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Woman in Hungary creating folk art

Ancient ruins in Delphi,

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EuropeEurope

ou have learned about Y the . Now let us spin the globe and travel to . Relatively small as continents go, Europe is rich in and . Like the United States, most nations in Europe are industri- alized and have high stan- dards of living. Unlike the United States, however, the people of Europe do not share a common language or government.

NGS ONLINE ▲ The Louvre museum, Paris, France www.nationalgeographic.com/education

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REGIONAL ATLAS

Focus on: Europe

BOTH A CONTINENT and a region, Europe has a wide range of —and a history of conflict among its people. Recently, connections in trade, communication, and transportation have helped to create greater unity among European nations.

The Land Rivers For centuries, Europe’s rivers have pro- vided links between coastal ports and inland Jutting westward from Asia, Europe is a population centers. In , the great peninsula that breaks into smaller penin- flows northwest from the until it empties sulas and is bordered by several large islands. into the North Sea. The winds through Europe’s long, jagged coastline is washed by on its way to the Black Sea. many bodies of water, including the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, and the North, Baltic, and te Mediterranean Seas. Deep bays and well- The Clima protected inlets shelter fine harbors. Closeness Despite its northern location, Europe to the sea has enabled Europeans to trade with enjoys a relatively mild climate. This is because other lands. Many Europeans also depend on of the region’s closeness to the Atlantic the sea for food. Ocean. An ocean current known as the North Mountains sweep across much of the Atlantic Current brings warm waters and winds continent. Those in the and to bathe Europe’s western shores. As a result, large parts of are low and northwestern Europe enjoys mild tempera- rounded. Higher and more rugged are the tures all year, along with plentiful rainfall. , between France and Spain, and the Farther south, countries along the Mediter- Carpathians, in eastern Europe. The snow- ranean Sea have hot, dry summers and mild capped Alps are Europe’s highest mountains, winters. The region’s northernmost countries towering over the central and southern parts have longer, colder winters than their southern of the continent. neighbors. Winters are also cold in Europe’s Curving around these mountain ranges are interior, which lies far from the influence of broad, fertile plains. In the north, the North the North Atlantic Current. European Plain stretches from France to Russia. Cities, towns, and farms dot the gently rolling Diverse Vegetation The vegetation landscape. varies from one climate zone to another.

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Village at the foot of the Alps, Switzerland ▼ ▼ Fisherman mending nets in

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REGIONAL ATLAS

In Scandinavia’s far north, you would find mostly the raw materials for heavy industry and manu- mosses and small shrubs blanketing a tundra-like facturing. Europe was the birthplace of the landscape. In northwestern and eastern Europe, Industrial , which transformed the grasslands and forests cover the rolling land. region from an agricultural society into an Farther south, drought-resistant shrubs and small industrial one. Today countries such as France, trees cover rugged hills. Germany, Italy, , and the United Kingdom rank among the world’s top manufacturing cen- The Economy ters. These industrial countries produce steel, machinery, cars, textiles, electronic equipment, An abundance of key natural resources, food products, and household goods. Service waterways, and ports has helped make Europe industries such as banking, insurance, and a global economic power. Agriculture, manufac- tourism are also important to Europe’s market turing, and service industries dominate the economies. region’s economies. Rich Farmland Some of the most productive The People farmland in the world can be found on the European continent. From the fertile black soil, After Asia, Europe is the most densely farmers gather bountiful harvests of grains, fruits, populated continent on the earth. In some and vegetables. Cattle and sheep graze through European countries, such as Sweden, most lush European pastures. people belong to the same ethnic group. The populations of other countries, however, are Resources and Industry Vast reserves of oil made up of several ethnic groups. Some ethnic and natural gas lie offshore. Rich deposits of groups live together peacefully. Other groups iron ore, coal, and other minerals have provided often face tension and conflict. Artistic Treasures Europeans enjoy a rich cultural heritage that stretches back thousands of years. In fact, all Western cultures have their roots in the ancient periods of and Rome. If you walk through the heart of any large European city, you might see ancient Roman ruins, Gothic cathedrals built during the , and created by masters, such as Michelangelo and . ▼ Cargo lining the docks of Rotterdam, a port city in the Netherlands

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Revolutions After the 1700s, political changes increased freedom for the common people. An interest in science and the invention of machines during the Data Bits changed the economy and raised standards of living. In eastern Europe, once-powerful empires Automobiles T faced growing challenges from ethnic groups Country per 1,000 people elevision sets per 1,000 people that wanted independence. 495 526 Global Influence Throughout their history, Europeans have explored and settled other 403 643 lands. They have spread their culture around France 469 the world. Competition among European 620 nations in the past led to two World Wars Greece 254 480 and a bitter division into communist and non- communist areas. Many European nations have 272 406 recently joined the to become a united economic force. Population: Urban vs. Rural

Austria Children by ▼ 67% 33% Finland 59% 41% France 76% 24% Greece 60% 40% Ireland 59% 41%

Sources: World Development Indicators, 2002; The World Almanac, 2004.

Region Exploring the 1. What bodies of water border Europe? 2. Why is Europe’s climate relatively mild? 3. What has helped make Europe a global economic power? 4. How did European culture spread to other parts of the world?

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REGIONAL ATLAS Europe

Physical 30°W 20°W10°W0° 10°E20°E30°E50°E60°E

a A H e RC C S TI C C ICELAND IR n CLE EENWI a Y i 60 A ° g A N I e V w W (LONDON) D r A Mountain peak IDIAN OF GR o R R N N N ME N Faroe O I A 0 mi. 500 Is. D E N L 0 km 500 Shetland N D Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection Is. N A Orkney E I Is. C F W N S

S W ATLANTIC E a RUSSIA S e OCEAN UNITED S North Jutland c KINGDOM i IRELAND Sea t DENMARK l 50° a N N B I British Isles E RUSSIA A T lb L ham e P es R. R. NETH. A N GERMANY E V P i O st U R u E O POLAND l T H a N O R d S BELG. R er R h . ei i R ne LUX. n .

R e D R n

. ie . p CZECH REP. Car er Loire R pa R . thi an . FRANCE LIECH. M AUSTRIA o in u Bay of SWITZ. Pla n MOLDOVA P S rian t L nga a Biscay Mt. Blanc A Matterhorn Hu i HUNGARY n 15,771 ft. 14,690 ft. SLOV. s Po R Crimean (4,807 m) .(4,478 m) CROATIA ANDORRA ROMANIA Peninsula Eb SAN A L ro P d BOSN. & . 40 R y SERB. & R ° A r MARINO r HERZG. be N Douro . en i Danu Black Sea G R. e A a MONT. es MONACO t Balkan U p i SPAIN e c T Corsica S Peninsula R Tagu n s R. ea O ITALY n P IBERIAN i n MACED. PENINSULA Sardinia e s ALBANIA Aegean GREECE Strait of M e d i Sea t e r Sicily r a 26,247 ft. 0 mi. 500 8,000 m MALTA n 0 km 500 e 19,685 ft. ALPS 6,000 m a n PYRENEES S e a 13,123 ft. 4,000 m

6,562 ft. 2,000 m

LISBON Sea level WARSAW

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olitical P 30°W 20°W10°W0° 10°E 20°E30°E40°E50°E Jan Mayen Nor.

A a RC e TI S Reykjavík C C IRC n LE a ICELAND i 60 ° g Y N e D w r A N o N N A Faroe Islands (LONDON) W E ia Den. n L h R t D o MERIDIAN OF GREENWICH B N f E O o f I l Rockall u U.K. W G F N N Helsinki S RUSSIA Oslo W Stockholm Tallinn SCOTLAND E ATLANTIC ak ESTONIA err a OCEAN S kag e N. IRE. S S LATVIA North c UNITED i Rīga IRELAND DENMARK lt Irish Sea a 50 Dublin Sea Copenhagen B °N LITHUANIA KINGDOM RUSSIA Vilnius E Celtic WALES l Minsk be Sea ENGLAND NETH. R . BELARUS London Amsterdam POLAND Berlin Warsaw Brussels O National capital GERMANY de R r D BELG. h R S i . Kiev ni e n ep in Paris LUX. e Prague er

0 mi. 400 e R R.

