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(Verbenaceae) in the Asia-Pacific and Implications for Invasive Weed Recognition and Management Telopea 16: 83–88

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(Verbenaceae) in the Asia-Pacific and Implications for Invasive Weed Recognition and Management Telopea 16: 83–88 Volume 16: 93 ELOPEA Publication date: 17 July 2014 T dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea20147536-c Journal of Plant Systematics plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/Telopea • escholarship.usyd.edu.au/journals/index.php/TEL • ISSN 0312-9764 (Print) • ISSN 2200-4025 (Online) Corrigenda Chandler Gregory T, Westaway John O, Conn Barry J. (20 June 2014) Taxonomic uncertainty of Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae) in the Asia-Pacific and implications for invasive weed recognition and management Telopea 16: 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea20147536 Page 84, Discussion, reference to Hammel and Grayum (2011) incorrectly cited in first sentence. First sentence should read: Species of Stachytarpheta usually have four or five calyx lobes, but in S. indica, two of these lobes are extremely reduced so that the calyx appears to be 2-lobed (Hammel and Grayum 2011; Rajendran and Daniel 1992; Verdcourt 1992). Page 86, References, change the final reference to read: Hammel BE, Grayum MH (2011) Lectotypification and reinstatement of Stachytarpheta friedrichsthalii (Verbenaceae), with notes on the lectotypification of S. indica. Novon 21: 437–439. http://dx.doi. org/10.3417/2011019 © 2014 Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Volume 16: 83–88 ELOPEA Publication date: 20 June 2014 T dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea20147536 Journal of Plant Systematics plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/Telopea • escholarship.usyd.edu.au/journals/index.php/TEL • ISSN 0312-9764 (Print) • ISSN 2200-4025 (Online) Taxonomic uncertainty of Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae) in the Asia-Pacific and implications for invasive weed recognition and management Gregory T Chandler1,3, John O Westaway1 and Barry J Conn2 1Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 37846, Winnellie NT 0821, Australia. 2National Herbarium of New South Wales, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia 3Author for correspondence: [email protected] Abstract Stachytarpheta indica has been regarded as an agricultural weed occurring throughout south-east Asia. In Australia, it is classified as an invasive weed by the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS) (Brown et al. 2008). After examining several papers from the 1990s, we conclude that there is no evidence to support S. indica being in this region and that the name has been historically misapplied to several other species of Stachytarpheta. We recommend its removal from the NAQS invasive weed target list. A table of morphological characters is provided for four species of Stachytarpheta showing major differences in several character and highlights the confusion still surrounding some of the species. Stachytarpheta cayennensis should be added to the flora of Christmas Island, whereas the taxonomic status of S. urticifolia needs to be examined in further detail. Introduction Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl is on the appendix of the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS) invasive weed target list (Brown et al. 2008), which is used to focus NAQS weed surveillance efforts towards early detection of new incursions of potentially invasive plant species. This is based on the premise that early detection provides improved prospects of eradication or containment, reducing impacts on the agricultural sector of the Australian economy and on the environment. Early detection of invasive species requires a solid taxonomic foundation to make reliable and timely identifications. In cases where significant conflict exists in taxonomic treatments, long delays will occur, hampering biosecurity responses such as an eradication program. One of the problems faced by anyone working with invasive weeds is that revising their taxonomy is usually low on a taxonomist’s agenda unless they are part of a group that is being actively researched. Furthermore, invasive species are often only problematic outside their natural distribution. The consequence of this is that those who are concerned about the distinctiveness and potential invasive risk of these taxa do not have an in- depth understanding of the group in their natural environment. Although S. indica is restricted to tropical east Africa and tropical America (Rajendran and Daniel 1992; Verdcourt 1992), it has long been erroneously considered to occur throughout India and south eastern Asia (e.g. Backer and Bakhuizen van der Brink 1965; Brenan 1950; Clarke 1885; Danser 1929; Graham 1839; Hallier © 2014 Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust 84 Telopea 16: 83–88, 2014 Chandler, Westaway and Conn 1918). Rajendran and Daniel (1992) describe in detail the historical aspects of this misapplication of S. indica, from the incorrect citation of Ceylon as the type location by Linnaeus to the misapplication of species names in early taxonomic treatments, beginning with Persoon (1806). Rajendran and Daniel (1992) and Verdcourt (1992) concluded that the misapplication of the name S. indica has