DOCSLIB.ORG

“Prototype Energy Autonomous Building”

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
“Prototype Energy Autonomous Building” “PROTOTYPE ENERGY AUTONOMOUS BUILDING” Munich, 24 September 2008 BUILDING LAYOUT • 6 floors – 2 floors for offices – 4 floors for apartments • Conventional building annual energy requirements: – Thermal energy: 131 MWh – Cooling energy: 185 MWh – Electric energy: 17 MWh • Prototype building annual energy requirements: – Thermal energy: 37,8 MWh – Cooling energy: 54 MWh – Electric energy: 15 MWh Bioclimatic architecture Adopted basic principles of bioclimatic architecture ØExternal insulation Ø typical wall (double brick, 5cm insulation) 1,5 W/m2K) ØExternal insulation, thermal plaster (0,5 W/m2K) ØThermal break aluminum profiles with special crystals ØTypical profiles (plain aluminum and single glass) 3,5 W/m2K 2 SP01 32,0°C ØThermal break and triple glass 1,4 W/m K 32 ØLow consumption light bulbs 31 RESULTS OF PASSIVE MEASURES: ü50-70% reduction in heating energy needs 30 ü50-70% reduction in cooling energy needs 29 üsmaller installed power ügreat overall thermal behaviour of the 28 building 28,0°C Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations Natural – Forced Ventilation Studies Ø3D structural modeling ØAir velocity simulation ØTemperature distribution simulation ØHumidity distribution simulation (latent loads) ØThermal radiation simulation ØInternal gains simulation ØAir dispersment RESULTS OF PASSIVE MEASURES: üQuantification of passive energy design tools üMinimalisation of installed power in energy systems üMinimalisation of capital investment Computational Fluid dynamics Simulations Computational Fluid dynamics Simulations Central Solar Thermal Field High Efficiency Solar Collectors Used to cover the thermal needs for the whole building. •Winter period •Producing 37,8 MWh •Temperatures 40-60oC •Covering 100% the heating demand •Summer period •Producing 83MWh •Temperatures > 80oC •Covering 100% the heat input for the absorption chiller •Covering 100% the sanitary hot water needs. Concrete thermal storage tanks (international patent) Seasonal storage Key elements: Special insulation = very low thermal losses (<0.6 W/m2K) Special membranes = water proof, endurance to high temperature cycles (7 to 90oC) Concrete additives = prevent concrete aging due to temperature cycles Results : ØSeparation of energy production and energy demand ØSmaller installed power ØAvoiding electricity power peaks Ø45-60 days of autonomy Solar Cooling Absorption Chiller ØExisting technology ØIndirect fired ØRelatively easy to install Technical information: Completely powered by solar thermal collectors Connected to the aquifer (no cooling tower) Specifications: Heating power input = 54 KWth Cooling power output= 35 KW Average COP = 0.65~0.7 GEOTHERMY Open loop geothermal heat exchanger •Constructed two wells •Pump from one and re-inject to the other (10~30 m3/h) •Natural water renewal through the water aquifer •Used to exchange heat between the various systems of the building and the earth – aquifer Closed loop geothermal heat exchanger •1000m PE pipes under the foundation of the building •Heat exchange between the building’s systems and the earth – aquifer by circulation of the water in the pipes •Total power approx. 15KW Geothermal Heat Pump Water cooled heat pump Steady heat transfer conditions Capability for full recovery Proven and reliable operation Technical Characteristics •Heat power output: 70KW •Cooling power output: 50KW •Electric power input: 12 KW •Average heating or cooling COP = 4,8 •Cogeneration COP > 7 Cooling and heating receivers Under-floor and in-wall heating systems •PE pipes inside the floor – wall •Specially designed requiring low temperatures for heating (30oC) and high temperatures for cooling (18oC) •Resulting an energy gain of 70% in cooling and 65% in heating Dehumidification- desiccant system •Utilizing solid dehydrates for dehumidifying the air. •Regeneration cycle powered by solar thermal collectors •Significant energy saving Building Management System Automations Controls all systems and subsystems of the building constantly recording all necessary parameters for further evaluation. Photovoltaics PV collectors •44 panels of amorphous silicon •Nominal power 4,4KWp •Partially covering the building needs(10-15%) •System to be connected with the city grid selling the electricity at 0,45€ per KWh FEASIBILITY STUDY Savings: ü 92,5 MWh electric energy / year ü131 MWh thermal energy / year ü43.800 kg diesel / year üReduction of 138.000 kg CO2 / year Society benefits: üPollution reduction üSaving the natural resources üEquivalent to 6900€ / year (ExternE) Research and Development High efficiency concentrating