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Inmediaciones De La Comunicación Volumen 6 - N° 6 - Agosto 2011 INMEDIACIONES de la comunicación ALFREDO ALPINI l GUILLERMO AMOROSO l LEO BARIZZONI l PATRICIA BERNAL l ÁLVARO BUELA l LUIS ELBERT l PABLO FERRÉ l ROSANA MALANESCHII l DANIEL MAZZONE l ALDO MAZZUCCHELLI l ANA PAIS Publicación de la Escuela de Comunicación INMEDIACIONES de la comunicación Autoridades de la Escuela INMEDIACIONES de la comunicación de Comunicación vol. 6 - N° 6 - agosto 2011 ISSN: 1688-8626 Decano Facultad de Consejo Editorial Comunicación y Diseño ING. EDUARDO HIPOGROSSO Marisol Álvarez Álvaro Buela Coordinadora Escuela Aldo Mazzucchelli de Comunicación Virginia Silva Pintos LIC. SABRINA BIANCHI Ana Solari Coordinadora Académica de Comunicación LIC. VIRGINIA SILVA PINTOS, MSC. ONES Consejo Asesor Alicia Entel (Argentina) Coordinador Académico I Raúl Fuentes Navarro (México) de Audiovisual José Carlos Lozano (México) LIC. GERARDO CASTELLI, MA. José Marques de Melo (Brasil) Coordinador Académico María Cristina Mata (Argentina) de Periodismo Erick Torrico (Bolivia) TÉC. COM. LEONARDO HABERKORN Catedrática de Publicidad AC Editor Responsable MONTSERRAT RAMOS Álvaro Buela [email protected] I Catedrático Asociado de Medios LIC. JUAN DA ROSA Fotografías Catedrática de Proyecto Final Leo Barizzoni LIC. MARISOL ÁLVAREZ, MA. Catedrático de Periodismo Digital Diseño y armado DANIEL MAZZONE Pablo González Catedrático de Realización Cinematográfica LIC. PSIC. ÁLVARO BUELA Redacción Universidad ORT Uruguay MED Coordinador Académico Uruguay 1185, 11100 de Sonido Montevideo – Uruguay GUILLERMO MARCHESE Tel.: (00598) 2 908 0677 Coordinadora de Graduados Fax.: (0598) 2 908 0680 LIC. ADRIANA FERNÁNDEZ E-mail: [email protected] IN INMEDIACIONES es una publicación de la Escuela de Comunicación de la Universidad ORT Uruguay. sumario El déficit comunicacional: COMUNICACIÓN, ARTE un problema inherente a Y SOCIEDAD las políticas públicas ...........................88 Guillermo Amoroso Wikipedia, la gestión de la inteligencia colectiva ............................ 8 Diseño global Daniel Mazzone 34°53’1’’S 56°10’55’’O .......................96 Rosana Malaneschii La transformación del cuerpo y el aislamiento del hombre Fotorreportaje contemporáneo ...................................16 Mirar.....................................................102 Patricia Bernal Leo Barizzoni Rastro y transparencia Periodismo, ciencia en la comunicación de los y sociedad ...........................................112 espacios urbanos .................................28 Ana Pais Aldo Mazzucchelli Mitos, famas y arte .............................50 Luis Elbert RESEÑAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS Una cierta tendencia del cine alemán ..........................................58 Historias de imágenes .....................122 Álvaro Buela Pablo Ferré Normas de estilo para la CON / TEXTOS presentación de artículos ................126 Espacio, distancia y tiempo en Montevideo (1829-1851) ..................74 Alfredo Alpini volumen 6 - NÚmero 6 - agosto 2011 ISSN: 1688-8626 comunicación, cultura y sociedad Novedades discursivas EN LA cultura relacional Wikipedia, la gestión de la inteligencia colectiva X DANIEL MAZZone AGOSTO 2011 AGOSTO ABSTRACT La proliferación de medios personales y formas individuales de comunicar 8 modifica la actitud y la posición de las audiencias. En su exploración del hipertexto, los cibermedios descentran al autor y reconfiguran la ONES I relación con el usuario, en un cambio cultural focalizado en la gestión de AC I la inteligencia colectiva. La enunciación de Wikipedia revela innovaciones discursivas que empiezan a dar forma a un nuevo modelo de comunicación. MED IN INTRODUcciÓN: LA NUEVA POsiciÓN DEL USUariO X El descentramiento del autor y la pérdida de autonomía Magister en Periodismo (Universidad de San del texto cuyo control se traslada en parte al lector, son no- Andrés, Buenos Aires). vedades que introduce la gestión del hipertexto y desafían Catedrático de periodismo la creatividad de los medios. No todos responden del mismo digital y Coordinador modo, y la forma en que lo hacen –que no es neutra– informa Académico Adjunto de el nuevo modelo de comunicación. Periodismo, Universidad ORT, Uruguay. Investigador El formato hipertextual fue anunciado tempranamen- de las nuevas formas que te por Jacques Derrida y Roland Barthes desde el campo de asume la mediatización en las letras, y por Theodor Nelson y Andries van Dam desde la los países de la región. Su informática. Fueron los primeros en promover el abandono próximo libro a editarse en de nociones como “centro, margen, jerarquía, linealidad, para La Crujía, Buenos Aires, es sustituirlas por multilinealidad, nodos, enlaces, redes” (Lan- un estudio comparativo de las discursividades de The dow, 24). Huffington Post