R . CZECH REP. D . ni 0 km 400 este r R. UKRAINE Lambert Azimuthal SLOVAKIA Bay of FRANCE LIECH.Vienna Equal-Area projection Bern MOLDOVA Budapest Chişin˘au Biscay SWITZ. AUSTRIA Sea of . HUNGARY Azov

R SLOV. e Ljubljana Zagreb ROMANIA n ˆo CROATIA h SAN A Bucharest R d BOSN. & Belgrade . 40° L MARINO R Black Sea N ri HERZG. D ube A ANDORRA a SERB. & an G t ic MONT. Europe-Asia Lisbon U Madrid MONACO Corsica ITALY BULGARIA boundary T Fr. us R S Sofia or Rome e sp O a Skopje o P SPAIN B (Within Rome) Tirana MACED. TURKEY ALBANIA E c Is. Sardinia D aleari C a B Sp. It. Tyrrhenian E r Strait of GIBRALTAR da U.K. E Aegean n Gibraltar M e d i Sea Ionian e t R ll e Sea Sea es r G r a Sicily Valletta n Nicosia MAP STUDY e MALTA a n Crete CYPRUS S e a 1 What body of water lies between Scandinavia and Poland?

2 What is the capital of the United Kingdom? 285 280-291 U4 CH10 RA TWIP-860976 3/13/04 9:39 PM Page 286

REGIONAL ATLAS Europe Languages 10°W 0° 10°E20°E 30°E40°E 50°E ° 20 W 70 °N LANGUAGE FAMILIES Norwegian Indo-European Germanic Icelandic Sea ARC Sami Romance TIC CIRC Slavic LE Baltic Contiguous United States Greek and Europe: Land Albanian Comparison

Celtic 60 °N Uralic Finnish Finnic Swedish Ugric Norwegian Basque Basque Scottish Altaic Gaelic Estonian Turkish

North Latvian Sea 50 Danish °N Irish English English Lithuanian

Welsh N Dutch Belorussian E W ATLANTIC Flemish German Polish S OCEAN Breton Czech Ukrainian Slovak Bay of French Moldavian Biscay Hungarian Galician Slovene Basque Russian Croatian Romanian Portuguese 40 °N Bosnian Black Sea Serbian Spanish Italian Catalan Bulgarian Macedonian Sardinian Albanian

M e d i t Greek e r r a n e a n Turkish S e a Greek

5000 mi. 5000 MAP STUDY 0 km 500 Azimuthal Equidistant projection 1 What language family is found in the most northern part of Europe?

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UNIT

Geo Extremes

COMPARING POPULATION: 1 4 LARGEST LAKE United States and Selected Mont Blanc (France and Italy) Lake Vänern (Sweden) Countries of Europe 15,771 ft. (4,807 m) high 2,156 sq. mi. (5,584 sq. km) UNITED STATES 2 LOWEST POINT 5 HIGHEST WATERFALL Nieuwerkerk aan Mardalsfossen, GERMANY den IJssel (Netherlands) Southern (Norway) 22 ft. (7 m) below sea level 2,149 ft. (655 m) high 3 LONGEST RIVER 6 LARGEST ISLAND UKRAINE Danube () 1,776 mi. (2,858 km) long 84,210 sq. mi. (218,103 sq. km) SPAIN

= 25,000,000 BELGIUM

5 Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2003.

4 : Selected Countries of Europe 6 2 4% 40% 31% 15% 10%

GERMANY 1.7% 38% 34% 26.3% 1 3 MOLDOVA 98.5% 1.5%

SPAIN 99% 1% GRAPHIC STUDY UNITED KINGDOM 2.5% 72% 23% 2.5%

1 Which two countries share the highest Eastern Orthodox Jewish Protestant point in Europe? Roman Catholic Muslim Other

2 Roughly what is the population of Source: CIA World Factbook, 2002. Germany? What percentage of the population is Protestant?

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REGIONAL ATLAS Country Profiles

AAUSTRIAUSTR AALBANIALBANIA IA

POPULATION: POPULATION: 8,200,000 3,100,000 252 per sq. mi. Vienna 282 per sq. mi. 97 per sq. km 109 per sq. km Tirana AANDORRANDORRA LANGUAGE: LANGUAGE: ANDORRA German BELARUSBELARUS Albanian MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: POPULATION: Machinery Vienna Asphalt Andorra Tirana 100,000 la Vella MAJOR IMPORT: POPULATION: 578 per sq. mi. Petroleum LANDMASS: MAJOR IMPORT: 9,900,000 Minsk Machinery LANDMASS: 222 per sq. km 32,378 sq. mi. 11,100 sq. mi. 83,859 sq. km 123 per sq. mi. 28,749 sq. km LANGUAGES: 47 per sq. km Catalan, French, LANGUAGES: Spanish Belarussian, Russian MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: CAPITAL: Andorra la Vella MAJOR EXPORT: Electricity Machinery Minsk MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: LANDMASS: 174 sq. mi. MAJOR IMPORT: Manufactured Fuels 80,154 sq. mi. Goods 451 sq. km 207,599 sq. km BBELGIUMELGIUM BBULGARIAULGARIA

POPULATION: POPULATION: BBOSNIAOSNIA aandnd 7,500,000 OATIA 10,400,000 176 per sq. mi. Sofia CCROATIAR 881 per sq. mi. Brussels HERZEGOVINAHERZEGOVINA 68 per sq. km 340 per sq. km LANGUAGE: LANGUAGES: Bulgarian Zagreb Flemish, French POPULATION: POPULATION: 3,900,000 Sarajevo MAJOR EXPORT: 4,300,000 MAJOR EXPORTS: 197 per sq. mi. CAPITAL: 196 per sq. mi. CAPITAL: Machinery Sofia Iron and Steel Brussels 76 per sq. km 76 per sq. km MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: LANGUAGE: Fuels LANGUAGE: Fuels Serbo-Croatian 42,822 sq. mi. Serbo-Croatian 11,787 sq. mi. CAPITAL: 110,909 sq. km 30,528 sq. km MAJOR EXPORT: MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: N/A Sarajevo Zagreb Equipment MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: LANDMASS: N/A 19,741 sq. mi. MAJOR IMPORT: 21,830 sq. mi. 51,129 sq. km Machinery 56,540 sq. km CYPRUSCYPRUS DDENMARKENMARK POPULATION: 900,000 POPULATION: NIA 262 per sq. mi. EESTONIASTO Nicosia 5,400,000 Copenhagen 101 per sq. km CCZECHZECH 324 per sq. mi. LANGUAGES: EPUBLIC 125 per sq. km Greek, Turkish REPUBLICR LANGUAGE: POPULATION: Danish Tallinn MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: 1,400,000 Vienna Citrus Fruits POPULATION: 78 per sq. mi. Nicosia 10,200,000 MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: MAJOR IMPORT: Machinery 30 per sq. km LANDMASS: 334 per sq. mi. Prague Copenhagen Manufactured 129 per sq. km LANGUAGE: 3,571 sq. mi. MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: Goods Machinery Estonian 9,249 sq. km LANGUAGES: 16,637 sq. mi. MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: Czech, Slovak 43,090 sq. km Tallinn CAPITAL: Textiles MAJOR EXPORT: LANDMASS: Machinery Prague MAJOR IMPORT: Machinery 17,413 sq. mi. MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: 45,100 sq. km Crude Oil 30,448 sq. mi. 78,860 sq. km

Countries and flags not drawn to scale

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UNIT

For more information on countries in this region, refer to the Nations of the World Data Bank in the Appendix.

