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U ~0\Lp Firma: R \ ~(.,¡P0tó\A Ecología trófica del gatuzo, Mustellus schmitti (Springer 1939), en el Mar Argentino Item Type Theses and Dissertations Authors Belleggia, M. Publisher UNMdP Download date 06/10/2021 20:09:05 Item License http://www.oceandocs.org/license Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/4775 Autorización Dara Publicar en un E-ReDositorio de Acceso Abierto Apellido y nombres: BELLEGGIA, Mauro DNI: 2..~~'l.o 143 Correo electrónico: [email protected] AUTORIZO por la presente a la Biblioteca y Servicio de Documentación INIDEP a publicar en texto completo el trabajo final de Tesis/Monografía/Informe de mi autoría que se detalla, permitiendo la consulta de la misma por Internet, así como la entrega por Biblioteca de copias unitarios a los usuarios que lo soliciten con fines de investigación y estudio. Título del trabajo: "Ecología Trófica del gatazo, Mustellus schmitti (Springer 1939), en el Mar Argentino". 228 p. Año: 2012 Título y/o grado que opta: Tesis (doctorado) Facultad: Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. u ~0\lP Firma: r \ ~(.,¡p0tó\A Fecha: ASFA AN: OceanDocs: http://hdl.handle.net/1834/ Índice Páginas Agradecimientos 1 Resumen 2 Abstract 3 CAPÍTULO 1. Introducción General 5 La Pesquería de condrictios 7 Impacto de la pesca sobre el ecosistema 9 El gatuzo Mustelus schmitti 11 Estudios previos 13 Área de Estudio 14 Objetivos 17 CAPÍTULO 2. Ecología Trófica de Mustelus schmitti 19 Introducción 19 Materiales y Métodos 22 Resultados 30 Discusión 36 Figuras y Tablas 47 CAPÍTULO 3. Análisis de datos históricos 89 Introducción 89 Materiales y Métodos 91 Resultados 95 Discusión 100 Figuras y Tablas 107 CAPÍTULO 4. Dentición en Mustelus schmitti 133 Introducción 133 Materiales y Métodos 137 Resultados 143 Discusión 147 Figuras y Tablas 153 CAPÍTULO 5. Conclusiones Finales 171 Figura 5.1 177 Bibliografía 179 Anexo - Guía de identificación de Poliquetos 213 “ In the end, we will conserve only what we love; we will love only what we understand; and we will understand only what we are taught…. ” —Senegalese conservationist Baba Dioum 2 Agradecimientos Quiero agradecer en primer lugar a mis directores, Dr. Daniel Figueroa y Dra. Claudia Bremec, por la orientación y supervisión de la Tesis, pero sobre todo por la motivación recibida en estos años. A Felisa Sánchez, también directora de beca, por transmitirme su experiencia y abrirme las puertas del lugar de trabajo. Mención especial a los miembros del Jurado de esta Tesis, por dedicar desinteresadamente su tiempo, brindando valorables sugerencias a la versión original del manuscrito. A los científicos que realizan sus tareas de investigación en otras áreas temáticas y que colaboraron en la identificación de algunas de las especies presa del gatuzo M. schmitti: Dra. Gloria Alonso (Museo Bernardino Rivadavia – CONICET) por la identificación de los Anfípodos, Dr. Enrique Boschi (INIDEP – CONICET) y Dra. Laura Schejter (INIDEP – CONICET) los crustáceos Brachyura y ermitaños, Dra. Norma Bruneti (INIDEP) los cefalópodos y Dra. Claudia Bremec (INIDEP – CONICET) los poliquetos. Al Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP) y a todos los integrantes y jefes de los Programas de Investigación en los que participo desde el momento en que comencé a desarrollar ésta Tesis: Australes, Condrictios, Bentos, Merluza y Biología Pesquera. A las bibliotecarias Inidepianas por facilitarme la bibliografía requerida. A todos los compañeros del INIDEP que colaboraron durante los muestreos y que también formaron parte de la Tesis: Jorge Colonello, Federico Cortés, Anabela Zabateri, Jimena San Martín, Natalia Ruocco, Pelado Casagrande. Al personal embarcado de los Buques de Investigación Pesquera del INIDEP por su labor fundamental en la recolección de las muestras. Al encargado de la imprenta del INIDEP, Guerrero, por estar a disposición y mejorar la presentación de la Tesis. A la Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, a la escuela de Postgrado de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, y especialmente al Laboratorio de Ictiología con todos sus integrantes. A la Lic. Mónica Oppedisano a cargo del Laboratorio de microscopia electrónica de la UNMdP, por su atención y asesoramiento durante el procesamiento de las fotos. A mi Familia y a mis amigos. Agus, por ser mi aliada y compañera, por tu apoyo inagotable, por compartir mi vida y mis logros. 