y The New Wikipedia fue el primer gran emprendimiento digital que York Times. aceptó el nuevo paradigma, al despegarse de las formas de pensar desde el formato impreso. Su exploración del hiper- WIKipedia, LA gestiÓN DE LA inteligencia colectiva texto, sobre todo en el decisivo aspecto de la interactividad, asumió formas colaborativas y en ocasiones anónimas de actualización en línea, vía remota. Su forma de concebir la gestión hipertextual afectó la discursividad enciclopédica, y en particular la peculiaridad histórica de la firma autorizada y legitimada. El ingreso del colaborador anónimo, o al menos desconocido, provocó algu- nos cambios de porte en los modelos de comunicación. El enunciador de Wikipedia es inequívoco al respecto: “¿Quién es responsable de los artículos de Wikipedia? La res- puesta es: ¡Tú lo eres!”. Wikipedia inaugura lo que Michel Foucault ya en 1977 describía como “la cultura en la que el discurso circularía sin ninguna necesidad de autor” (Landow, 174), y no porque sus textos carezcan de autoría, sino porque ésta se desdibuja en las decenas de veces en que la intervención colectiva actualiza cada entrada (volveré sobre este punto). Al practicar la interactividad extrema que incluye a cen- tenares de miles de colaboradores de jerarquía diferenciada 2011 AGOSTO (cuatro niveles de administración), Wikipedia asume los ries- 9 gos del ataque malintencionado, la intervención infundada ONES o los partidarismos de toda clase. I AC Dicho en palabras del enunciador: “Como hay más de un I millón (1.789.298) de wikipedistas, esto es un esfuerzo de coo- MED peración (…) si ves un error en la última versión de un artículo, IN te animamos a que seas valiente y lo corrijas”. No es un dato menor que la discursividad enciclopédica admita el error como probabilidad que requiere vigilancia e incluso valentía para corregir. Nadie se sentiría en el deber de dar ánimos a académicos habituados a argumentar y consi- derarse intelectualmente superiores, como en el enciclope- dismo clásico. El nuevo paradigma introduce “protagonistas anónimos” que quizá en más de un caso tiendan a desconfiar de sí mismos, antes que leer bajo sospecha un texto ajeno. El llamado del enunciador, incitando a los colaboradores a confiar en sí mismos, da cuenta de un momento nuevo en el discurso enciclopédico que puede extenderse al de la in- formación. 10 AÑOS QUE marcarON UN MODELO DE COMUNicaciÓN La exitosa performance de Wikipedia no conoce antece- dentes. Sus diez lenguas principales suman 13 millones de entradas, mientras las siguientes 27 en importancia supe- ran las 100.000 entradas cada una, y otras 64 tienen más de DANIEL MAZZONE 10.000. A su vez, 105 versiones en lenguas diferentes poseen más de 1.000 entradas cada una y finalmente, las restan- tes 75, registran más de 100 cada una. En una década, más de 18 millones de artículos en 281 lenguas registraron 1.107 millones de ediciones; es decir que cada artículo se editó y reeditó un promedio de 61 veces. Esto implica una media de algo más de seis veces por año, con toda la complejidad de edición, discusión y comunicación que cada modificación pone en movimiento: Un usuario registrado y en sesión tiene en cada página una pestaña denominada “vigilar”. Si se hace clic en ella esa página se añadirá a su lista de seguimiento. En la lista de seguimiento puede ver los últimos cambios de sus páginas vigiladas. Difícilmente se alcancen las magnitudes de Wikipedia sin resolver el problema cardinal de todo producto vinculado a la información y el conocimiento: el de la credibilidad. Ser creí- ble, para un proyecto de características masivas y abiertas, AGOSTO 2011 AGOSTO pasa por el cumplimiento estricto de las normas. De ahí el 10 interés que despierta una aproximación a sus disposiciones y advertencias. ONES I Tan creíble es Wikipedia –pese a lo que suele decirse– que AC I se presentan situaciones como ésta, tomada de su presenta- MED ción oficial: IN En los últimos años Wikipedia ha estado influyendo notablemente en los medios de comunicación, sobre todo periodísticos, los cuales en más de una ocasión copiaron información de la web enciclopédica, sin mencionar la fuente. Es bastante ilustrativo el experimento realizado por Shane Fitzerald, un estudiante universitario dublinés de 22 años, publicado el 6 de mayo de 2009 por el periódico IrishTimes. com: Tras enterarse del fallecimiento de Maurice Jarre unas horas antes, Shane editó el artículo correspondiente al compositor para incluir una cita ficticia que después apareció sin citar la fuente, en The Guardian, The London Independent y en el sitio web The BBC Music Magazine, y en periódicos de India y Australia. Este experimento demuestra la fuerza de Internet a escala global. Los periodistas que usaron esta cita obviamente confiaron en Wikipedia como fuente de información;
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