GGERMANYERMANY FFINLANDINLAND POPULATION: 82,600,000 POPULATION: NCE 599 per sq. mi. Berlin 5,200,000 FFRANCERA 231 per sq. km GREECEGREECE 40 per sq. mi. 15 per sq. km Helsinki LANGUAGE: German LANGUAGES: POPULATION: Finnish, Swedish Paris MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: POPULATION: 59,800,000 Machinery Berlin 11,000,000 MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: 281 per sq. mi. Athens Paper MAJOR IMPORT: 216 per sq. mi. Helsinki 109 per sq. km Machinery LANDMASS: 83 per sq. km 137,830 sq. mi. MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: LANGUAGE: Foods 356,980 sq. km LANGUAGE: 130,560 sq. mi. French Greek 338,150 sq. km MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: CAPITAL: Paris MAJOR EXPORT: Machinery Foods Athens MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: LANDMASS: 212,934 sq. mi. MAJOR IMPORT: Crude Oil Machinery 50,950 sq. mi. 551,499 sq. km 131,961 sq. km

HUNGARYHUNGARY IRELANDIRELAND

POPULATION: POPULATION: 10,000,000 4,000,000 282 per sq. mi. IITALYTALY ELAND 147 per sq. mi. Dublin 109 per sq. km Budapest IICELANDC 57 per sq. km LANGUAGE: LANGUAGES: Hungarian English, Irish Gaelic POPULATION: POPULATION: MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: MAJOR EXPORT: 57,200,000 Rome 300,000 CAPITAL: Machinery Budapest Reykjavík Chemicals Dublin 491 per sq. mi. 7 per sq. mi. 190 per sq. km MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: 3 per sq. km Crude Oil LANDMASS: MAJOR IMPORT: LANGUAGE: 35,919 sq. mi. LANGUAGE: 27,135 sq. mi. Foods Italian 93,030 sq. km Icelandic 70,280 sq. km MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: Rome Reykjavík Metals Fish LANDMASS: LANDMASS: MAJOR IMPORT: MAJOR IMPORT: Machinery 116,320 sq. mi. Machinery 39,768 sq. mi. 301,269 sq. km 102,999 sq. km LATVIALATVIA LLITHUANIAITHUANIA POPULATION: 2,300,000 POPULATION: 93 per sq. mi. 3,500,000 BOURG 36 per sq. km Riga 137 per sq. mi. LLUXEMBOURGUXEM LIECHTENSTEINLIECHTENSTEIN 53 per sq. km LANGUAGES: Vilnius Latvian, Russian LANGUAGES: Lithuanian, Polish, POPULATION: MAJOR EXPORT: Russian 500,000 CAPITAL: POPULATION: Wood 452 per sq. mi. Luxembourg 40,000 MAJOR EXPORTS: CAPITAL: 175 per sq. km MAJOR IMPORT: 567 per sq. mi. Vaduz Foods and Fuels LANDMASS: Vilnius 24,942 sq. mi. 219 per sq. km Livestock LANGUAGES: LANDMASS: Luxembourgian, 64,600 sq. km LANGUAGE: MAJOR IMPORT: 25,174 sq. mi. German, French German Minerals 65,201 sq. km CAPITAL: MAJOR EXPORT: MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: Luxembourg Steel Products Machinery Vaduz LANDMASS: MAJOR IMPORT: MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: 999 sq. mi. 62 sq. mi. Minerals Machinery 2,587 sq. km 161 sq. km

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REGIONAL ATLAS Country Profiles

MMOLDOVAOLDOVA ,MACEDONIA, FFormerormer YYugoslaugoslav RepublicRepublic ofof POPULATION: POPULATION: 2,100,000 4,300,000 207 per sq. mi. 327 per sq. mi. Chisinau¸ ˘ 80 per sq. km 128 per sq. km Skopje LANGUAGES: O LANGUAGES: TA MONACOMONAC Macedonian, MALMALTA Moldovan, Russian Albanian MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: Foods MAJOR EXPORT: Chisinau¸ ˘ Manufactured CAPITAL: POPULATION: POPULATION: MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: Goods Skopje Valletta Petroleum 30,000 400,000 13,012 sq. mi. Monaco 3,205 per sq. mi. 45,333 per sq. mi. MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: 33,701 sq. km 11,503 per sq. km Fuels 9,927 sq. mi. 1,237 per sq. km 25,711 sq. km LANGUAGES: LANGUAGE: Maltese, English French CAPITAL: MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: MAJOR EXPORT: N/A Monaco Machinery Valletta LANDMASS: MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: MAJOR IMPORT: 1.0 sq. mi. Foods 124 sq. mi. N/A 321 sq. km 2.6 sq. km NETHERLANDSNETHERLANDS PPOLANDOLAND

POPULATION: POPULATION: 16,200,000 38,600,000 Warsaw 1,030 per sq. mi. 309 per sq. mi. PPORTUGALORTUGAL 398 per sq. km Amsterdam ORWAY 119 per sq. km LANGUAGE: NORWAYN LANGUAGE: Dutch Polish MAJOR EXPORT: MAJOR EXPORT: POPULATION: CAPITAL: 10,400,000 Lisbon Manufactured POPULATION: Manufactured CAPITAL: Warsaw 294 per sq. mi. Goods 4,600,000 Goods Amsterdam 114 per sq. km MAJOR IMPORT: 37 per sq. mi. LANDMASS: LANDMASS: Oslo MAJOR IMPORT: 124,807 sq. mi. Raw Materials 14 per sq. km Machinery LANGUAGE: 15,768 sq. mi. 323,250 sq. km Portuguese 40,839 sq. km LANGUAGE: Norwegian MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: Clothing Lisbon MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: Petroleum Oslo MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: 35,514 sq. mi. LANDMASS: Machinery MAJOR IMPORT: 91,981 sq. km Machinery 125,050 sq. mi. 323,880 sq. km

ROMANIAROMANIA SSERBIAERBIA AANDND MONTENEGRMMONTENEGROONTENEGRO POPULATION: LOVAKIA POPULATION: SANSAN MMARINOARINO 10,700,000 21,600,000 271 per sq. mi. 235 per sq. mi. Bucharest 105 per sq. km 91 per sq. km Belgrade LANGUAGES: POPULATION: LANGUAGES: POPULATION: Serbo-Croatian, Romanian, Hungarian 5,400,000 Bratislava 30,000 Albanian 283 per sq. mi. 1,295 per sq. mi. San Marino MAJOR EXPORT: 110 per sq. km CAPITAL: 500 per sq. km CAPITAL: MAJOR EXPORT: Bucharest Manufactured Belgrade LANGUAGES: Textiles LANGUAGE: Goods LANDMASS: Slovak, Hungarian MAJOR IMPORT: Italian LANDMASS: MAJOR IMPORT: CAPITAL: Fuels 92,042 sq. mi. CAPITAL: 39,448 sq. mi. MAJOR EXPORT: 238,389 sq. km MAJOR EXPORT: Machinery Transport Bratislava Building Stone San Marino 102,170 sq. km Equipment LANDMASS: LANDMASS: MAJOR IMPORT: 18,923 sq. mi. 23 sq. mi. MAJOR IMPORT: Manufactured Machinery 49,011 sq. km Goods 60 sq. km

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UNIT

For more information on countries in this region, refer to the Nations of the World Data Bank in the Appendix.

