in humans. Most people will not be exposed to enough chlorine dioxide or chlorite to suffer significant and long-lasting damage.
    [Show full text]
  • Sodium Chlorite for the Generation of Chlorine Dioxide Gas - Petitioned
    Formal Recommendation From: National Organic Standards Board (NOSB) To: National Organic Program (NOP) Date: October 26, 2018 Subject: Sodium chlorite for the generation of chlorine dioxide gas - petitioned NOSB Chair: Tom Chapman The NOSB hereby recommends to the NOP the following: Rulemaking Action: None Statement of the Recommendation: The NOSB does not recommend sodium chlorite for the generation of chlorine dioxide gas be added to the National List at §205.605(b). Rationale Supporting Recommendation: The NOSB noted the availability of allowed natural and synthetic alternatives to this substance. The Board recognized the importance of having the ability to rotate among several materials in an antimicrobial regime to reduce the incidence of microbial resistance. However, in the absence of public comment advocating for the addition of sodium chlorite for the generation of chlorine dioxide gas to the National List and the availability of alternatives, the NOSB determined it is not essential to organic production. NOSB Vote: Classification Motion: Motion to classify sodium chlorite for the generation of chlorine dioxide gas as nonagricultural, synthetic (Classified in April 2016) Motion by: Scott Rice Seconded by: Jean Richardson Yes: 7 No: 0 Abstain: 0 Absent: 1 Recuse: 0 Listing Motion: Motion to add sodium chlorite for the generation of chlorine dioxide gas at §205.605(b) Motion by: Scott Rice Seconded by: Lisa de Lima Yes: 6 No: 9 Abstain: 0 Absent: 0 Recuse: 0 Outcome: Motion Failed National Organic Standards Board Handling Subcommittee
    [Show full text]
  • Sodium Chlorite Handbook
    SODIUM CHLORITE HANDBOOK OxyChem Technical Information 01/2015 Dallas-based Occidental Chemical Corporation is a leading North American manufacturer of basic chemicals, vinyls and performance chemicals directly and through various affiliates (collectively, OxyChem). OxyChem is also North America's largest producer of sodium chlorite. As a Responsible Care® company, OxyChem's global commitment to safety and the environment goes well beyond compliance. OxyChem's Health, Environment and Safety philosophy is a positive motivational force for our employees, and helps create a strong culture for protecting human health and the environment. Our risk management programs and methods have been, and continue to be, recognized as some of the industry's best. OxyChem offers an effective combination of industry expertise, experience, on line business tools, quality products and exceptional customer service. As a member of the Occidental Petroleum Corporation family, OxyChem represents a rich history of experience, top-notch business acumen, and sound, ethical business practices. HB-600 2 01/2015 Table of Contents Introduction to Sodium chlorite ................................................................................................................. 4 Manufacturing ................................................................................................................................................ 4 Sodium Chlorite End Uses ............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • OXIDATION of CHLORIDE to PERCHLORATE UNDER AMBIENT MARS CONDITIONS. B. L. Car- Rier* and S. P. Kounaves, Department of Chemistry
    45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2014) 2570.pdf OXIDATION OF CHLORIDE TO PERCHLORATE UNDER AMBIENT MARS CONDITIONS. B. L. Car- rier* and S. P. Kounaves, Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA (*[email protected]). Introduction: Perchlorate was first detected on the The current research aims to investigate the for- martian surface by the Wet Chemistry Laboratory mation pathway for perchlorate on mineral surfaces (WCL) on the Phoenix Lander at a concentration of under current Mars conditions. ~0.5 wt.% [1]. Perchlorate has subsequently been de- tected at similar levels by the Mars Science Laboratory Experimental: Perchlorate formation experiments (MSL) via pyrolysis experiments performed by the have been performed in a Mars Simulation Chamber Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite [2]. (MSC) which is capable of simulating typical Mars Perchlorate has also been found in martian meteorite surface conditions such as temperature, pressure, at- EETA79001 with a concentration of 0.6 ± 0.1 ppm by mospheric composition and UV flux. mass [3], and has also been proposed as a possible ex- The MSC consists of a stainless steel cylindrical planation for the presence of chlorinated hydrocarbons chamber with an internal diameter of 60 cm and a detected at the Viking landing sites [4]. As a whole depth of 45 cm. A Mars simulant gas mixture (95.3% this data seems to indicate a global distribution of per- CO2, 2.7% N2, 1.6% Ar, 0.13% O2) is introduced into chlorate on Mars. The presence of perchlorate has the chamber at a constant rate (8.25 SCCM) through a wide ranging implications in terms of the oxidizing mass-flow controller.
