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I " ... ..._ • ~ I" • i • .t. .. l .t oA t.• ~- • • ,, • • • • •l! '- • ASSOCIATION OF CONCERNED AFRICA SCHOLARS • ., • •• ..... A o.J •" '' '' ,I •-' .~ " "'" •• ... · ·· ·· · ·· ··· ·· ·· ······BULLETIN Falll998 ·· ... · · .................... No. 52 ,... r ., #.• .... • .... • ·• •• , • ._, • .. •• • • 0 • ~ • ·· ,. ·· ·· · Nigeria in Crisis .. .. ,..... ,, .. Page IntroduCtion 'By UaniefVolnfan and Meredeth Turshen ----------------------------------- 1 •• ·• • tj .... Academics Against 1\.bacna: Notes on the Struggles of Nigerian UniversitY Sti.Ideilts.. and Teachers, 1993-1998 By George Caffentzis --------------2 • !t .. ~ • • • • .. ... ~"" 0 .. ,.. Beyond Biafra: Tlie'CivitWar in Nigeria's Political Debates B y A xe I B arne1.. · ~ t -s·Ie,.e ~ •...., ., ..---------------------------------------------------------------------------- · " · 6 . .. - ' -~ . UDFN Leadership Meets General Abubakar in New York By tfie·United -Demotrati'c Front'of Nigeria (UDFN) ----------------------------------------14 .. ... ..... ~. .. ~ Report· of ~m · Inter:nationai · Conference on the Nigerian Crisis By lfi A mad i ume ...... .:. __.._ .. _. ____ ·----------------------------------------------------:---------------- 2 0 ,. ... 1 c •• 0.. ... ... l-~ • •• • • " • Message·from·the Bili·Martin and Merle Bowen, ACAS Co-Chairs------- 25 • .. •• • • ........"t •" -· ........ ~CAS · Meetings·and Panels at the 1998 African Studies Association Con f e r:en ce ~--------~--·- .. --.......-- ....... --~------------------------------------------------------------ 26 .. · ... ·- 0' ~- . < :. ' -~ •• •• • ACAS -M embe rship Form ---... ------------------------------------------------------- 27 ISSN 1051-08442 u .. ' .. • ~· .. :.. ... • .. 1 t ' ~ . rQ •• ... !....1 ~I )lool .~ f>~ :,._1 ("l .o.,.j ._, .J '" ·' .,. • ... a-1 •• •" .. J. .. , .. :. ........ J. •• ' ~ .._t "" ~ .. ":. oJ L': ..,I. •' i...l •' p.. •l t• •• I ACAS Executive Committee* Co-Chairs Political Action Committee Bill Martin Jim Cason University of Illinois 101 N. Carolina Ave., SE, #310 326 Lincoln Hall Washington, DC 20003 702 S. Wright Street E-Mail: [email protected] Urbana, IL 61801 Tel: (217) 333-8052 Meredeth Turshen E-mail: [email protected] School of Planning & Public Policy Rutgers University Merle Bowen New Brunswick, NJ 08903 University of Tllinois Tel: (908) 932-4101 361 Lincoln Hall E-mail: [email protected] 702 S. Wright Street Urbana, IL 61801 Tel: (217) 333-2956 E-mail: [email protected] Treasurer Bulletin Editor Steven Rubert Daniel Volman Department of History Africa Research Project 306 Milam Hall 2627 Woodley Place, NW Oregon State University Washington, DC 20008 Corvallis, OR 97331 Tel: (202) 797-3608 Tel: (503) 737-1261 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] . ACAS Board of Directors* Adotei Adwei (Amnesty International) Salih Booker (Council on Foreign Relations) Joye Bowman (U. of Massachusetts, Amherst) Carolyn Brown (City College, CUNY) Allan Cooper (Otterbein College) Jennifer Davis (American Committee on Africa) William Derman (Michigan State U.) Ed Ferguson (Smith College) Allen J. Green (Wesleyan U.) Asma Abdel Halim (WILDAF-Sudan·& U. of Ohio, Athens) I· Frank Holmquist (Hampshire College) Allan lsaacman (U. of Minnesota) Willard R. Johnson (MIT) Tilden Le Melle (Africa Fund) Sidney Lemelle (Pomona College) Pearl-Alice Marsh (Africa Policy Information Center) Bill Minter (Africa Policy Information Center) James Mittelman (American U.) Prexy Nesbitt (Baobab Notes) Thomas Painter (Centers for Disease Control) Hans Panofsky (Northwestern U.) Christine Root Joel Sarnoff (Stanford U.) Ann Seidman (Clark U.) Immanuel Wallerstein (SUNY-Binghamton U.) Michael West (U. ofNorth Carolina, Chapel Hill) David Wiley (Michigan State U.) *Affiliation for identification purposes only • Introduction By Daniel Volman and Meredeth Turshen Since the death of General Sani Abacha on • come from both scholarly and activist 8 June 1998, the continuing crisis in Nigeria backgrounds and present a variety of has entered a new, and potentially more different perspectives on the Nigerian crisis. positive, phase. A number of political prisoners have been released, constraints on Report on ACAS Activities in 1998 civil and political rights have been loosened, and ACAS Events at ASA and a new program for a transition to ~ "_ .... li democracy and civilian rule has been In this issue we also present a report announced. But many crucial issues remain by Bill Martin and Merle Bowen, ACAS unresolved. Among these are the question Co-Chairs, on ACAS activities during 1998, of which political institutions can along with information on the ACAS legitimately determine the rules for the meetings and sponsored panels that will be transition