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Elena Tricarico Editors Social Recognition in Invertebrates the Knowns and the Unknowns Social Recognition in Invertebrates Laura Aquiloni · Elena Tricarico Editors

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Elena Tricarico Editors Social Recognition in Invertebrates the Knowns and the Unknowns Social Recognition in Invertebrates Laura Aquiloni · Elena Tricarico Editors Laura Aquiloni · Elena Tricarico Editors Social Recognition in Invertebrates The Knowns and the Unknowns Social Recognition in Invertebrates Laura Aquiloni · Elena Tricarico Editors Social Recognition in Invertebrates The Knowns and the Unknowns 1 3 Editors Laura Aquiloni Elena Tricarico Department of Biology Department of Biology University of Florence University of Florence Florence Florence Italy Italy ISBN 978-3-319-17598-0 ISBN 978-3-319-17599-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-17599-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015936295 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) To Francesca Gherardi who liked taking up challenges and breaking new grounds Foreword Presentation of “Social Recognition in Invertebrates” Social recognition, awareness and personality are all concepts that derive from human sciences and therefore are not universally accepted when applied to ani- mals. Nevertheless, from the beginning of the study of animal psychology and behaviour, ethologists have used these concepts, after having re-defined them to avoid any anthropomorphism (Köhler 1925; Bierens De Haan 1929, 1951; Lorenz 1932, 1988). The fear for anthropomorphism dates back to the scientific revolu- tion, since the Cartesian mechanism separated humans and animals, being the latter explicable only in terms of machines (Scapini 2010). Evolutionary biology has reintroduced gradualism in the stream of life, stressing on the continuity of all the organisms, and particularly animals and humans through apes. In the light of Darwinism, the studies on animal behaviour do not have a-priori barriers for the use of the above cited concepts, and this has favoured enormous progress in primatology and the study of social vertebrates. The question of animal awareness was posed in the context of evolutionary continuity and a parsimonious explana- tion of behaviour (Griffin 1976). However, invertebrates are apparently still rep- resenting “another word”, where mechanical concepts are preferentially applied, following the Cartesian heritage, such as the theory of taxes in animal orientation (e.g., Fraenkel and Gunn 1961). The question is still open whether the lack of evidence of higher capacities in invertebrates derives from the animal apparently simple organisation or from a non-adequate experimentation. The late Francesca Gherardi, an outstanding experimental ethologist, asked questions to the animals selves, by ideating experiments without theoretical prejudice. So she succeeded in showing unexpected “cognitive” capacities in hermit crabs and crayfish, including individual behavioural syndromes, defined as “personality”, and individual recog- nition that implies self-awareness (citations in Hazlett, this volume). The contributions of the present book are focussed on the behaviour of major invertebrate groups, namely insects (termites, coleopterans, hymenopterans) and crustaceans (stomatopods, amphipods, decapods), which is a challenge in the vii viii Foreword context of cognitive capacities. They provide theoretical and experimental bases for a new insight in this debated context. The theoretical bases have as start points both the phylogenesis and ecology of the analysed animal taxa, which represents the necessary background for further research. This is integrated by the description of the state of art of experimental evidence in social recognition in each taxon. For the nature of experimental research, the latter part is extremely variable among chapters, opening more questions than solving ones, which is perfectly scientific. A good scientist always doubts on solved questions; science is always approximation, tending to enhance insight. Driven by the revisitation of social recognition by Gherardi et al. (2012) the authors of the book chapters made a common effort to identify the questions to which the experiments could respond. What appears striking in the evidence provided by this book, is the fact that the highest cognitive capacities in social recognition were not found in insects with established societies, but more in solitary insects and crustaceans that strive to chase conspecifics from resources. The importance of behavioural flexibility in individual interactions is evident here: in an established society individuals have their roles, behaving exactly as they should, while in an hostile surrounding, both physically and biologically harsh, the individual animals have to continuously adapt to novel situations, therefore the recognition of a potential enemy or mate is adaptive. The capacity of learning about a new context is of extreme importance in any animals that live in changeable environments and behavioural plasticity is here a pre-requisite. Behavioural plasticity has been recognised as a key concept in several contexts at all levels of organisation (e.g., Menzel and Giurfa 2001; Briffa et al. 2008; Scapini 2014). The communication channel/s used in social recognition tasks is a frequently debated question: whether the best adaptation requires one dedicated channel (chemical, visual, or mechanical…) or multiple channels are used in social recog- nition. The advantage of using visual instead of chemical clues is clear, but may derive from human prejudice (humans use preferentially visual clues for social recognition), but more experimental research in different animal groups is needed to clarify this point. The multiple channel strategy is apparently safer and may be advantageous both in interspecific and intraspecific aggressive interactions. Also for this question, a sound knowledge of the species ecology is necessary. On the whole this book is very useful to encourage experiments testing new questions on the various sociality levels of different animal groups. The outcome is extremely interesting for the broad range of examples and contexts presented in the various book chapters, as well as for the scientific rigour together with the absence of any prejudice, both very important for progress in science. Felicita Scapini Foreword ix References Bierens De Haan JA (1929) Animal Psychology for Biologists. University of London Press, London Bierens De Haan JA (1951) Psicologia degli animali, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Verona (Italian translation of Animal Psychology), pp 161 Briffa M, Rundle SD, Fryer A (2008) Comparing the strength of behavioural plasticity and con- sistency across situations: animal personalities in the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus. Proc R Soc B 275(1640):1305–1311 Gherardi F, Aquiloni L, Tricarico E (2012) Revisiting social recognition systems in invertebrates. Anim Cogn 15:745–762 Griffin DR (1976) The question of animal awareness, evolutionary continuity of mental experi- ence. The Rockfeller University Press, New York, pp 135 Fraenkel GS, Gunn DL (1961) The orientation of animals—kineses, taxes and compass reactions. Dover Publications, New York, pp 376 Köhler W (1925) The mentality of Apes. Harcourt, New York Lorenz K (1932) Betrachtungen über das Erkennen des arteigenen Triebhandunglen der Vögel. J Ornithol 80 (1):50–98 Lorenz K (1988) Hier bin ich – wo bist du ?, R. Piper GMbH & Co. KG, München (Italian trans- lation Io sono qui – tu dove sei?, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Frigliano, CN, 1990, pp 259) Menzel R, Giurfa M (2001) Cognitive architecture in a mini-brain: the honeybee. Trends Cogn Sci 5:62–71 Scapini F, Hoppe B (2010) Zoology, Brill’s encyclopedia of the ancient word New Pauli— classical tradition. Brill, Leyden, pp 1138–1183 Scapini F (2014) Behaviour of mobile macrofauna is a key factor in beach ecology as response to rapid environmental changes. Estuarine, Coast Shelf Sci 150:36–44 Preface Social Recognition in Invertebrates: An Introduction for the Readers Social recognition is regarded as a key element in life of many organisms, where it can play an essential role in the structure and stability of a number of behav- ioural networks, such as dominance hierarchies, territorial defence, competitive aggression, pair bonds, mate selection, and kin favouritism. The skill for sophis- ticated and flexible recognition—as for cognitive abilities—has been known for a very long time in vertebrates, particularly in mammals, who are the most closely related to humans and from which there is an expectation to provide some insights
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