DO NOW

Why does a traumatic event or a tragedy bring people together? Why does it make them unite? LEARNING TARGETS AND INTENTIONS OF THE LESSON

1. KNOW why disorder after World War I led to nationalistic movements in the Middle East, Africa, Europe, Asia, and Latin America. 2. UNDERSTAND and examine the dictatorships in Germany and Italy and explain why Latin American countries looked to them as a model for change. 3. Analyze primary documents for historical accuracy (SKILL) NATIONALISM IN THE MIDDLE EAST WHAT ARE WE LEARNING?

• Indian Independence Movement • Power struggle in China • Imperialist Japan • New African Elites • Back to Africa Movement • Rise of Military Dictatorships NATIONALISM AND POLITICAL IDENTITIES IN ASIA, AFRICA, AND LATIN AMERICA THE FALL OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

The Fall of the Ottoman Empire MODERN TURKEY

Mustafa Young Turks – 1918 - Loss of 1923 – Turkish Kemal - 1908 territory Republic Ataturk PERSIA - IRAN

1794-1925 1925 – Reza Russian (N) 1921 – Reza changed to 1918 – British in British (S) Khan expelled Reza Shah Persia for oil Spheres of the British Pahlavi – Influence westernized Iran EGYPT, N. AFRICA, ARABIA

• French & British mandates • Syria, Lebanon (France) • Iraq, Jordan, Palestine (Britain) • Balfour declaration- 1917 • Ibn Saud- drove out the Ottomans in 1920’s • Oil discovered in 1938 CHINA’S QUEST FOR INDEPENDENCE

NO EUROPEAN SUPPORT THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA

• Revolution in 1911 forces Emperor Puyi to abdicate • Sun Yatsen (1866- 1925) proclaims Republic of China in 1912 • Political anarchy follows • Independent warlords exercise local control SUN YAT-SEN

• Revolutionary leader • Founder of Kuamintang (KMT) • Uniting figure in post-imperial China • Formed fragile alliance with communists SOURCES OF CHINESE NATIONALISM

• Anti-imperialist sentiments from the 19th century • May Fourth Movement • Anti-Japanese feelings • Guomindang – Nationalist People’s Party • Chinese Communist Party founded in Shanghai (1921) • Leader: Mao Zedong (1893-1976) CHINESE CIVIL WAR

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek) Mao Zedong 1927-1936 IMPERIALIST JAPAN

• Japan signs treaties under League of Nations to limit imperialist activity, 1922-1928 • Political chaos in interwar Japan, assassinations • Militarist, imperialist circles advocate greater assertion of Japanese power in the region • China a soft target • Mukden Incident (1931) • “Asia for the Asians”

1939 – take-over of 1931 – Japanese invade 1937– Invasion of China, 1938/39 – clash w/Soviets French & British colonies Manchuria/Manchukuo Rape of Nanjing on Siberian border (Greater E.Asian Co- Prosperity Sphere) INDIA’S QUEST FOR INDEPENDENCE

NOMINAL BRITISH SUPPORT INDIA’S QUEST FOR A HOMELAND SOURCE OF NATIONALISM IN INDIA

• Indian National Congress (1885) • Jawaharlal Nehru • Muslim League (1905) • Initial support from both Hindus and Muslims • How did Woodrow Wilson’s ideas impact Indian nationalism? • How did Lenin’s ideas impact Indian nationalism?

19 GHANDI’S PASSIVE RESISTANCE

• Ahimsa: non- violence • Satyagraha: passive resistance (“truth and firmness”) • Non-cooperation Movement (1920- 1922) • Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) • Boycott of British Institutions • Armritsar Massacre (1919) 20 COMPARING INDIA AND CHINA

India China • Armed conflicts • Nonviolent movement for home rule • Anti-imperial (Manchu, • Anti-imperialist (British) Japanese, Europeans) • Independence leads to • Internal conflicts due to internal conflict between warlords, communists Muslims and Hindus and nationalists • India Act • Partition of India and • Civil War – communist Pakistan after win independence CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING

• Who were the leaders of Indian Independence? • What were the main issues of contention among the leaders of the Indian National Congress? • How did British involvement change the dynamics of the struggle for Indian independence? AFRICAN RESPONSES TO THE GREAT WAR AFRICA AND THE GREAT WAR

• African colonies participate in World War I • Allies invade German-controlled colonies • Africans encouraged to fight white soldiers

24

AFRICA’S NEW ELITE

• Post-war class of elite • Often influenced by education, other experiences abroad • Jomu Kenyatta (1895-1978), Kenyan nationalist • Moved to create modern nation-states in Africa

26 MARCUS GARVEY

• Pan-Africanism promoted by Marcus Garvey (Jamaica, 1887-1940) • “Back to Africa”

DICTATORSHIPS IN LATIN AMERICA OUTSIDE INFLUENCES

• European investors • Copper – Peru • Steel- Chile, Brazil • Beef/wheat – Argentina • United Fruit Company • United States • Panama canal • Sponsored dictators • Good neighbor policy • Great Depression MEXICO, & BRAZIL

• Mexico – • Brazil – • • 1930-1945 1910-1929 upheaval Governed by • National dictator Getulio Revolutionary Party Vargas (far right) • Forced 1946-1980’s industrialism • Oligarchy • Argentina- • Oil for “good Juan Peron became dictator neighbor” in 1946…off and on till 1974 A MURAL DEPICTING ZAPATA WITH HIS PLAN DE AYALA Zapata led the revolution in the South. PANCHO VILLA AND HIS MILITIA LED THE REVOLUTION IN THE NORTH THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION ACCOMPLISHED THE FOLLOWING: • Nationalization of the oil industry • Transfer of more than 45 million acres of land to the power • The near monopoly of political power by the PRI • A socialist orientation by the politicians that followed • An almost one-sided relationship with the United States RISE OF MILITARY DICTATORSHIPS •Only making things worse! •Chile •Spain •Uganda