SLOSLOVENIAVENIA SWEDENSWEDEN

POPULATION: 2,100,000 POPULATION: D SPSPAINAIN 9,000,000 SWITZERLANDSWITZERLAN 256 per sq. mi. Ljubljana 99 per sq. km 52 per sq. mi. Stockholm 20 per sq. km LANGUAGES: TION: POPULA LANGUAGE: POPULATION: Slovene, 41,300,000 Serbo-Croatian Swedish 7,300,000 Bern 212 per sq. mi. Madrid 460 per sq. mi. MAJOR EXPORT MAJOR EXPORT 82 per sq. km : CAPITAL: 178 per sq. km : CAPITAL: Paper Products Transport Ljubljana LANGUAGES: Stockholm Equipment LANGUAGES: Spanish, Catalan, MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: German, French, LANDMASS: Galician, Basque Crude Oil MAJOR IMPORT: 173,730 sq. mi. Italian 7,819 sq. mi. CAPITAL: CAPITAL: Machinery 20,251 sq. km MAJOR EXPORTS: 449,961 sq. km : rucks Madrid MAJOR EXPORT Bern Cars and T Precision MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: Instruments LANDMASS: Machinery 195,363 sq. mi. : 15,942 sq. mi. 505,990 sq. km MAJOR IMPORT 41,290 sq. km Machinery UKRAINEUKRAINE UNITEDUNITED KINGDOMKINGDOM VATICAN TION: CITY POPULATION: POPULA 47,810,000 59,200,000 205 per sq. mi. Kiev 626 per sq. mi. 79 per sq. km 242 per sq. km POPULATION: London 1,000 LANGUAGES: LANGUAGES: Ukrainian, Russian English, Welsh, LANGUAGES: Scottish Gaelic Italian, MAJOR EXPORT CAPITAL: : CAPITAL: MAJOR EXPORT: MAJOR EXPORT Metals London : Kiev Manufactured N/A CAPITAL: MAJOR IMPORT LANDMASS: N/A : LANDMASS: Goods MAJOR IMPORT Machinery 94,548 sq. mi. 233,089 sq. mi. : N/A : LANDMASS: MAJOR IMPORT 244,879 sq. km 603,701 sq. km Foods 0.2 sq. mi. 0.4 sq. km

Should students have to wear Participation All citizens are expected to obey the laws of their uniforms? m country. Sometimes, however, the right thing to do is not clear. During World War II, many people in Germany broke the law by helping Jews escape Nazi persecution. During Communist rule, many citizens in Eastern Europe bought and sold goods on the black market. What do you think would have happened to people helping the Jews if they had been caught?

WRITE ABOUT IT

In the United States, we work to change laws we believe are unfair. Trying to influence the decisions of our elected leaders is an important part of being an active citizen. Write a letter to your school board explaining why you think students should or should not wear uniforms. Europe 291 292-298 U4 CH10 S1 TWIP-860976 3/13/04 10:15 PM Page 292

pter ha C Europe–Europe– 1010 EarlyEarly HistoryHistory

Social Studies

To learn more about Europe and its Chapter Overview Visit The World and Its people, view The World and Its People Web site at twip.glencoe.com and People Chapters 10–13 videos. click on Chapter 10—Chapter Overviews to preview information about the early history of Europe.

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Sequencing Events Make this foldable to help you organize information and sequence events into a flowchart about the early history of Europe.

Step 1 Fold a sheet of paper in half Step 2 Turn the paper and fold it into from side to side. thirds.

Fold it so the left edge lies about 1 2 inch from the right edge. Step 4 Turn the paper

and label it as shown. Classical reece G ome Step 3 Unfold and cut the top layer and R only along both folds. al Mediev Europe This will make three tabs. From enaissance R tion to Revolu

Reading and Writing As you read the chapter, list events that occurred during these three periods in European history under the appropriate tab of your foldable.

Roots of Western Culture Our government, economy, and social systems had their beginnings in Europe. Our laws, family structure, and political ideas are rooted in ancient Greek and Roman traditions. During the Middle Ages, Europe experienced the growth of cities and the beginnings of . , Europe’s major ,

spread from there to other parts of

▼ ▼ the world, including the Americas. Muiderslot Castle in Muiden, Netherlands 292-298 U4 CH10 S1 TWIP-860976 3/13/04 10:16 PM Page 294

Guide to Reading Main Idea 11 Classical Greece and Rome made important contributions to Western culture and and Rome civilization. Terms to Know • Classical • • democracy • republic High on a hill overlooking the city of • consul Athens stands the — • emperor one of the most famous build- Reading Strategy ings in the world. The Create a chart like Parthenon was built as a the one below. Write temple to Athena, the one fact that you already know about ancient Greek goddess each category in the of wisdom. Started in “Know” column. After 447 B.C., the building reading the section, took 15 years to write one fact that you have learned about complete. It is just each category in the one of many build- “Learn” column. ings that show us the civilization that devel- Category Know Learn oped in ancient Greece. Greece Rome Roman law Christianity When historians talk of Classical Europe, they mean ancient Greece and Rome.These civilizations flourished from about 800 B.C.to A.D.400, and their achievements profoundly influenced Western culture. The Golden Age of Greece Greece reached its “Golden Age” in the 400s B.C. Before then, the city-, or polis, had been ruled by a king. The Golden Age brought in direct rule of the people, or democracy. Classical Greece has been called the “cradle of democracy” because we trace the beginnings of our political system to this time. Athens The city-state of Athens was the home of the world’s first democratic constitution.All free males over the age of 20 had the right to vote and speak freely. Athenians also produced significant works of philosophy, literature, and drama. The word philosophy is Greek for

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“love of wisdom.” Two great philosophers, and his student , sought to understand and explain human nature. , a stu- dent of Plato’s, wrote powerful works dealing with politics, literature, ethics, and philosophy. Greek writers and dramatists dealt with these timeless themes in their poems and plays. Conflict Between the City-States During this period, the Greek city-states of Sparta and Athens wanted to expand their boundaries. Sparta, ruled by a few nobles, disliked change. Athens, as you learned, was open to democracy and new ideas. These two rivals often fought against each other. Sparta and Athens briefly united during the Persian Wars, when they prevented the Persians from taking over Greece. From 431 B.C. to 404 B.C.,however,they fought each other again.Sparta finally defeated Athens in the , which further divided and weakened Greece. h Greek theater Greek Culture Spreads In the 300s B.C.,Philip II of Macedonia and comedy mask his son invaded the northern border of Greece. They easily conquered all of Greece. Alexander went on to create an empire that included Persia and and stretched eastward into . Locate the extent of Alexander’s empire on the map below. Although his empire barely survived his death, Alexander spread Greek culture everywhere he invaded. Over time, Greek customs mixed with Persian and Egyptian culture. The empire’s important center was at Alexandria in northern Egypt. There, a great center of learning—a museum-library—was founded. The last traces of Alexander’s empire came under Roman rule by about 130 B.C. Why has Greece been called the “cradle of democracy”?

Greek and Roman Empires

BRITANNIA Rh i n e

R

40° . Da N nube R. C ATLANTIC e R. a n sp o Po i OCEAN h R. a R n Black Sea S N ITALY e Rome a W () E GREECE PERSIAN EMPIRE S Athens INDIA 30° Tig N Sparta E ri up s R hra . Med tes iterranean Sea R. Alexandria Applying Map Skills 0 mi. 500 ARABIA EGYPTN AFRICA i 20 0 km 500 l °N e Azimuthal Equidistant projection R Red . Sea 10°W 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E 40°E 50°E 1. Which empire extended farther east?

