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Janko Pleterski PRAVICA in MOČ ZA SAMOODLOČBO Med

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Janko Pleterski PRAVICA in MOČ ZA SAMOODLOČBO Med Janko Pleterski PRAVICA IN MOČ ZA SAMOODLOČBO Med Metternichom in Badinterjem Študije, razgledi, preudarki iz petnajstletja po tretji odločitvi Slovencev 0000-pleterski-prelom.indd00-pleterski-prelom.indd 1 117.6.20087.6.2008 88:01:31:01:31 0000-pleterski-prelom.indd00-pleterski-prelom.indd 2 117.6.20087.6.2008 88:01:35:01:35 AXebfGc\k\ijb` qXGI8M@:8@EDFþ J8DFF;CFþ9F D\[D\kk\ie`Z_fd`e9X[`ek\ia\d kl[`a\#iXq^c\[`#gi\l[Xib``qg\keXajkc\kaXgfki\ka`f[cfÿ`km`Jcfm\eZ\m 0000-pleterski-prelom.indd00-pleterski-prelom.indd 3 117.6.20087.6.2008 88:01:35:01:35 PRAVICA IN MOČ ZA SAMOODLOČBO Med Metternichom in Badinterjem Študije, razgledi, preudarki iz petnajstletja po tretji odločitvi Slovencev Avtor dr. Janko Pleterski Urednica Renata Vrčkovnik Oprema Vesna Vidmar Oblikovanje in prelom Vilma Zupan Izdala in založila Modrijan založba, d. o. o. Za založbo Branimir Nešović Tisk Delo Repro, d. o. o. Ljubljana 2008 Prva izdaja © Modrijan založba, d. o. o. CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 94(497.4)«1816/1991« PLETERSKI, Janko Pravica in moč za samoodločbo : med Metternichom in Badinterjem : študije, razgledi, preudarki iz petnajstletja po tretji odločitvi Slovencev / Janko Pleterski. - 1. izd. - Ljubljana : Modrijan, 2008 ISBN 978-961-241-261-6 239381504 www.modrijan.si ppleterski-prelom.inddleterski-prelom.indd 4 66/18/2008/18/2008 112:11:372:11:37 PPMM Avtorjevo uvodno pojasnilo Gre za knjigo študij, razgledov in preudarkov, tudi polemičnih, ki sem jih napi- sal v poldrugem desetletju po osamosvojitvi Slovenije. Niso nastajali načrtno kot sklenjena vrsta poglavij, ki naj rastejo drugo iz drugega, da bi se na koncu strnila v monografsko upodobitev. Gre za zapise iz delavnice zgodovinarja, ki se sproti odziva na v javnosti pereča vprašanja o novejši zgodovini, potrebna pojasnil za sodobno zavest in samozavest Slovenije in potrebna tudi ljudem iz njene soseščine in sploh današnje Evrope za boljše razumevanje njenega značaja in pomena. Izbiro tem je narekoval potekajoči javni in tudi strokovni diskurz in tako je do leta 1993, ko sem izdal njihovo prvo zbirko v knjižni obli- ki, ostajala v dialoškem vozlišču razpravljanj tematika, ki jo je skušal izraziti naslov knjige »Senca Ajdovskega gradca« (SAG). Gre pač za senco tistega raz- kola med Slovenci, ki je dosegel skrajno zaostritev v času, ko jih je zajela druga svetovna vojna, in zaradi katerega se jim še danes lahko ponuja primerjava s krutim zgodovinskim dogajanjem pod pesniškim Črtomirjevim Ajdovskim gradcem, kakršno je upodobil Prešeren v svojem Uvodu h krstu pri Savici. Razume se, da objava Sence Ajdovskega gradca ni pomenila skoraj nič v po- litičnih polemikah in so se stališča glede preteklosti in sedanjosti soočala še vedno najraje polarizirano. Tudi v zgodovinopisju ni bilo dosti drugače. In razume se, da sem nadaljeval s sprotnim pisanjem, podobno kot dotlej, o nekaterih aktualno perečih vprašanjih zgodovine. Sem pa obenem poskusil združiti nova raziskovanja z izkušnjami iz svojega starejšega dela in napisal sem posebno knjigo o politični poti laičnega prvaka