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WSCPA Fire Endurance Rating of Clay Brick Masonry

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WSCPA Fire Endurance Rating of Clay Brick Masonry 00.FirstPages.qxp 12/1/2008 11:05 AM Page 1 FIRE ENDURANCE RATINGS OF CLAY BRICK MASONRY Prepared for: Western States Clay Products Association Submitted by: Jeffrey L. Elder Technical Committee Chair Western States Clay Products Association 22815 Frampton Avenue Torrance, CA 90501 December 2008 The material presented in this publication, including technical and engineering data, figures, drawings and tables are for general information only. It should not under any circumstances be relied upon for specific applications of Fire Endurance Ratings of Clay Masonry without independent evaluation by a licensed design professional familiar with its specific use and application. Anyone making use of this material does so at their own risk and assumes any and all liability resulting from such use. The members of Western States Clay Products Association express appreciation to Walter Dickey (1908-2002) for his tireless efforts in promoting the clay brick industry. Mr. Dickey spearheaded the initial production of this publication providing technical and editorial input that continues in this printing. 00.FirstPages.qxp 11/18/2008 7:33 AM Page 2 FIRE ENDURANCE RATINGS OF CLAY BRICK MASONRY Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................3 2.0 Fire Resistance Basics.........................................................................................................................3 3.0 Masonry Assemblies............................................................................................................................3 3.1 Adhered Brick Veneer..............................................................................................................3 3.1.1 Test Panel Construction................................................................................................4 3.1.2 Fire Testing...................................................................................................................4 3.1.3 Results..........................................................................................................................4 3.1.4 Conclusion....................................................................................................................4 3.2 Anchored Brick Veneer...........................................................................................................4 3.2.1 Fire Resistance.............................................................................................................5 3.3 Structural Brick Veneer...........................................................................................................5 3.3.1 Fire Resistance.............................................................................................................5 3.4 Structural Load Bearing Brick................................................................................................6 3.4.1 Fire Resistance.............................................................................................................6 4.0 Calculated Fire Endurance Ratings....................................................................................................6 4.1 Rule 1........................................................................................................................................7 4.2 Rule 2......……...........................................................................................................................7 4.3 Rule 3.……................................................................................................................................8 4.4 Rule 4…….................................................................................................................................8 4.5 Rule 5…….................................................................................................................................8 4.6 Rule 6…….................................................................................................................................8 4.7 Rule 7…….................................................................................................................................9 4.8 Rule 8…….................................................................................................................................9 5.0 Considerations.....................................................................................................................................9 APPENDIX — WALL DETAILS……………………………...................................................................................9 A.1 Materials……............................................................................................................................9 A.2 Wall Configuration.................................................................................................................10 A.3 Installation..............................................................................................................................10 A.4 Fire Rated Wall Sections.......................................................................................................10 Western States Clay Products Association 2 December 2008 01.Fire.qxp 11/18/2008 7:27 AM Page 3 FIRE ENDURANCE RATINGS OF CLAY BRICK MASONRY 1.0 INTRODUCTION of building elements. There are simply too many different types of assemblies and combinations of One of the most frequently asked questions of materials to classify them all through actual tests. the designer is "How do I achieve a 1, 2, 3, or 4-hour Fortunately, the theory of fire endurance ratings is fire rating using various clay brick masonry sufficiently advanced to offer guidance in estimating assemblies?" fire endurance ratings. Intuitively, we are comfortable with clay bricks as The ultimate goal of this guide is to bring together a fire resistant material because of their use as a liner in one location all of the approved fire ratings for in fireplaces and kilns where temperatures exceed adhered veneer, anchored veneer, structural brick those expected in most construction fires. In addition, veneer and load bearing brick. See Table 1. we have observed the effect of fires on buildings where the only thing to remain standing is the brick. 3.0 MASONRY ASSEMBLIES Most designers do not question that brick is non- combustible, or resistant to fire, what they question is Masonry fire resistant assemblies are broken the fire resistance of each of the brick wall down into adhered brick veneer, anchored brick configurations in hours as it relates to building code veneer, structural brick veneer, and load bearing requirements. brick. For many wall assemblies, the information is Fire rated assemblies are often required in two available from BIA technical Notes 16, and the directions. If the fire is on the brick side, the brick International Building Code Table 720.1. For some assembly must resist flames, heat, and smoke from assemblies, the designer is allowed to use methods entering to the other side of the assembly prior to the of calculating fire resistance. Until recently, designers rated time. If the fire is on the other side, the fire had to rely on ICBO Evaluation Report #5058 to rating may be needed to protect occupants in another obtain 1 and 2-hour fire ratings for Adhered and room or building from the same effects. In most Anchored Veneers. Today this information is found in cases, there is a structure supporting the fire Chapter 7 of the International Building Code, Table resistant materials and the fire rated assembly is 720.1. required on both sides to protect the structure. If the material is the structure as is the case in load bearing 2.0 FIRE RESISTANCE BASICS and structural brick veneer, the material can adequately provide fire resistance in both directions. Fire resistance refers to the ability of a structure to act as a barrier to the spread of fire and to confine In a veneer system, the stud backing is the it to the area of origin. Therefore, in addition to structure and must be protected in both directions. withstanding the fire, the intent of the code is to Therefore, brick most commonly provides fire prevent other materials adjacent to the brick from resistance on the exterior side of the stud, and combusting after prolonged increased temperatures gypsum or some other material provides the fire from fire, flame, or hot gases. Consequently, the resistance on the interior face of the stud. assemblies are given a fire rating which is the time it takes for a prescribed fire on one side of an assembly 3.1 ADHERED BRICK VENEER to reach an average temperature on its other side that would ignite cotton waste (250°F). Refer to Adhered brick veneer is defined as brick veneer ASTM E119. secured and supported through adhesion to an approved bonding material applied over an approved Fire ratings are required for load bearing and backing. The most common wall assembly is defined non-load bearing wall assemblies. Load bearing by a facing of thin brick between 1/2" to 11/2" in assemblies must be capable of withstanding the thickness applied over a plaster backing. If this same conditions as the non-load bearing assemblies. combined masonry layer is 13/4", the masonry side of In addition, they must be capable of supporting their the assembly qualifies for a 1-hr fire rating. If the prescribed design load for the duration of the fire. masonry layer is 2" or more, the masonry side of the assembly qualifies for
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