Extent of Alexander the Great’s Empire 2. What country is Gaul called today? at Its Greatest Extent Find NGS online map resources @ Overlap of Alexander's and Roman Empires www.nationalgeographic.com/maps 292-298 U4 CH10 S1 TWIP-860976 3/13/04 10:17 PM Page 296

The Rise of Rome On Location According to legend, the city of Rome was founded by twin brothers Romulus and Remus. As infants,they had been left to die on the banks of the Tiber River. They were rescued by a she-wolf, who raised them as her cubs. When • grown, the twins built the city on seven hills in central Italy. Historical Rome What we know for fact is that Rome was settled sometime around 1000 B.C. By about 700 B.C., it had evolved into a major city-state that began to dominate much of the . Italy was more easily invaded than mountainous Greece,so the Romans developed a strong army. The Romans borrowed the from the Greeks, who also The Colosseum was influenced Roman art, religion, and mythology. built as an arena for gladiator fights. The Rome started as a monarchy but changed to Place Name some a republic. In a republic, people choose their leaders. Rome was led arenas where public by two consuls, or individuals elected by the people of Rome to rep- events take place today. resent them. The consuls reported to the Senate. Members of the Senate were landowners who served for life. This was guaranteed by the system of Roman law. The foundation of Roman law was the Twelve Tables.The “tables”were actually bronze tablets on which laws regarding wills, courts, and property were recorded. Along with Greek democracy, republican government and Roman law were important contributions to Western civilization and the Modern Age. How has Rome influenced Western civilization?

From Republic to Empire From 264 to 146 B.C., a series of wars transformed the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. Eventually, the became a “Roman lake” surrounded by the Roman Empire. The peo- ples conquered by Rome were given Roman citizenship and equality under the Roman law.Beyond the boundaries of its vast empire, Rome opened up trade with civilizations as far away as India and China. Under the empire, senators lost power to emperors, or absolute rulers, of Rome. Supporters of the Senate killed the great Roman gen- eral in 44 B.C. for trying to become the first emperor.This led to a civil war between Caesar’s supporters and those of the Senate. In 31 B.C.,Caesar’s nephew Octavius became the first Roman emperor, Caesar . He initiated a period of peace and prosperity known as the , which lasted for almost 200 years. Roman Achievements The Romans were skilled at building tem- ples, stadiums, and baths. Their projects included the Colosseum and a domed temple called the Pantheon. Both still stand in Rome today.

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Romans used the arch to build aqueducts, or overhead channels that carried water long distances. They also built roads to bring goods and people into Italy. This led to the growth of Rome’s population and wealth. Christianity and Rome of Nazareth was born in Palestine, which was under the rule of Caesar Augustus. Jesus carried out his teaching during the early Pax Romana. Two disciples, Peter and Paul, established the new Christian in Rome. Even though the early were cruelly persecuted,Christianity spread over the Roman world. In the A.D. 300s, under the emperors Constantine I and Theodo- sius I, Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire. The Decline of the Empire After the period of the Pax Romana, the Roman Empire began to decline. In A.D. 330, Emperor Constantine I moved the capital from Rome in Italy eastward to the newly built city of Constantinople, near the Black Sea. Constantine tried to save the empire by reforming the government, but it was too late. Plagues that came in from Asia over trade routes killed numerous people. A D Finally, in the . . 400s, the northern defenses crumbled. Rome h Roman soldier’s was left open to by various groups of .The breastplate Germans came to rule over Rome and much of Italy and Europe. The Eastern Roman Empire, or , did not fall to the Germans but continued on for another 1,000 years until its conquest by the in 1453. What are aqueducts? 11 AssessmentAssessment

Defining Terms Graphic Organizer 1. Define Classical, polis, democracy, republic, 6. Creating Time Lines Create a time line like consul, emperor. the one below. Place the letter of the event next to its date. Recalling Facts 2. Government In its democratic constitution, A. Greek empire comes under Roman rule. what two rights did Athens give all free males B. Julius Caesar is killed. over the age of 20? C. Germans invade Rome. 3. Culture Name four influences that Greece had D. Rome is settled. on Roman culture. E. Octavius becomes the first Roman emperor. Critical Thinking 4. Analyzing Information Why do you sup- 130 B.C. 31 B.C. pose some of Rome’s citizens wanted 1000 B.C. 44 B.C. A.D. 400s absolute rulers instead of elected senators? 5. Making Connections What is one free- dom that American democracy has today Applying Social Studies Skills that was clearly not recognized in the Roman Empire? 7. Making Inferences Why do you think the story of Romulus and Remus was created? 292-298 U4 CH10 S1 TWIP-860976 3/13/04 10:18 PM Page 298

Using B.C. and A.D. Classical Europe Cultures throughout the world have based 500 B.C. their dating systems on significant events in 470 B.C. Socrates born

their history. For example, Islamic countries 427 B.C. Plato born use a dating system that begins with 407 B.C. Plato becomes student of Socrates Muhammad’s flight from Makkah to Madinah. 400 B.C. 384 B.C. Aristotle born 343 B.C. Alexander the Great becomes For most Western cultures, the dating system student of Aristotle 336 B.C. Alexander the Great rules is based on the birth of Jesus. Christians 323 B.C. refer to Jesus as “Christ.” 300 B.C.

Learning the Skill 200 B.C. About 515, a Christian monk developed a system that begins dating from anno

Domini, Latin for “the year of the Lord.” 100 B.C. 100 B.C. Julius Caesar born Although some historians believe that the monk made a small mistake in his figuring 44 B.C. Julius Caesar assassinated B.C. B.C. 31 of the exact year of Christ’s birth, his system Octavius emperor 1 B.C. of dating has lasted. Events before the birth A.D. 14 A.D. of Christ, or “B.C.,”are figured by counting A.D. 47 Plutarch, Greek historian, born backward from A.D. 1. There was no year “0.”

The year before A.D. 1 is 1 B.C. Notice that A.D.100 “A.D.” is written before the date, while “B.C.” is written following the date. A.D. 161 Marcus Aurelius emperor A.D. 180 Practicing the Skill A.D. 200 Study the time line of Classical Europe to answer the following questions. 1. How old was Plato when he became a student of Socrates? 2. For how long did Alexander the Great Applying the Skill rule? 3. How old was Julius Caesar when he was Create a time line using the terms B.M.B. assassinated? (before my birth) and A.M.B. (after my birth). 4. Who was emperor nearly 500 years after Fill in the time line with key events that hap- the rule of Alexander the Great? pened before and after you were born. Illustrate the time line with drawings or cutouts from magazines.

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Guide to Reading Main Idea 22 The Middle Ages saw the spread of Section Title-Ch.10-Sec.2.eps Christianity, the growth of cities, and the growing powers of kings. Key Terms Majestic cathedrals like this one in • Reims, France, draw tourists from • missionary all over the world. The cathe- • common law • dral was begun in 1211 •vassal and took 80 years to • manor complete, although the •serf decorations continued • • charter for centuries. It is almost 500 feet Reading Strategy (152 m) long, making Create a chart like the it one and a half times one below. Fill in the chief duty or role of the length of a football each of these mem- field. Twenty-five kings of bers of society. France received their crowns here. Lord Vassal Guild member Apprentice With the decline of the Roman Empire, a new age began called the Serf Middle Ages. Medieval is derived from a Latin word for “Middle Ages.” It is a fitting name for the 1,000-year period that took place between Classical and modern times. Medieval Europe combined characteris- tics of the Roman Empire with practices of Christianity and other European traditions. The Rise of Christianity It was during the Middle Ages that Christianity, in the form of the Roman ,became a political power in western Europe.A leader called a bishop headed each major Christian community.By the A.D. 500s, the bishops of Rome, now known as , became the lead- ers of the Catholic Church. The influence of the Church was so strong at this time that the popes also became important political figures. In eastern Europe, the Byzantine Empire, started by Constantine I, continued. There,Christianity was known as Eastern Orthodoxy.It was not under the leadership of the popes in Rome, but rather under the emperors in Constantinople.