slovenskega političnega katolicizma dr. Ivana Šušteršiča . Izšla je v letu 1998. Tudi ob tem delu sem se pogosteje vračal k temam 19. stoletja in prve svetovne vojne in tako imam zdaj pred seboj novo vrsto spisov, ki jih ne druži le časovni okvir njihovega nastanka 1991–2006, temveč jih opredeljuje tudi bolj zaokrožena, skoraj dve stoletji zadevajoča osnovna tema. Prvič se mi je zarisala s prispevkom na po- svetu »Slovenci in država«, ki ga je jeseni 1994 pripravila Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti v sodelovanju s Slovensko matico, Filozofsko fakulteto in Inštitutom za novejšo zgodovino. Ta osnovna tema je izražena v naslovu mojega referata »Pravica in moč v porajanju slovenske državnosti«. Posto- poma mi je postalo očitno, da so pod takšnim naslovom združljivi malodane vsi moji posamezni prispevki, kar sem jih postoril od državne osamosvojitve Slovenije naprej. V vseh se merita oba neizbežna, šele v času rastoča dejavnika narodne samoodločbe. Prvi je zavest o obstoju temeljne človekove pravice in s 0000-pleterski-prelom.indd00-pleterski-prelom.indd 5 117.6.20087.6.2008 88:01:36:01:36 tem pravice ljudstva, ki je zaživelo kot narod, do državne samoodločbe. Drugi pa je realni nastanek kulturne, družbene in politične moči, ki naraste dovolj, da more narod samoodločbo izterjati, saj je to pravica, ki je sicer nihče niko- mur ne podeljuje vnaprej. Oba dejavnika sta v zgodovinskem dogajanju sesta- vljena pojava, vsak se oblikuje v učinkovanju notranjih nasprotij med svojimi spodbujajočimi in zavirajočimi sestavinami, napredka ali zastoja, reforme ali konservativnosti, revolucije ali reakcije. To je ugotovljivo v vsakem času. Še po- sebno razločno v narodovih skrajno hudih ali znova zahtevnih časih, ko stopi v ospredje nujnost odločitve v danem položaju, ki pa bo trajno odločala tudi o zmožnosti za odločitve, nujne v prihodnosti. Kakor je to bilo pri prvi v letu 1918 za drugo v letu 1945 in tedaj spet za tretjo v letu 1991. Posebno očitno je to v dogajanju po 6. aprilu 1941, ko je za nekatere zazijala dilema: ali se tudi odločiti za odpor naroda zavojevalcem, ali pa raje predvsem izključevati idejnega nasprotnika iz naroda z odporom vred, in se v ta namen pridružiti vojni zavojevalcev kot »manjšemu zlu«. Spomin na dejanja tistih izbir povzro- ča neskončne kontroverze v novejši javni zavesti, posebno kadar ta pozablja, da je šlo za obstanek in krepitev moči naroda za udejanjenje njegove pravice do samoodločbe, da je šlo za njegovo zmožnost obstajati kot država v svetu po letu 1945, tako po zmagi zaveznikov v vojni proti fašizmu kakor tudi pozneje, v drugi polovici stoletja, ko se je v tej državi s svojim revolucionarnim siste- mom preizkušala druga izključujoča politika, pa zatem še obstajati kot država vse do sporazumne uveljavitve njene samostojnosti v letu 1991. Že v omenjenem prispevku za posvet na SAZU sta kot časovno in tematsko zamejujoči navedeni dve zgodovinski dejanji: pobuda avstrijskega kanclerja Clemensa Metternicha leta 1816 za ustanovitev »Poldanske (južne) slovan- ske države« in presoja Evrope, izražena leta 1991 po Robertu Badinterju , da si je Slovenija zaslužila državno samostojnost. Tu je poudarjen ne le nasta- nek in značaj narodnih programov v habsburški dobi od marčne revolucije v letu 1848 