tracking thermal collector •Temperature production up to 200oC •Solar cooling •Steam generation High efficiency concentrating tracking combined electric - thermal collector •Temperature production up to 400oC (primary circuit) •Solar cooling • Steam generation • Electric power generation CASE STUDY OF COMPLETE ENERGY SAVING SYSTEM CANDIA MARIS HOTEL, Crete, Greece Thalassotherapy Desallination(RO) Thermal tanks Hot water production Chillers Results Solar system ØSystem became fully online on 1st August 2002 ØTill today the solar field has produced 10.692MWh (equivalent of1.485.000 lt diesel) Heat recovery(chillers) ØAnnual energy savings: Typical conditions of coolers operation Before (without heat After (with heat recovery) recovery) oSolar system185.500€ Cold water temperature 8-13 ?C 8-13 ?C Condenser leaving 40 ?C (spring - 45 ?C 30 ?C temperature autumn) (summer) oCooling system10.900€ (in Cooling power delivered 683 kW 654 kW 757 kW Absorbed power 178 kW 189 kW 153 kW relation to the cooling towers) COP 3,84 3,41 4,94 Social responsibility - economical achievements ü Annual energy savings above 52,500 MWh. ü Annual oil savings above 7,100.000 lt. ü Annual CO2 reduction is 22.000 tons. ü Annual economic benefit of more than 7,100,000 € ü From 1997 to 2007, Sol Energy Hellas SA activities have saved: ü energy ……………… 290.000.000 KWh ü oil ……………………. 43.000.000 lit ü reduced: ü CO2 emissions ……..123.000 tons ü SO2 emissions ……. 220 tons THANK YOU.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Energy Efficiency for Sustainable Reuse of Public Heritage Buildings: the Case for Research
    O. K. Akande, et al., Int. J. Sus. Dev. Plann. Vol. 9, No. 2 (2014) 237–250 ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR SUSTAINABLE REUSE OF PUBLIC HERITAGE BUILDINGS: THE CASE FOR RESEARCH O. K. AKANDE, D. ODELEYE & A. CODAY Department of Engineering & the Built Environment, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK. ABSTRACT There is a wide consensus that buildings, as major energy consumers and sources of greenhouse gas emis- sions must play an important role in mitigating climate change. This has led to increasing concern and greater demand to improve energy effi ciency in buildings. Although, there has been increased efforts to reduce energy consumption from existing building stock; the heritage sector still needs to accelerate its efforts to improve energy effi ciency and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Presently, much concentration has been on improving the energy effi ciency of heritage buildings in the domestic sector while, the non-domestic sector has only received little attention. In particular, studies focusing on reuse and adaptation of heritage buildings for public use to achieve more effi cient use of energy are urgently required. The main focus of this paper is the need for research into sustainable reuse of public heritage buildings with reference to maximising energy effi ciency in the process of considering their conversion to other uses. The paper presents part of a broader on-going research with the aim to investigate problems associated with maximising energy effi ciency in reuse and conversion of public heritage buildings. It identifi es the ability of heritage buildings to play a role in global reduction of energy use and CO2 emission whilst maintaining its unique characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • Intelligent Buildings and COVID-19 LANDMARK RESEARCH PROJECT
    Intelligent Buildings and COVID-19 LANDMARK RESEARCH PROJECT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND MODULE 1 CABA AND THE FOLLOWING CABA MEMBERS FUNDED THIS RESEARCH: INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS AND COVID-19 1 Disclaimer Frost & Sullivan has provided the information in this report for informational purposes only. The information and findings have been obtained from sources believed to be reliable; however, Frost & Sullivan does not make any express or implied warranty or representation concerning such information, or claim that its use would not infringe any privately owned rights. Qualitative and quantitative market information is based primarily on interviews and secondary sources, and is subject to fluctuations. Intelligent building technologies, and processes evaluated in the report are representative of the market and not exhaustive. Any reference to a specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply an endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by Frost & Sullivan. Information provided in all segments is based on availability and the willingness of participants to share these within the scope, budget, and allocated time frame of the project. All directional statements about the expected future state of the industry are based on consensus-based industry dialogue with key stakeholders, anticipated trends, and best-effort understanding of the future course of the industry. Frost & Sullivan hereby disclaims liability for any loss or damage caused by errors or omissions in this report. © 2021 by CABA. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, record- ing, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards an Energy Autonomous Dwelling Design How to Create a More Constant Energy Supply to Limit Storage Demand