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Spreading the Faith By A.D. 500, the first Christian Bible was com- Social Studies pleted.The early popes sent missionaries, or those who spread their reli- gious views, to every part of Europe. Many were monks and nuns. Monks Web Activity Visit were men who devoted their lives to prayer,study,and good works.They The World and Its People Web site at lived in monasteries. Women who chose a similar life were called nuns twip.glencoe.com and and lived in convents. Missionaries helped the poor and needy,and they click on Chapter 10— Student Web were teachers as well. Through its schools, the Christian Church greatly Activities to learn advanced learning in Europe. In the 1100s, the Church also founded the more about the first universities at Bologna in Italy and Oxford in England. . Crusades Beginning in the A.D. 1000s, the Church sponsored a series of holy wars called Crusades.The Church sent armies to capture Jerusalem in Palestine from the Islamic caliphs,or rulers.The Crusades led to centuries of distrust between Christians and . They also increased Christian mistreatment of the Jews in Europe. Yet the Crusades made Europeans aware of the rich cultures of the Byzantines and Muslims. Europeans began to demand more spices and woven cloth that the crusading armies brought home from the east. To meet these demands, European merchants opened up new trade routes. As trade grew, so did the towns of western Europe. How did missionaries help spread Christianity? The The Germans combined their common law, the unwritten laws that come from local customs, with Roman law and founded kingdoms all over Europe—from Spain to England to Germany and Italy.Many of these Manor Economy kingdoms soon became Christian. The early kings,like the German tribal A medieval manor had a chiefs before them, were elected by all nobles and knights. Over time, traditional economy in which however,the kings became more independent and powerful.The crown jobs and skills were handed was passed down to the next generation,usually the king’s first-born son. down generation after One of the most important German kingdoms was generation. For example, a that of the .By the A.D. 700s,the Franks controlled much of what tenant farmer’s son became a would become France and Germany. In fact, the name “France” comes farmer. The children of serfs from the word Franks. In 771 Charlemagne was elected king of the had no choice but to learn the Franks. Through war he added more of Germany and parts of Spain skills of their parents. Serfs and Italy, including Rome, to the kingdom of the Franks. were not always farmers, On Christmas Day in the year 800, Charlemagne knelt before the however. Some were millers pope in the Church of St. Peter in Rome. He was proclaimed the pro- who made flour out of grain, tector of the Christian Church in the West. He was also crowned the or coopers who made barrels head of the Roman Empire in the West.That empire came to be known and buckets. Some were as the Holy Roman Empire. blacksmiths and made tools, After Charlemagne’s death in 814, his empire was inherited by his weapons, or horseshoes out son and grandsons and broken up into several kingdoms. These king- doms were the foundations for modern Germany, Italy, France, and of iron and other metals. Spain. At about the same time, several Germanic groups like the Young women were usually , , Jutes, and Danes helped found the first English king- married by age 14 and worked dom. England gets its name from “Angle land.” at home and in the fields. What was Charlemagne’s role in the spread of Christianity?

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Medieval Society During the Middle Ages,a new political and social system known as feudalism emerged. Under this system, kings gave land to their loyal nobles or lords. In exchange for the land or feudal estate, the nobles provided military service and knights for the king’s army.These nobles who swore loyalty to the king were known as vassals. The king’s vas- sals,great lords themselves,might also have had their own vassals who would owe them military service in return for a grant of land. The Manor The feudal estate was called the manor. At its heart was usually a manor house or a castle. Most of the population of the manor was made up of common people who farmed and performed other tasks. There were two types of farmers. Those who paid rent for their land and then worked the land as they pleased were known as tenants. The other much larger group was the serfs. Serfs were not as free as tenant farmers and were usually poorer.In return for the use of land,seed,tools,and protection,serfs had to work as ordered by the lords of the manors, whether in the fields or else- where. Often the serfs worked on roads, walls, fortifications, and other hard jobs.In times of trouble,male serfs also became foot soldiers who served under the direction of the cavalry of knights. These were often quite violent times, and the common people rarely strayed too far from the safety of the manor. On occasion, the manors might be visited by wanderers with special skills.For example, tinkers made a living by moving from estate to estate, patching pots or fixing other metal objects. Minstrels and other troubadours enter- tained by playing music, juggling, or acting as comedians or fools. What did a vassal receive for his service to a king or lord?

Medieval Europe c. A.D. 1200

20°W N 10°WSCOTLAND0° 10°E 20°E 30°E 40°E 50°E North a W e IRISH Sea S E c KINGDOMS KINGDOM OF ti 50° S l N DENMARK Ba Eastern ENGLAND Orthodox RUSSIAN Christian ATLANTIC POLAND Western OCEAN HOLY PRINCIPALITIES (Roman) Christian FRANCE ROMAN Applying Map Skills Muslim HUNGARY Territory EMPIRE LEON- Limit of 40 Black °NCASTILE 1. What three religious Feudalism PAPAL BYZANTINE Sea in A.D. 1200 STATES faiths were found in Rome EMPIRE Constantinople Political EMPIRE OF KINGDOM OF medieval Europe? Subdivisions THE ALMORAVIDS editerranean SICILY M S 0 mi. 500 ea 2. Which religion covered 0 km 500 the largest area in Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection Europe?

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The Growth of Cities Towns in the Middle Ages were fairly independent and wanted to be free of the feudal lords’ control. Towns served as centers of trade and manufacturing. Their importance increased during the Crusades because the Christian armies needed supplies. By the twelfth century, towns hosted great trade fairs, where merchants from far and wide came together to do business. Manufacturing came under the control of workers’ organizations known as . Different guilds controlled industries such as brew- ing, cloth making, boat building, and many others. Young workers, h Stained glass showing a called apprentices, spent years learning a trade so that they could join craftsman at work a guild. With experience, the apprentices became journeymen and eventually master craftsmen. Over time, some towns grew into cities and became political and religious centers as well. The new, more powerful kings and church- men understood the importance of cities. They built great cathedrals and granted the residents privileges and freedoms in written docu- ments called charters. By doing this,the kings won the support of the townspeople. This support was useful in times of war and for protec- tion against powerful nobles. The kings also raised money by collect- ing taxes from the towns in return for granting charters. Now,with an economy based on money,kings could pay their soldiers instead of giv- ing them feudal estates. Serfs could buy their freedom. Thus, feudalism and the power of the nobles began to decline. Why did kings want the support of large cities? 22 AssessmentAssessment

Defining Terms Graphic Organizer 1. Define pope, missionary,common law,feudalism, 6. Organizing Information Create a pyramid like vassal, manor, serf, guild, charter. the one below. On the lines, list serfs, vassals, and tenants in the order they would be ranked under Recalling Facts a king in the feudal system. 2. History When was the first Christian Bible completed? 3. History What kind of work were most people involved in during the Middle Ages? Kings Critical Thinking 4. Evaluating Information Common laws were unwritten laws that came from local cus- toms. What are the possible difficulties that can arise from having such unwritten laws? Applying Social Studies Skills 5. Understanding Cause and Effect How did the Crusades affect the growth of 7. Summarizing Information In a few sentences, towns in western Europe? describe life on the manor for a common per- son. Use as many adjectives as possible. 302 303-308 U4 CH10 S3 TWIP-860976 3/13/04 10:55 PM Page 303

Guide to Reading 33 Main Idea From Renaissance The study of science, art, and education was renewed in the to Revolution period following the Middle Ages. Key Terms • indulgences • revolution • divine right of kings Reading Strategy From the 1300s to the 1600s, impor- Create a time line like tant cultural achievements in the the one below. As you arts and learning spread read the section, add throughout Europe. the following events to Merchant families used the line in the correct order. their wealth to help artists and scholars Protestant explore new ways of thinking. Michelangelo’s Age of Exploration statue of David, shown Renaissance here, is one of the many masterpieces from this period we call the Renaissance.