naprej, pač pa tudi strnjeni pomen treh državnopravnih prelomov v letih 1918, 1945 in 1991 in njihova strukturna soslednost. Posamezna besedila (vključno še tri nepresežena iz SAG) se v tako zaznano tematsko in časovno celoto v knjigi ne uvrščajo po kronologiji prve objave, četudi jo po potrebi upoštevam. Za vrstni red se tu odločam glede na tematsko grupiranje, nekaj pa tudi glede na postopnost v uvajanju in razlagi argumentov. Vsekakor pa imata bralka in bralec v knjigi na voljo podatek o prvi objavi vsa- kega besedila. Kočno naj ju prosim za razumevanje, da iz besedil nisem izčrtal nekaterih ponavljanj, saj bi to terjalo, da posamezna besedila preuredim. Ali bi bila kaj boljša? Celo krajša komaj. Predvsem pa tega zdaj ne bi več zmogel. Srečno! Strahomer, 28. avgusta 2007 0000-pleterski-prelom.indd00-pleterski-prelom.indd 6 117.6.20087.6.2008 88:01:36:01:36 Kazalo 1. »Še pri Custozzi bal se nisem smrti …« ....................... 9 2. O pravici Slovencev do samoodločbe in o moči zanjo ........ 15 3. Notranja odporna moč in »shizma revolucija : protirevolucija« ................................... 31 4. »Slovenska Avstrija« levice v dunajskem državnem zboru 1848 .................................................... 35 5. Sevničan Titus Mareck v Frankfurtu, Anton Auersperg na Kranjskem, »mali Štajar« v Gradcu ........................ 47 6. Slovenja država (Ein Windisches Reich) Petra Radicsa ....... 61 7. Slovenija in evropska socialna gibanja 150 let po marčni revoluciji ........................................... 69 8. Katoliška ali socialna, narodna ali ljudska stranka? – Koncepcije katoliške ljudske demokracije 1890–1918 ........ 105 9. Narodnosti Avstrije v gibanju konec 19. stoletja ............. 125 10. Jugoslovanska socialnodemokratska stranka, septembrski dogodki leta 1908 in njihov pomen za obdobja slovenske zgodovine ..................................................... 143 11. Zunanjepolitični stiki Slovencev 1903–1918 ................. 151 12. Jugoslovansko vprašanje in samoodločba 1918 .............. 167 13. Pogledi Ivana Šušteršiča na samoodločbo in jugoslovansko gibanje ......................................... 173 14. Politika naroda v krizi družbe, države in idej med vojnama ....................................................... 187 15. Evropske katoliške stranke in demokracija pred zmago nad fašizmom ................................................. 213 16. Pojav dnevnika Jugoslovan v režiji SLS 1930–1931 .......... 231 17. Zgodovinska (ne)zmožnost za odločitev o uporu ............. 247 18. Problemi součinkovanja narodne in socialne revolucije v nastopu Osvobodilne fronte in pojavov antikomunizma .... 265 7 0000-pleterski-prelom.indd00-pleterski-prelom.indd 7 117.6.20087.6.2008 88:01:36:01:36 19. Vatikan omeji poleti 1941 politično izključnost okrožnice proti komunizmu .............................................. 301 20. Vatikanski realni antikomunizem 1941–1945 ................ 347 21. Protiokupatorska rezistenca in obenem protisalojska državljanska vojna v Italiji .................................... 357 22. Odkupiti Italijo tudi na tujih (slovenskih) tleh ............... 371 23. Slovenci in država Jugoslavija od sovražne zasedbe do izgona napadalcev
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