mostly referred to S. jamaicensis (L.) Vahl and less often to S. urticifolia Sims.1 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis is another potentially invasive species that could be considered for the NAQS invasive weed target list as it is cited as occurring within the neighbouring region (e.g. Baker and Bakhuizen van der Brink 1965; Chen and Wu 2003; Moldenke and Moldenke 1983; Rajendran and Daniel 1992). There is significant confusion surrounding its taxonomic identity, with Munir (1992) regarding S. urticifolia as a synonym of S. cayennensis (Rich.) J.Vahl, a taxonomic decision supported by the Australian Plant Census (2014). However, this species is still recognized in some regional taxonomic treatments (for example, Chen and Wu 2003; Devi and Singh 2005; Rajendran and Daniel 1992). Since the type of S. urticifolia has not been located (Munir 1992) nor seen (Chen and Wu 2003), these two conflicting taxonomic decisions are based on the description and illustration of the protologue (Sims 1816). Munir (1992) concluded that the taxonomic concept of S. urticifolia, based on the protologue is conspecific with S. cayennensis, whilst Chen and Wu (2003) concluded that the description by Moldenke and Moldenke (1983) was sufficient to regard this species as distinct from S. jamaicensis. Unfortunately, these authors did not compare S. urticifolia with S. cayennensis. A comparison of the diagnostic features of the four problematic species: S. cayennensis, S. indica, S. jamaicensis and S. urticifolia, as used in three important publications (Munir 1992; Rajendran and Daniel 1992; Verdcourt 1992), is provided here (Table 1). Minor differences in morphological terminology make it slightly difficult to identify the species concepts being used by these different authors. Stachytarpheta indica is regarded as having narrower leaves than the other three species. Stachytarpheta cayennensis has a crenate-serrate leaf margin, whereas the other species are variously coarsely serrate, although Rajendran and Daniel (1992) and Verdcourt (1992) both circumscribe S. jamaicensis as having crenate-serrate leaves. There is agreement about the number and shape of calyx lobes for S. cayennensis and S. indica, but no agreement for S. jamaicensis or S. urticifolia. Both S. cayennensis and S. jamaicensis are regarded as having a pale blue to white corolla, or at least with a white centre, and S. urticifolia as having corollas that are darker, purple-blue, mauve or royal blue with a pale or white throat. However, in S. indica the colour of the corolla is either more variable, from pale to dark, blue, mauve, or lavender, often with a white centre, or Rajendran and Daniel (1992) are applying a different species concept of S. indica from that of Verdcourt (1992). Such unsettled taxonomy could seriously impact surveillance efforts in terms of speed and efficiency, leading to misidentifications that could take years to uncover as well as playing havoc with the creation of meaningful invasive species target lists. Discussion Species of Stachytarpheta usually have four or five calyx lobes, but in S. indica, two of these lobes are extremely reduced so that the calyx appears to be 2-lobed (Hammel-Lierheimer and Grayum 2011; Rajendran and Daniel 1992; Verdcourt 1992). While vegetative characters, together with the width of the rachis can be used to distinguish introduced species of Stachytarpheta in Australia, S. indica can be distinguished from these by its seemingly bifid calyx and narrower, more lanceolate leaves. There are some anatomical differences that distinguish S. indica from S. cayennensis, including aborted guard cells in S. indica and contiguous stomata on the adaxial surface of the leaves of S. cayennensis (Adedeji 2012). Although these stomatal features are difficult to discern, they may be of interest in future phylogenetic studies of the genus. The number and arrangement of calyx teeth (lobes) appears to be an important taxonomic character, yet as can be seen in Table 1, as well as the characters used in Backer and Bakhuizen van der Brink (1965), there is little agreement among treatments around which taxon has a given arrangement, casting doubt over the robustness of these features. According to Rajendran and Daniel (1992, p. 166), there are five species of Stachytarpheta present in India, but S. indica is not one of them, because “... there are no specimens in any Indian herbarium that can be identified with the type of S. indica.” In their Flora of Java treatment, one of the characters used by Backer and Bakhuizen van der Brink (1965) to distinguish S. indica and S. jamaicensis from S. cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl is the presence of four teeth in the former two species as opposed to five teeth in the latter. If S. indica does indeed possess a clearly bifid calyx, then it seems likely that those authors have also misapplied the name, in this case to S. jamaicensis. According to Verdcourt (1992), S. indica is widespread in tropical Africa and tropical America, and is a weed in heavy, cultivated soils and rice fields. It also appears likely that Backer and Bakhuizen van der 1The authority of S. urticifolia is sometimes incorrectly cited as ‘(Salisb.)Sims’ rather than ‘Sims’ (refer Verdcourt 1992, p. 19). Note: Cymburus urticifolius Salisb. is illegitimate (ICN 2012: Art. 52.1, 52.2, also refer Ex.
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