    Towards an energy autonomous dwelling design How to create a more constant energy supply to limit storage demand Patricia Knaap Student nr.: 4011015 e-mail: [email protected] Delft University of Technology Faculty of architecture Architectural Engineering – Studio 12 May 2014 ABSTRACT of these sources for generating electricity results in This paper is a summary of the research that has heavy pollution. Many new dwellings are all- been conducted on energy consumption and the electric so that gas is not required anymore for possibilities to produce the electricity from heating and cooking, but this results in a higher renewable sources on a small scale in such a way electricity demand. that the dependency of the grid or electricity Although renewable energy sources can provide a storage demand is reduced. significant amount of electricity in a much more It shortly describes the current situation of energy sustainable way, the largest part of electricity still consumption, the energy demand of a Dutch free comes from natural resources. A reason why standing dwelling and how this demand can be renewable energy is not used very much yet is reduced by smart architectural design choices. because there is not a continuous production. The main focus in this paper is how electricity can Where natural resources are available at any be produced by a dwelling by using renewable time, the availability of renewable energy sources resources and how this can be done as efficient is variable and therefore it results in peak as possible to limit the need for electricity storage. productions of electricity.
    [Show full text]
  • CX-023545: South El Monte Autonomous Building Controls Retrofit
    4/14/2021 U.S. DOE: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy - Environmental Questionnaire RECIPIENT: City of South El Monte STATE: CA PROJECT South El Monte Autonomous Building Controls Retrofit TITLE: Funding Opportunity Announcement Number Procurement Instrument Number NEPA Control Number CID Number DE-FOA-0002324 DE-EE0009466 GFO-0009466-001 GO9466 Based on my review of the information concerning the proposed action, as NEPA Compliance Officer (authorized under DOE Policy 451.1), I have made the following determination: CX, EA, EIS APPENDIX AND NUMBER: Description: A9 Information gathering (including, but not limited to, literature surveys, inventories, site visits, and audits), data Information analysis (including, but not limited to, computer modeling), document preparation (including, but not limited to, gathering, conceptual design, feasibility studies, and analytical energy supply and demand studies), and information analysis, and dissemination (including, but not limited to, document publication and distribution, and classroom training and dissemination informational programs), but not including site characterization or environmental monitoring. (See also B3.1 of appendix B to this subpart.) B5.1 Actions (a) Actions to conserve energy or water, demonstrate potential energy or water conservation, and promote to conserve energy efficiency that would not have the potential to cause significant changes in the indoor or outdoor energy or concentrations of potentially harmful substances. These actions may involve financial
    [Show full text]
  • PWM Control of a Cooling Tower in a Thermally Homeostatic Building
    American Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2015, Vol. 3, No. 5, 142-146 Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajme/3/5/1 © Science and Education Publishing DOI:10.12691/ajme-3-5-1 PWM Control of a Cooling Tower in a Thermally Homeostatic Building Peizheng Ma1,*, Lin-Shu Wang1, Nianhua Guo2 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, United States 2Department of Asian and Asian American Studies, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, United States *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received August 20, 2015; Revised August 30, 2015; Accepted September 02, 2015 Abstract Thermal Homeostasis in Buildings (THiB) is a new concept of building conditioning. Since summer cooling is the more challenging of building