    [Show full text]
  • Preparation for AP Chemistry
    Name • AP Chemistry Period Date Preparation for AP Chemistry S U M M E R A S S I G N M E N T Get a copy of the textbook . Familiarize yourself with the Periodic Table. You should recognize quickly the symbols (name them) and their positions on the Periodic Table of the first 20 elements. The last page of this packet has a Periodic Table for your reference. Memorize the list of sixty familiar ions. You should be able to write the symbol of the ion given the name, and vice versa. • Included in this packet are: (1) a list of ions by name, (2) a list of ions by grouping, (3) ion flash cards, and (4) four practice ions quizzes. • You should be able to complete the ions quiz in less than four minutes without trouble. (Basically you need to know your ions better than you know your multiplication table.) • There will be a quiz in the first week of school. • You may want to print out and cut the flashcards of the ions, and then arrange them by groups based on patterns you observe. (For example, which ones are made of only one element / several elements? Which ones have positive charges vs. negative charges? If it’s an ion from a single element, where are they on the periodic table? Which ones have several possible charges? How are they named, e.g. –ium, -ide, -ate, -ite, hypo-, per-, bi-, thio-, -ous, -ic?) Learn every topic. Refer to the list of Review Topics. These are all the concepts and skills that you are expected to have learned during your first year of chemistry and that you can do with ease.
    [Show full text]
  • Product Stewardship Summary Sodium Chlorite
    Product Stewardship Summary Sodium Chlorite Summary Sodium chlorite is commercially available in two different physical forms, either as a dry flake material or as an aqueous solution. Unlike most chemicals, some of the hazards associated with this chemical may differ depending on the form of the product. Liquid sodium chlorite solutions are clear to slightly yellow in appearance and have a slight chlorine odor and are classified as corrosive. Dry sodium chlorite is a white flake product with a slight chlorine odor and is a strong oxidizer. Sodium chlorite, like many oxidizing agents, should be protected from inadvertent contamination by organic materials to avoid the formation of an explosive mixture. The primary application for sodium chlorite is the generation of chlorine dioxide for bleaching and stripping of textiles, pulp, and paper. Another important use is in the disinfection and purification of water. 1. Chemical Identity Name: Sodium Chlorite Synonyms: Chlorous Acid, Sodium Salt Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number: 7758-19-2 2. Production Technical grade sodium chlorite is about 80% sodium chlorite, with the balance being a stabilizing material, usually sodium chloride. Sodium chlorite is derived indirectly from sodium chlorate, NaClO3. First, chlorine dioxide [ClO2] is produced by reducing sodium chlorate in a strong acid solution (e.g. hydrochloric acid (HCl)). The chlorine dioxide is then absorbed into an alkaline solution (NaOH) and reduced with hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, yielding 37% sodium chlorite. Page 1 of 4 3. Uses Sodium chlorite is used for a variety of applications. It is used as a disinfectant and purification chemical for water. It is also employed as a textile-bleaching and water anti-fouling agent.
    [Show full text]
  • Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Chlorine Dioxide and Sodium Chlorite (Case 4023) UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C
    United States Prevention, Pesticides EPA 738-R-06-007 Environmental Protection and Toxic Substances August 2006 Agency (7510P) Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Chlorine Dioxide and Sodium Chlorite (Case 4023) UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 OFFICE OF PREVENTION, PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES CERTIFIED MAIL Dear Registrant: This is to inform you that the Environmental Protection Agency (hereafter referred to as EPA or the Agency) has completed its review of the available data and public comments received related to the draft risk assessments for the antimicrobials, chlorine dioxide and sodium chlorite. The enclosed Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document was approved on August 3, 2006. Public comments and additional data received were considered in this decision. Based on its review, EPA is now publishing its Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) and risk management decision for chlorine dioxide and sodium chlorite and the associated human health and environmental risks. A Notice of Availability will be published in the Federal Register announcing the publication of the RED. The RED and supporting risk assessments for chlorine dioxide are available to the public in EPA’s Pesticide Docket EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0328 at: http://www.regulations.gov. The chlorine dioxide and sodium chlorite RED was developed through EPA’s public participation process, published in the Federal Register on April 26, 2006, which provides opportunities for public involvement in the Agency’s pesticide tolerance reassessment and reregistration programs. Developed in partnership with USDA and with input from EPA’s advisory committees and others, the public participation process encourages robust public involvement starting early and continuing throughout the pesticide risk assessment and risk mitigation decision-making process.
    [Show full text]