program and govern the country held at the 1998 African Studies Association during the process; how the armed forces It Conference in Chicago. should be reformed to ensure their subordination to civilian rule and to prevent In the Next Issue of the Bulletin future military interventions in politics; whether the constitutional order should be The next issue of the Bulletin will be changed to decentralize political power and a double issue edited by Ed Ferguson that provide greater representation to Nigeria's will focus on recent developments in the various regions and its ethnic and sectarian Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly communities; and regional inequalities and Zaire). It will be published almost protest, most notably related to Ogoniland. immediately following this issue. The articles in this issue of the Bulletin, edited by Meredeth Turshen, examine the evolution of Nigeria's crisis, 1 describe the current situation, and explore the country's future prospects. They include a report from the United Democratic Front ofNigeria on a meeting with the new Nigerian leader, General Abdulsalam Abubakar; background pieces on the role of students and teachers in the struggle for democracy and on a renewed and revisionist debate over the significance of the Nigerian civil war of the 1960s; and a report on an important international conference held this summer at Dartmouth College. The authors 1 li ._ Academics Against Abacha: • Notes on the Struggles ofNigerian University Students and Teachers, 1993-1998 By George Caffentzis Coordinator of the Committee for Academic Freedom in Africa The death of General Abacha on June 8, 1998 Abiola's claim to the presidency and made his punctuated, but did not transform, the politics freedom a basic demand in their struggles while of Nigeria. Whatever the ending of Abacha's refusal to recognize Abiola as negotiations between the democracy movement Nigeria's president was a necessary condition and the military government under General • of his rule. Abubakar, the appearance of talks immediately However, it should not be forgotten after Abacha' s demise demonstrates that the that Abacha began his regime with a political balance of forces between the movement and surprise. He severely criticized the IMF and government had already changed. Abacha's took steps to present himself as a "nationalist" death merely stopped obscuring this fact. of the Buhari stripe. Abacha terminated the A crucial element in the democracy structural adjustment program his predecessor, movement's growing strength against Abacha's General Babangida, put into place in 1986, he rule has been the five-year struggle ofNigeria's halted negotiations with the IMF, and his university students and faculty. For a variety publicists initially deployed anti-nee-liberal of reasons I will review their struggle in this rhetoric. As a result, the IMF and World Bank brief article. My first reason IS to put Nigeria on its pariah list for a while. commemorate the sheer courage and Moreover, until June of 1994, Abiola had determination of Nigerian students and escaped from house arrest and was still trying teachers in defense of academic freedom to negotiate, via international and domestic against great odds. My second reason is that pressure, his ascension to the presidency. their struggle illuminates important questions · This period of hesitation ended in the concerning the role of the student and faculty summer of 1994. Abiola was re-arrested and movements in contemporary Africa. Third, the sent to prison, while the government's open i' struggle intimates aspects of the next phase of complicity with Shell in repressing the Ogoni the struggle against neo-colonialism in Nigeria. struggle in the Delta and its draconian reaction • to the oil-worker's strike made it plain that any A Precis of Struggle hopes for a military government with an anti neo-colonial stance were illusory. This The Nigerian student and faculty recognition was concretized in the first major movements, organizationally embodied in the university crisis of the Abacha period in mid Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) August 1994. While Major Paul Okutiimo's .. and the National Association of Nigerian troops were ravaging Ogoniland, government Students (NANS), were in opposition to troops and police were massacring students in Abacha from the moment he overthrew the Benin and Edo States. On August 17, "transition government" in November 1993. University of Benin students protesting a ASUU and NANS supported the legitimacy of variety of national Issues were attacked by 2 • I armed police who beat, shot at, and raped the temporary truce on April 9, 1996 by calling students. On August 19, students from Edo for a nation-wide strike, after it had conducted State