conditioning, several earlier papers focused on the study of natural summer cooling by using cooling tower (CT). The goal was to show the possibility and conditions of natural cooling, i.e., under what extreme day by day conditions that it is still possible for natural cooling to keep indoor temperature from exceeding a given maximum value: since no consideration was given to limiting indoor temperature above a minimum, in fact CT overcooling would be the problem for most part of the summer. This paper presents a fuller consideration of continual operation of a CT throughout the whole summer with pulse-width modulation (PWM) control of the tower operation. The goal here is to find to what extent the indoor temperature can be kept within the comfort zone. To put it another way, determine whether hours or percentile of hours out of total annual hours that the operative temperatures are out of the comfort zone are acceptable or not in a small sample of cities.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermal Autonomy As Metric and Design Process
    Thermal Autonomy as Metric and Design Process Brendon Levitt. Author Loisos + Ubbelohde, Alameda, California California College of the Arts, San Francisco M. Susan Ubbelohde. Co-Author Loisos + Ubbelohde, Alameda, California University of California, Berkeley George Loisos. Co-Author Loisos + Ubbelohde, Alameda, California Nathan Brown. Co-Author Loisos + Ubbelohde, Alameda, California California College of the Arts, San Francisco ABSTRACT: Metrics for quantifying thermal comfort and energy consumption focus on the role of mechanical systems, not architecture. This paper proposes a new metric, "Thermal Au- tonomy," that links occupant comfort to climate, building fabric, and building operation. Ther- mal Autonomy measures how much of the available ambient energy resources a building can harness rather than how much fuel heating and cooling systems will consume. The change in mental framework can inform a change in process. This paper illustrates how Thermal Auton- omy analysis gives rich visual feedback as to the diurnal and seasonal patterns of thermal com- fort that an architectural proposition is expected to deliver. Thermal Autonomy has far-reaching utility as a comparative metric for envelope design, identifying mechanical strategies, and mixed-mode operation decisions. Foremost, it is a generative metric to quantify ways that the building filters the ambient environment. The use of Thermal Autonomy is illustrated through parametric building thermal simulation and analysis. INTRODUCTION There is a need for the fundamental re-alignment of how we measure and think about thermal comfort in buildings. Most existing metrics were developed to inform the design of mechanical systems. Occasionally, metrics are proposed that define when people are likely to be comforta- ble without heating or cooling systems, but these metrics are framed to avoid energy use rather than embrace the opportunities of climate.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Cooling with a Cooling Tower
    SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... Thermal Homeostasis in Buildings (THiB): Radiant conditioning of hydronically activated buildings with large fenestration and adequate thermal mass using natural energy for thermal comfort A Dissertation Presented by Peizheng Ma to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering (Thermal Sciences and Fluid Mechanics) Stony Brook University May 2013 Copyright by Peizheng Ma 2013 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Peizheng Ma We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. Lin-Shu Wang – Dissertation Advisor Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering John M. Kincaid – Chairperson of Defense Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering Jon P. Longtin Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering David J. Hwang Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering Thomas A. Butcher – Outside Member Professor, Brookhaven National Laboratory This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School Charles Taber Interim Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation Thermal Homeostasis in Buildings (THiB): Radiant conditioning of hydronically activated buildings with large fenestration and adequate thermal mass using natural energy for thermal comfort by Peizheng Ma Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering (Thermal Sciences and Fluid Mechanics) Stony Brook University 2013 “Living” buildings, like living bodies, seek to maintain stable internal environments while the external surroundings keep on changing. In biology, the “stable internal environment” is called homeostasis.