1 Resumen El gatuzo M. schmitti es un tiburón bentónico que posee una amplia distribución, desde Florianópolis (27º S, Brasil) hasta la Ría Deseado (47º45´S, Argentina). Habita en profundidad desde la costa hasta los 120 m, al menos al extremo sur de su distribución. Esta Tesis describe la ecología trófica del gatuzo M. schmitti en la Plataforma Continental Argentina norte y está estructurada en cuatro capítulos íntimamente relacionados. Luego de realizar una introducción general en el Capítulo 1, se estudia la dieta del gatuzo M. schmitti a partir de la información obtenida de muestreos de ejemplares recolectados entre los años 2008 y 2011 (Capítulo 2). Durante este período se muestreó un total de 959 individuos, de los cuales 944 (98,43%) contenían alimento es sus estómagos. Luego de identificar, separar, contar y pesar cada ítem presa, se realizaron los análisis correspondientes que indicaron que los poliquetos resultaron ser el grupo alimentario más importante en términos de %F, %N, %IRI y %PSIRI. Crustáceos Brachyura, peces y crustáceos ermitaños siguieron en importancia en la dieta del gatuzo M. schmitti. Además, los Modelos Lineales Generalizados detectaron variaciones ontogénicas y espacio-temporales en el consumo de la mayoría de los grupos presa. El nivel trófico, que es la posición de un organismo dentro de las redes tróficas, fue 3,6 durante 2008-2011. En el Capítulo 3 se procesaron y analizaron datos históricos de contenidos estomacales del gatuzo M. schmitti existentes en el INIDEP, recolectados durante los años 1986-1994. A partir de 1009 ejemplares de M. schmitti, de los cuales 902 (89,39%) contenían alimento, se pudieron realizar comparaciones con la dieta registrada en la actualidad y considerada en el Capítulo 2. De acuerdo con los datos registrados entre los años 1986 y 1994, el gatuzo M. schmitti se alimentó, en términos de %F, %P, %N, %IRI y %PSIRI, de crustáceos Brachyura. El ajuste de Modelos Lineales Generalizados, unificando la información almacenada histórica y el muestreo actual, permitió detectar a nivel de grupos presa cambios en la dieta del gatuzo M. schmitti en los 25 años analizados, con cambios en el nivel trófico. El nivel trófico durante los años 1986-1994 fue 3,85. Considerando que el disturbio ecológico de mayor impacto en las comunidades marinas es la pesca, estas variaciones podrían relacionarse con la explotación ictícola y el efecto que provoca el paso de las redes de arrastre sobre las comunidades bentónicas. El Capítulo 4 está dedicado a analizar cuali y cuantitativamente la dentición del gatuzo M. schmitti por sexos y durante su ontogenia, relacionándolo con la alimentación. También se estimó a partir de la morfometría, la tasa de reemplazo de 2 las series funcionales. En el Capítulo 5 relaciona la información más importante, previamente discutida en los capítulos anteriores, para ofrecer una visión integradora referente a la dieta y la dentición del gatuzo. Finalmente, se incluye en un anexo una guía práctica que facilita la identificación de las especies de poliquetos que podrían encontrarse en los estómagos de los organismos bentónicos en la Plataforma Continental Argentina norte (35°S -41°S). Abstract The narrownose smoothhound shark Mustelus schmitti is a benthic shark distributed from Florianópolis (27°S, Brazil) to Deseado River Estuary (47º45´S, Argentina) and occurs from shallow waters to 120m. This Thesis describes the feeding ecology of narrownose smoothhound shark M. schmitti in northern Argentinean Continental Shelf and is structured in four chapters. Chapter 1 contains an introduction and includes purpose, theory and concepts. In Chapter 2, the food habits of M. schmitti were studied based on analysis of stomach contents from specimens collected during the years 2008-2011. Of a total of 959 stomachs sampled during this period, 944 (98,43%) contained food. Prey items were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level, counted and weighted. The analyses revealed that the species fed mostly on polychaetes according to %F, %N, %IRI and %PSIRI, followed by Brachyura crustaceans, fishes and hermit crabs. Moreover, Generalized Linear Models revealed ontogenetic and spatiotemporal shift in the diet of the narrownose smoothhound shark M. schmitti. The trophic level is the position of an organism within the food web; it was 3,6 during 2008-2011. In Chapter 3 stomach contents data collected from fifteen research cruises carried out by INIDEP from 1986-1994 were analyzed. Of the 1009 stomachs analyzed during the older period, 902 (89,39%) contained prey items. The narrownose smoothhound shark M. schmitti fed mostly on Brachyura crustaceans, followed by polychaetes and fishes. Generalized Linear Models, merging stomach contents data from contemporary and older periods, revealed that the consumption of the main prey groups varied over the last 25 years. The trophic level was 3,85 during 1986-1994. As fishing is a major form of ecological disturbance to marine communities throughout the world, these changes in the trophic relationships are probably consequence of trawl fisheries and the disturbance of bottom trawls through the study period. Chapter 4, explores qualitative and quantitatively the dentition of the 3 narrownose smoothhound shark M. schmitti by sex and ontogenetic development. The values of tooth replacement rates were estimated and a brief discussion of the presumed relationship between dentition and the feeding behavior previously analyzed is included. Chapter 5, includes a brief final conclusion of the whole Thesis that aims to provide a global vision about the feeding ecology of M. schmitti. Finally, an appendix provides an illustrated guide to identify the different species of polychaetes that might be encountered in the stomachs contents of benthic species from the northern Argentinean Continental Shelf (35°S -41°S).
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