The growth of cities and trade and the gradual breakup of feudal- ism led to the end of the Middle Ages. Around 1350 interest in edu- cation, art, and science peaked in several parts of Europe, especially in the cities and towns. The result was the Renaissance—a French word meaning “rebirth.”

The Renaissance To many people, the Renaissance was the beginning of a new golden age like that of ancient Greece and Rome. The Renaissance began in the cities of northern Italy and spread to other cities of Europe. During the Renaissance, scholars became less con- cerned about the mysteries of heaven and more interested in the world and humans around them. Because of this, Renaissance scholars

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were called humanists. Humanist ideas—the right of people to learn and think for themselves—broke with medieval thinking and helped bring about the rise of the modern world. Renaissance Artists Like the ancient Greeks and Romans, Renaissance artists appreciated the beauty in human beings and nature. They developed new ways to make their works true to life and full of color and action. They painted and sculpted not only religious images but also people and creatures from myths. Above all,they were more interested in the human qualities than the religious qualities of their subjects. Two of the many out- standing Renaissance artists were Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarotti. (See page308 to learn more about the achievements of Leonardo da Vinci.) The painter and sculptor Michelangelo expressed human emotions such as anger, sorrow, and strength in his paintings and sculptures. His h The Sistine Chapel, most famous work is the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in painted by the Vatican Palace in Rome. It is made up of 145 separate paintings and Michelangelo took nearly five years to complete. Renaissance Writers Writers were also inspired by the ideas of the Renaissance. Until this time, most literature was written in Medieval Latin. To reach a wider audience, writers began to use the language they spoke every day instead of Latin or French, the languages of the educated. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales and William Shakespeare wrote plays such as Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet in English. Miguel de Cervantes wrote his novel Don Quixote in Spanish. These works were reproduced in many copies for the first time by the press,which was invented by around 1450. Although the Chinese had developed a printing process, Gutenberg developed the idea of . The made books more numerous and less expensive, thereby encouraging more people to learn to read and write. Rise of Nations During the Renaissance, western European rulers became more powerful. They used their power to unite their peoples, creating nations based on a common language and culture.England was strengthened by the first Tudor king, Henry VII, and his famous grand- daughter . King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella united Spain by driving out the last of the Muslims and Jews.By the 1450s,the kings of France finally liberated their country from the English. How did the printing press make it easier for people to learn to read and write? The Protestant Reformation Many of the new ideas of the Renaissance led to questions about reli- gion.Some people believed that Church leaders were more interested in wealth than religion. Others disagreed with corrupt practices of the Church. One of these practices was the selling of documents called

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indulgences, which freed their owners of punishment for sins they had committed.The Christians who “protested”corrupt Church practices and wanted to return to basic Christian teachings came to be called Protestants. The movement to reform, or change, the Catholic Church was called the Protestant Reformation. One of the first Protestant leaders to challenge the Catholic Church was , a German monk and scholar. In 1520 the pope banished Luther from the Catholic Church for his criticism. Luther organized his own new Christian church, which taught in German, not Latin, from a Bible that Luther himself had translated into German. This split between the Catholics and Protestants led to many long years of religious wars in Europe. Another early Protestant leader was . His followers in France were called Huguenots,and in England they were called Puritans. Many came to the Protestant cause seeking not only greater religious free- dom,but also political,economic,and intellectual freedom.The Puritans eventually sought freedom in the Americas to practice their own religion.

What was the Protestant Reformation?

The Age of Exploration By the mid-1400s, Europe began to reach out beyond its bound- aries in a great and exploration.The Portuguese began to sail southward in the Atlantic, down the West African coast. They were seeking a route to the profitable spice trade in Asia. In 1488 Bartholomeu Dias reached the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa.Ten years later, sailed around it to India. While the Portuguese were searching for a way around Africa, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain were trying to find another way to Asia. In 1492 they sent an Italian navigator, , with three small ships—the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa María—westward across the Atlantic. Although he never realized it,Columbus had landed in a part of the world unknown to Europeans at that time. He called its people h Luther criticized Catholic “Indians” because he believed he was in the in Asia. Church officials for selling The Dutch, English, and French soon joined the Spanish and indulgences. Portuguese in exploring and settling and trading with the Americas, Asia, and Africa. Eventually—in addition to trade goods—people, dis- eases, and ideas were distributed around the world in a process called the Columbian Exchange. You read about this on page 228. Europeans unknowingly brought to the Americas diseases such as measles and smallpox, which infected and killed millions of Native Americans. These natives had been used as laborers on plantations and in mines. In their place, traders eventually transported more than 20 million Africans to the Americas as enslaved persons, until the slave trade was outlawed in the early 1800s.

Which European nation first explored the coast of Africa?

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The Age of Revolution A revolution is a great and often violent change.In the Americas,the colonies won freedom from the European countries that ruled them.In Europe,people fought for freedom from their kings,queens,and nobles. The Rule of the People The eighteenth century ended with great changes to Europe and many of its American colonies.The belief in the divine right of kings—that European kings and queens ruled by the will of God—was fading. In learning about the examples from ancient Greece and Rome, people came to feel that they should play a greater, more direct role in government. Philosophers such as and Jean Jacques Rousseau looked at the nature of man and government. They believed that government should serve and protect citizens and their freedom. However, this also meant that citizens had to take more responsibility for themselves and their own actions. British Democracy Revolutionary changes came more peacefully in some countries than in others. Over many centuries, Great Britain had slowly developed a system of shared power and responsibility.The king ruled with the Parliament, a popular representative body that gradually took power in the name of the people. Eventually, British

Literature

THE SCARLET PIMPERNEL by Baroness Orczy During and after the French Revolution, many nobles were executed by the lower classes that had rebelled against them. The number of these executions shocked the people of Europe. The Scarlet Pimpernel is a novel about an English nobleman who helps aristocrats escape from France.

It had all occurred in such a miraculous way. She and “her husband had understood that they had been placed on the list of ‘suspected persons,’ which meant that their trial and death was but a matter of days—of hours, perhaps. Then came the hope of salvation: the mysterious [letter], signed with the scarlet device; . . . the flight with her two children; the covered cart; . . . Every moment under that cart she expected recognition, arrest. [These young Englishmen] . . . had risked their lives to save them all, as they had already saved scores of other innocent people. And all only for sport? Impossible! ”

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kings and queens were forced to accept a constitution that shared power but gave most of it to the Parliament. Democracy in the Americas In the 1770s, the American colonies, beginning with the thirteen British colonies in North America,revolted against British control. The new United States, with its Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and representative Congress, became a model for many other . By the 1830s, most of the Spanish, Portuguese, and British colonies in the Americas south of Canada had also gained their independence. The French Revolution In the ,revolution erupted in Europe as well,starting with France.The French Revolution began in 1789 and went through several stages. When King Louis XVI and Queen opposed the revolution and tried to aid the nobility, they were executed. By 1799, Bonaparte, a military hero of the French Revolution, became the dictator of France. He declared himself emperor of a new French Empire in 1804. Eventually, people almost everywhere in Europe reacted against Napoleon and went to war against France. Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815. The revolution in France stimulated Latin Americans and other European peoples to demand more personal and political control over their lives. Countries such as Greece, Belgium, Italy, and Germany also experienced revolutions. How was the growth of democracy in Great Britain differ- ent from that in France?

33 AssessmentAssessment

Defining Terms Graphic Organizer 1. Define indulgences, revolution, divine right 6. Identifying People Create a table like the of kings. one below. In the left column, list ten people from this section. Then explain why they are Recalling Facts considered significant. 2. History What was the movement to reform the Catholic Church called? Person Significance 3. People Why were Renaissance scholars known as humanists? Critical Thinking 4. Examining Results Describe the effects of the Columbian Exchange. Applying Social Studies Skills 5. Making Connections How might a revo- lution in one country encourage political 7. Drawing Conclusions Why do you suppose changes around the world? the period known as the Renaissance was considered a rebirth?

