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7 8 2017 ЕЛЕКТРОТЕХНИКА И ЕЛЕКТРОНИКА ELECTROTECHNICA & ELECTRONICA nd Union of Electronics, S I E L A 2016 Technical 32 International Conference Electrical Engineering and University Telecommunications of Sofia XXth International Symposium on on Information Technologies CEEC Electrical Apparatus and Technologies 20-21 September 2018 3 – 6 June 2017, Bourgas, Bulgaria St. St. Constantine and Elena resort BULGARIA Union of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications (CEEC) IEEE Bulgaria Section with the support of Technical Universities of Sofia, Varna and Gabrovo "Nikola Vaptsarov" Naval Academy, Varna Federation of Scientific and Technical Unions House of Science and Technology - Plovdiv Faculty of Technical Sciences, “Prof. Assen Zlatarov” University – Bourgas University of Ruse "Angel Kanchev" Regional Organization of STU - Bourgas Centre of Informatics and Technical Sciences at BFU VDE - Germany INFORMATION: Prof. R. Romansky, D. Sc. SIELA 2018 Union of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications (CEEC) Technical University - Sofia | 8, Kliment Ohridski Blvd. | 1000 Sofia, BULGARIA | 108, Rakovski Str. | 1000 Sofia, BULGARIA Phone: (+359 2) 965-32-95 / 965-25-30 | Fax (office): (+359 2) 962-45-77 | e-mail: rrom@tu-sofia.bg Phone: (+359 2) 987 9767 | E-mail: [email protected] http://infotech-bg.com http://siela.tu-sofia.bg Technical University – Sofia 8, Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1000 Sofia, BULGARIA E-mail: rrom@tu-sofia.bg WEB Site: infotech-bg.com Tel.: (+359 2) 965-32-95 / 965-25-30 Fax (office): (+359 2) 962-45-77 ELECTROTECHNICA & ELECTRONICA E+E Vol. 52. No 7-8/2017 Monthly scientific and technical journal Published by: The Union of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications /CEEC/, BULGARIA Editor-in-chief: C O N T E N T S Prof. Ivan Yatchev, Bulgaria ELECTRONICS Deputy Editor-in-chief: Assoc. Prof. Seferin Mirtchev, Bulgaria Georgi Panov Editorial Board: Overview of frequency compensations in the CMOS Prof. Anatoliy Aleksandrov, Bulgaria operational amplifiers, Part two – Advance solutions 1 Acad. Prof. Chavdar Rumenin, Bulgaria Prof. Christian Magele, Austria Viktor Tomov, Serafim Tabakov Prof. Georgi Stoyanov, Bulgaria Modern advances in energy based electrosurgical devices 10 Assoc. Prof. Evdokia Sotirova, Bulgaria Prof. Ewen Ritchie, Denmark TELECOMMUNICATIONS SCIENCE Prof. Hannes Toepfer, Germany Dr. Hartmut Brauer, Germany Peter Apostolov, Alexey Stefanov Prof. Marin Hristov, Bulgaria Non uniform array antenna with three Luneburg lenses 14 Prof. Maurizio Repetto, Italy Prof. Mihail Antchev, Bulgaria APPLICATION IN PRACTICE Prof. Nikolay Mihailov, Bulgaria Prof. Radi Romansky, Bulgaria Emil Vladkov Prof. Rosen Vasilev, Bulgaria Practical implementation of integrated ambient light Prof. Takeshi Tanaka, Japan sensors in visible light illuminance measurements 19 Prof. Ventsislav Valchev, Bulgaria Dr. Vladimir Shelyagin, Ukraine Milan Stankov Acad. Prof. Yuriy I. Yakymenko, Ukraine From electrica to invariant automatic Assoc. Prof. Zahari Zarkov, Bulgaria (Or how to use the knowledge about Theory of electricity Advisory Board: for enter into Theory of invariant automatic control) Prof. Dimitar Rachev, Bulgaria Part one: System and invariant electric model 28 Prof. Emil Sokolov, Bulgaria Corr. Member Prof. Georgi Mladenov, Bulgaria UP-TO-DATE INFORMATION ON SCIENCE Prof. Ivan Dotsinski, Bulgaria IN BULGARIA Assoc. Prof. Ivan Vassilev, Bulgaria Assoc. Prof. Ivan Shishkov, Bulgaria Ministry of Education and Science, Republic of Bulgaria Prof. Jecho Kostov, Bulgaria National strategy for development of scientific research Prof. Lyudmil Dakovski, Bulgaria in the republic of Bulgaria 2017 – 2030 Prof. Mintcho Mintchev, Bulgaria (Better science for better Bulgaria). Prof. Nickolay Velchev, Bulgaria 3. Vision and targets. 33 Assoc. Prof. Petar Popov, Bulgaria Prof. Sava Papazov, Bulgaria Ministry of Education and Science, Republic of Bulgaria Prof. Rumena Stancheva, Bulgaria Prof. Stefan Tabakov, Bulgaria Bulgaria national roadmap for research infrastructure 2017-2023 Technical editor: Zahari Zarkov Introduction, Diagnostic review of RI and equipment: key Corresponding address: findings, Strategic framework, ESFRI and the Bulgarian 108 Rakovski St. participation in pan-European RI, Inclusion of RIs in the Sofia 1000 national roadmap 41 BULGARIA Tel. +359 2 987 97 67 e-mail: [email protected] http://epluse.fnts.bg ISSN 0861-4717 ELECTRONICS Overview of frequency compensations in the CMOS operational amplifiers, Part two – Advance solutions Georgi Panov An overview of several common used frequency compensations in the CMOS operational amplifiers is presented. The advantages and disadvantages for each of them are given based on