    [Show full text]
  • Design of a Thermally Homeostatic Building and Modeling of Its Natural Radiant Cooling Using Cooling Tower
    American Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2015, Vol. 3, No. 4, 105-114 Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajme/3/4/1 © Science and Education Publishing DOI:10.12691/ajme-3-4-1 Design of a Thermally Homeostatic Building and Modeling of Its Natural Radiant Cooling Using Cooling Tower Peizheng Ma1,*, Lin-Shu Wang1, Nianhua Guo2 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, United States 2Department of Asian and Asian American Studies, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, United States *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received July 08, 2015; Revised July 14, 2015; Accepted July 20, 2015 Abstract Thermal Homeostasis in Buildings (THiB) is a new concept consisting of two steps: thermal autonomy (architectural homeostasis) and thermal homeostasis (mechanical homeostasis). The first step is based on the architectural requirement of a building’s envelope and its thermal mass, while the second one is based on the engineering requirement of hydronic equipment. Previous studies of homeostatic building were limited to a TABS- equipped single room in a commercial building. Here we investigate the possibility of thermal homeostasis in a small TABS-equipped building, and focus on the possibility of natural summer cooling in Paso Robles, CA, by using cooling tower alone. By showing the viability of natural cooling in one special case, albeit a case in one of the most favorable locations climatically, a case is made that the use of cooling tower in thermally homeostatic buildings should not be overlooked for general application in wider regions of other climatic zones. Keywords: thermally homeostatic building, building design, building energy modeling, TABS, cooling tower, hydronic radiant cooling, small commercial building Cite This Article: Peizheng Ma, Lin-Shu Wang, and Nianhua Guo, “Design of a Thermally Homeostatic Building and Modeling of Its Natural Radiant Cooling Using Cooling Tower.” American Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Cincinnati
    UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date: 9-Apr-2010 I, Kelley I. Romoser , hereby submit this original work as part of the requirements for the degree of: Master of Architecture in Architecture (Master of) It is entitled: Borrowed From the Earth: Midwest Rammed Earth Architecture Student Signature: Kelley I. Romoser This work and its defense approved by: Committee Chair: George Bible, MCiv.Eng George Bible, MCiv.Eng Rebecca Williamson, PhD Rebecca Williamson, PhD 5/26/2010 489 Borrowed From the Earth: Semiology of Midwest Rammed Earth Architecture A thesis submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture In the School of Architecture of the Department of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning by Kelley I. Romoser B.S. Ohio University June 2004 Committee Chairs: Thomas Bible, MCiv. Eng Rebecca Williamson, PhD Abstract This thesis explores the material rammed earth and its potential for application in the Midwest, specifically in Southern Ohio. Examining the specifics of rammed earth construction in this context will generate conclusions that have a broader application. Rammed earth construction has been used for hundreds of years in various locales for its many advantages including low material cost, low-energy processing, recyclability, indoor environmental quality, and uniquely beautiful aesthetic. The technique produces massive walls that can help mitigate temperature fluctuation, moderate indoor humidity levels, and dampen sound. Despite these advantages, there are numerous difficulties encountered in contemporary rammed earth construction, particularly in the United States. Rammed earth is highly susceptible to moisture and accepted codes and standards of practice in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • ABC Demonstrator
    GRENOBLE ALPES MÉTROPOLE THE TOP 10 ECOCITY PROJECTS ABC demonstrator Starting from the second quarter of 2020, the KEY DATA ABC residence in the Presqu'île district, Grenoble, will welcome its first tenants. This > 5,000 M2 of floor space demonstrator is a concentrate of technologies > 42 intermediate rental housing units and and innovations that make it the first design 20 social rental housing units for an energy self-sufficiency building in > €1.8 M support from the City of Tomorrow France. Investment for the Future Program ENERGY AUTONOMY Bouygues Construction's R&D teams have teamed up Autonomous Building for Citizens: an autonomous with the architectural firm Valode & Pistre to make building for citizens, such is the promise of the ABC tech and innovation serve the ecological transition demonstrator, whose two buildings, located in the and well-being of residents. Inaugurated in September Cambridge sector of the Presqu'île de Grenoble 2019, a 50 m2 showroom located on the ABC EcoDistrict, total 62 housing units. Exceptional demonstrator site presents the innovations at work on performance supports the aim for self-sufficiency: the first autonomous building in France. It also serves the rainwater recovery and purification as well as the as educational support for residents wishing to better treatment and recycling of grey water represent 70% understand the technology and the functioning of their of the water supply. At least 70% of energy needs housing. are covered by a mix of renewable energies: 688 photovoltaic panels spread out over 1,130 m2 on the THE INVOLVEMENT OF CITIZENS roof are connected up to heat pumps which recover the calories from the waste water to supply the heating It is because what interests the Métropole in this system and produce domestic hot water.