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ART SCIENCE CULTURE TECHNOLOGY

Leonardo da Vinci The Italian Leonardo da Vinci is consid- to hide his thoughts from the Roman Catholic ered to be one of the greatest artists of the Church, whose teachings sometimes conflicted Renaissance. He painted the Mona Lisa and with his ideas. From a practical standpoint, writ- the Last Supper, two of the world’s best- ing in reverse probably helped him avoid smear- known paintings. He was also a talented ing wet ink, since he was left-handed. architect, engineer, and inventor.

The Artist Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 in a small town near , Italy. As the son of a wealthy man, he received the best education that Florence could offer. Leonardo became known for his ability to create sculptures and paintings that looked almost lifelike. Much of his success in this area came from his keen interest in nature. He also studied human anatomy and used this knowledge to make his figures realistic.

The Inventor As a child, Leonardo was fascinated with machines and began to draw his own inventions. The first successful parachute jump was made from the top of a French tower in 1783—but Leonardo had sketched a parachute in 1485. He h Leonardo da Vinci, designed flying machines, armored tanks, and air- self-portrait craft landing gear. He even drew a diver’s suit that used tubes and air chambers to allow a swimmer h The Mona Lisa to remain underwater for long periods of time.

Leonardo’s Notebooks Much of what we know about Leonardo comes from the thousands of pages of notes and 1. What are two of Leonardo’s best-known works? sketches he kept in his notebooks. He used mir- 2. Why might Leonardo have written his notebooks ror, or reverse, writing, starting at the right side in mirror writing? of the page and moving across to the left. No one 3. Understanding Cause and Effect In what way is sure why Leonardo wrote this way. Some think did Leonardo’s interest in the world around him he was trying to keep people from reading and influence his work? stealing his ideas. He may also have been trying

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pter ha C 1010 ReadingReading ReviewReview

SectionSection 11 Classical Greece and Rome Terms to Know Main Idea Classical Ancient Greece and Rome made important contributions to polis Western culture and civilization. democracy ✓Government The world’s first democratic constitution was republic written in Athens. consul ✓History Alexander the Great conquered all of Greece and spread emperor Greek culture everywhere he invaded. ✓History Rome grew from a republic on the Italian Peninsula to an empire that included western Europe, northern Africa, and southwest Asia. ✓Religion Christianity spread throughout the Roman world. ✓History The Roman Empire was invaded by Germanic peoples and declined.

SectionSection 22 Medieval Europe Terms to Know Main Idea pope manor The Middle Ages saw the spread of Christianity, the growth of missionary serf cities, and the growing powers of kings. common law guild ✓Religion The Roman Catholic Church became a political power feudalism charter in western Europe. vassal ✓History The first Christian Bible was completed by A.D.500. ✓History Charlemagne was crowned head of the Roman Empire and proclaimed Protector of the Christian Church in the West. ✓Government Feudalism, the medieval political and social system, was an exchange of land from the king to nobles who provided military service.

SectionSection 33 From Renaissance to Revolution Terms to Know Main Idea indulgences The study of science, art, and education was renewed in the revolution period following the Middle Ages. divine right of kings ✓Culture Important cultural achievements in the arts and learning spread throughout Europe in the period known as the Renaissance. ✓History Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press. ✓Government Countries formed into nations based on a common language and culture. ✓Religion The Protestant faith emerged in protest to the corrupt practices of the Roman Catholic Church. ✓History Christopher Columbus sailed across the Atlantic. ✓Government Revolution erupted in the Americas and Europe.

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pter ha C AssessmentAssessment 1010 andand ActivitiesActivities

Using Key Terms Reviewing the Main Ideas Match the terms in Part A with their Section 1 Classical Greece and Rome definitions in Part B. 11. Government Where was the first demo- A. cratic constitution written? 12. History Who conquered all of Greece? 1. emperor 6. serf 13. Religion Which religion spread all over 2. common law 7. polis the Roman world? 3. feudalism 8. charter 14. History Who invaded the Roman Empire? 4. 9. democracy missionary Section 2 Medieval Europe 5. indulgences 10. guild 15. Religion Which religious group became a B. political power in western Europe? 16. Economics Explain the difference a. unwritten laws from customs between vassals and serfs. b. poor people who were controlled by the 17. Government Name the political and lords of the manor social system in medieval Europe. c. freed owners from punishment for sins d. medieval political and social system Section 3 From Renaissance to Revolution e. absolute ruler 18. History What did Johannes Gutenberg invent? f. direct rule of the people 19. Religion Which faith emerged out of g. person who spreads his or her religious protest to the Catholic Church? views 20. History For what is Christopher h. documents giving townspeople privileges Columbus historically known? and freedoms 21. Government Where were revolutions i. workers’ organization taking place in the eighteenth century? j. city-state

0 mi. 400

0 km 400 Classical Europe Chamberlin Trimetric projection C J Place Location Activity B On a separate sheet of paper, match G the letters on the map with the numbered places listed below. A 1. Alexandria 6. Greece D 2. North Africa 7. Athens N E 3. Mediterranean Sea 8. Rome W E 4. Constantinople 9. Tiber River I S 5. Black Sea 10 . Sparta H F

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Social Studies

Self-Check Quiz Visit The World and Its People Web site at twip.glencoe.com and Standardized Test Practice click on Chapter 10—Self-Check Quizzes to prepare for the Chapter Test. Directions: Read the paragraphs below, and then answer the question that follows. The ancient Greeks held the Olympic Critical Thinking Games in Olympia every four years. The games were a religious festival in honor of 22. Making Connections In what ways have Zeus, the Greeks’ chief god. Trading and wars our political and social lives today been influ- stopped while the games took place. The first enced by ancient Greek and Roman customs? Greek calendar began with the supposed 23. Drawing Conclusions Eastern Orthodoxy date of the first Olympic Games in 776 B.C. was ruled by emperors rather than by popes. Athletes came from all over the Greek- This made the emperors very powerful. speaking world to compete. Only male ath- What kinds of problems might have letes, however, were allowed to take part, occurred because of this? and women were not permitted even as spectators. Olympic events at first consisted only of a footrace. Later the broad jump, the H Comparing Regions Activity discus throw, boxing, and wrestling were 24. Culture Research to find information on added. The Greeks crowned Olympic win- an American artist from the nineteenth cen- ners with wreaths of olive leaves and held tury. Write a paragraph with information parades in their honor. about the artist’s life and contributions. Compare this information to what you 1. From the paragraphs, which of the fol- learned about Renaissance artists. lowing statements about Greek culture is correct? Mental Mapping Activity F The Greeks stressed group effort over 25. Identifying People and Places Create a individual achievement. simple outline map of Europe that includes G The Greeks believed in one God. Germany, Italy, France, Rome, and Greece. H The Greeks were not religious. Place the letter of the individual’s name next to the place from which he originated. J The Greeks encouraged individual glory. a. Michelangelo f. Leonardo da Vinci Buonarotti g. Christopher Test-Taking Tip: Read all the choices Alexander the Columbus b. carefully before choosing the one that cor- Great h. Napoleon c. Julius Caesar Bonaparte rectly describes Greek culture. Eliminate d. Socrates i. Martin Luther answers that you know are incorrect. For e. Charlemagne j. Plato example, all the Olympic events were per- formed by individuals, not by teams. Therefore, answer F does not describe Technology Skills Activity Greek culture. The question is asking for 26. Using the Internet Search the Internet for the statement that DOES describe Greek information on the Twelve Tables of Roman culture. law.After reading about the laws, note the ones that you strongly agree or disagree with and tell why.For example, tablet 10 states that “the women shall not tear their faces nor wail on account of the funeral.”In our society, we are not punished for expressing grief.

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