mathematical analysis. Practical circuit examples are shown as well. The work is divided in two parts. The first one explains the need of frequency compensation in the operational amplifiers and demonstrates the simplest possible implementations. The second part describes advance solutions suitable for special cases, where the common used technics do not work, or have low performance. The comparison of all frequency compensations presented in the paper is summarized together with some advises for their use. Обзор на честотните компенсации в CMOS операционни усилватели, Част втора – Специфични решения (Георги Панов). Статията представя обзор на най-често използваните честотни компенсации в операционните усилватели направени с CMOS технология. Предимствата и недостатъците на всяка една една от тях са показани като резултат от математически анализ. Дадени са също така практически примери на реализацията им. Работата е разделена на две части. Първата обяснявя нуждата от честотна компенсация на операционните усилватели и представя основните схеми. Във втората част са показани решения подходящи за определени случаи, в които класическите методи не работят или дават незадоволителни резултати. Статията завършва със сравнение на разгледаните честотни компенсации и съвети за тяхното използване. Introduction The simplest frequency compensation techniques for the CMOS operational amplifiers (OpAmps) were presented in the first part of the paper. Now, the second part describes advance solutions, which allow Fig.1. Bode magnitude plots of OpAmp with MFC and better performance in some cases. OpAmp with -40dB/decade slope of the gain. Two-stage OpAmp with -40dB/decade slope of the gain Often (for example in RC filter design) a certain open loop gain at given frequency is needed from the OpAmp. The further run of the gain is not important, only the stability must be assured. It is beneficial to use in this case an OpAmp with gain like in Fig.1, Fig.2. Two-stage OpAmp with -40dB/decade slope where such an OpAmp is compared with a second one of the gain. using MFC. Both OpAmps have the same gain at frequency The idea of this frequency compensation is, that Fmax, but the unity-GBW of the OpAmp with MFC is the Miller capacitor is needed only at frequencies in much larger and hence it is more difficult to ensure its the range of the unity-GBW [1]. It is shown in Fig.2. stability. The resistor Rx breaks the MFC at low frequencies. At “Е+Е”, 7-8/2017 1 higher frequencies the impedance of the capacitors Fig.4a is the simplest solution. However, this circuit decreases and the MFC starts to work. The OpAmp suffers from bad power supply rejection (PSR): At has the same DC gain and non-dominant pole like an frequencies where the impedance of the compensation OpAmp with MFC, unity - GBW = gm1/(Cc/2), posi- capacitor is lower than the output impedance of the tive zero = gm2/(Cc/2), negative zero = -1/(2*Cc*Rx) first stage, the compensation capacitor shorts the drain and two dominant complex poles. The positive zero and the gate of the output transistor. Thus, a resistor can be removed using nulling resistor. Gain peaking is divider between the supply voltage and the output is possible due to the complex poles. Compared with the built as shown in Fig.4b. MFC, 4 times larger compensation capacitor is needed for the same unity-GBW. Therefore, this frequency compensation is advantageous, if a low-power circuit is desired and more chip area can be spent. OpAmp with N+1 poles and N zeros in the GBW Fig.3 shows the simplest implementation of this frequency compensation - only one additional Fig.4. OpAmp driving resistive load to ground pole/zero pair. Here, -40dB/decade slope of the gain is a. OpAmp with MFC achieved by using composite first stage: a low fre- b. Behavior of the output stage at high frequencies quency path (it conducts until the capacitor Cx breaks it) is added in parallel to the first stage (gmC) of an OpAmp with MFC. Fig.5. OpAmp driving resistive load to ground a. OpAmp with CMFC b. Behavior of the output stage at high frequencies Fig.3. OpAmp with 2 poles and zero in the GBW. Cascoded Miller frequency compensation (CMFC) The transfer function can be easily derived from shown in Fig.5a can be used to solve this problem [3]. the transfer function of MFC when gm1 is replaced Here the compensation capacitor is not connected with gmC+gmA*r_outA*gmB/(1+s*r_outA*Cx), directly to the gate of the output transistor, but where r_outA is the output resistance of the gmA- through cascode connected transistor Mc, which sepa- stage. There are additionally to the poles and the zero rates it from the gate of the output transistor. Now the of the Miller compensation a dominant pole = divider in Fig.4b does not exist anymore (Fig.5b). The −1/(Cx*r_outA) and a zero = −gmA*gmB /(gmC*Cx) bias voltage