    [Show full text]
  • Delivering Energy Efficiency Policy Developments and Challenges in Delivering Energy
    Policy Developments and Challenges in Delivering Energy Efficiency Policy Developments and Challenges in Delivering Energy Energy efficiency has never been as and implementation of energy efficiency relevant as it is today. If the global potential policies and programmes. Drawing upon Efficiency for energy saving can be realised, this would the experience of countries from Western have profound implications for energy Europe to Central Asia, along with examples in Challenges and Developments Policy security and for avoiding greenhouse from Japan, Australia and the United States, gas emissions. it provides an invaluable guide to recent developments, current policies and to the The main challenge for policymakers is challenges that remain. how to deliver real, tangible improvements in energy efficiency, but this is a complex The analysis is drawn from the work task. Our use of energy is part of the fabric conducted by the Energy Charter on of our daily lives and our economies, and the implementation of its multilateral our choices about energy depend on a host Protocol on Energy Efficiency and Related of factors, including available technologies Environmental Aspects (PEEREA), and was and information, and the structure and completed with cooperation from the operation of national markets. Changing European Bank for Reconstruction and the way that we use energy is not something Development and from Euroheat & Power. that can be done overnight. In line with the request in the Ministerial Yet this report demonstrates that Declaration adopted in Kiev in 2003, this Delivering Energy Efficiency delivering energy efficiency is possible, report was presented to the 2007 Belgrade and examines in detail the ingredients that Ministerial Conference of the UNECE can contribute to successful development ‘Environment for Europe’ process.
    [Show full text]
  • “Environment for Europe”
    ECE/BELGRADE.CONF/2007/INF/29 SIXTH MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE “ENVIRONMENT FOR EUROPE” BELGRADE, SERBIA 10-12 October 2007 POLICY DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN DELIVERING ENERGY EFFICIENCY submitted by the Energy Charter Secretariat through the Ad Hoc Working Group of Senior Officials BACKGROUND DOCUMENT UNITED NATIONS Policy Developments and Challenges in Delivering Energy Efficiency Policy Developments and Challenges in Delivering Energy Energy efficiency has never been as and implementation of energy efficiency relevant as it is today. If the global potential policies and programmes. Drawing upon Efficiency for energy saving can be realised, this would the experience of countries from Western have profound implications for energy Europe to Central Asia, along with examples in Challenges and Developments Policy security and for avoiding greenhouse from Japan, Australia and the United States, gas emissions. it provides an invaluable guide to recent developments, current policies and to the The main challenge for policymakers is challenges that remain. how to deliver real, tangible improvements in energy efficiency, but this is a complex The analysis is drawn from the work task. Our use of energy is part of the fabric conducted by the Energy Charter on of our daily lives and our economies, and the implementation of its multilateral our choices about energy depend on a host Protocol on Energy Efficiency and Related of factors, including available technologies Environmental Aspects (PEEREA), and was and information, and the structure and completed with cooperation from the operation of national markets. Changing European Bank for Reconstruction and the way that we use energy is not something Development and from Euroheat & Power.
    [Show full text]