DOCSLIB.ORG

Evidence for Holobaraminic Status of the Verbenaceae (Verbena Family)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

OPEN ACCESS JCTS Report SERIES B Evidence for Holobaraminic Status of the Verbenaceae (Verbena Family) R.W. Sanders Core Academy of Science, Dayton, TN 37321 Abstract The baraminic status of the Verbenaceae s. str. was investigated using baraminic distance correlations, bootstrap analysis, and multidimensional scaling coordinates. Data were obtained from personal observations and the literature for 80 characters in 25 genera of the Verbenaceae and 19 genera representing 8 near and far outgroup families. Results showed continuity among members of the Verbenaceae and discontinuity of the Verbenaceae from all remaining families, supporting the holobaraminic status of the family. The hypothesis that baramins approximate taxonomic families is corroborated, as is the distinction of the Verbenaceae s. str. from the Lamiaceae, including the subfamilies that have been transferred from the Verbenaceae s. l. to the Lamiaceae by recent cladistic and molecular analyses. Editor: J.W. Francis Received January 26, 2012; Accepted September 13, 2016; Published September 26, 2016 Introduction although a molecular classification at the tribal level has been published recently (Marx et al. 2010; Yuan et al. 2010; O’Leary To date, statistical baraminology has been applied to the study et al. 2012; Lu-Irving & Olmstead 2013). Generally, the family of only 28 families of plants (Wood 2008b, pp. 149-222, 237-239). is characterized by opposite, simple leaves; flowers in elongate or In all cases, these studies were based on publicly available data condensed (head-like) spikes; a weak development of bilateral sets in the conventional literature or online databases. However, floral symmetry; arching corolla tubes; an abruptly flattened and this work needs to be expanded to include plant families for which flaring “trumpet bell” of the corolla; and a fruit with two or four there are no published morphological data sets that are adequate “stones” or nutlets that are sometimes fused (Figure 1). for the method. Because I have been studying the Verbenaceae s. It is of interest that the Verbenaceae are not divided at the str. (Lamiales) for many years and have considerable experience subfamily rank. This is because, as currently circumscribed, the with the group (e.g., Sanders 2001), I provide here a data set newly family contains only the name-bearing subfamily that traditionally compiled from my own observations and numerous published was associated with several other subfamilies as the Verbenaceae descriptions and morphological studies to use in baraminology. s. l. These other subfamilies were transferred to the Lamiaceae The Verbenaceae as currently accepted in the conventional (mint family) in 1992 (Cantino 1992a, 1992b) on the basis of literature comprise perhaps 500 to 1,000 species in about 35 genera several anatomically cryptic, but profound, differences which, and are typical of Lamiales (= Scrophulariales = Bignoniales), the though known since the 1930s, were not widely recognized until order that includes mints, snapdragons, foxgloves, speedwells, cladistic studies brought them to light. Details of this taxonomic plantains, gesneriads, shrimp-plants, and trumpet vines among history and the relevant traits are elaborated by Sanders (2001). others (viz., the “advanced” angiosperms with tubular, bilaterally The hope is that determination of the boundary around the symmetrical flowers and superior, 2-chambered ovaries). The baramin(s) of the plants included in the Verbenaceae will allow genera and species of Verbenaceae share a number of similarities further investigation into a number of vexing issues that emerge that suggest them to be closely related, but are not clearly when young-age assumptions are applied to these plants:the differentiated into infrafamilial groups. As a result, there has origin of chemical defenses and prickles (i.e., natural evil), pre- been no consensus for a tribal classification based on morphology, Flood biogeography and diversity, post-Flood dispersal and ©2016 The author. This article is open access and distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License, which allows unrestricted use, distribution, and repro- duction in any medium as long as the original author and medium are credited. Citation: Sanders. 2016. Evidence for holobaraminic status of the Verbenaceae (Verbena family). Journal of Creation Theology and Science Series B: Life Sciences 6:81-90. Table 1. Genera and higher taxa sampled for the baraminological analysis of the Verbenaceae in the context of the classification used in this paper. In the representation numbers, the numerator is the number of genera sampled and the denominator is the number of genera in the higher taxon. In the Lamiaceae, the genera in the category “ex Verbenaceae s. l.” represent three subfamilies that were placed in the Verbenaceae before 1992 but have been transferred to the Lamiaceae. Higher Taxa Genera sampled Representation Outgroup—Boraginales: Boranginaceae 2/150 Cordioideae Cordia Boraginoideae Anchusa Lamiales Martyniaceae Proboscidea 1/5 Bignoniaceae Jacaranda 1/110 Phyrmaceae Phryma 1/1 Scrophulariaceae* Antirrhinum 4/220 Mimulus Penstemon Scrophularia Acanthaceae Elytraria 3/350 Justicia Thunbergia Avicenniaceae Avicennia 1/1 Lamiaceae s. l. 6/230 Figure 1. Portion of inflorescence of Stachytarpheta Lamiaceae s. str. Lamium 3/170 Mentha jamaicensis, illustrating family characteristics Salvia mentioned in text. Photo by J.M. Garg, Wikimedia ex Verbenaceae s. l. Clerodendrum 3/60 Holmskioldia Commons. Petitia Verbenaceae s. str. 23/35 Petreeae Petrea 2/2 Xolocotzia diversification, extent of design in homoplasy and its role in post- Citharexyleae Citharexylum 4/8 Flood adaptation. Coelocarpum Duranta Raphithamnus Methods Verbeneae Bouchea 13/16 Taxa. A total of 44 genera in nine families are sampled in Casselia Diostea the analysis. The ingroup includes 25 of the 35 genera and all Dipyrena tribes of the Verbenaceae. Seven other families of Lamiales, Glandularia represented by 17 genera, were selected as near outgroups (or Junellia extended ingroup). Based on cladistic morphological studies Lampaya Neosparton (Cantino 1982) and molecular systematics (Soltis et al. 2005), Pitraea the Boraginaceae (Boraginales or Solanales) were chosen as the Priva principal outgroup, being represented by two genera in different Stachytarpheta subfamilies (Table 1). Tamonia Verbena Characters. An holistic data set of 80 characters representing Lantaneae Aloysia 6/9 secondary chemistry (3 characters), general growth form (1 Goniostachyum character), stem morphology (1), epidermal anatomy (5), leaf Lantana morphology (2), inflorescence morphology (6), flower morphology Lippia (26), floral anatomy (8), pollen anatomy (4), embryology (16), Nashia Riedelia fruit morphology (7), and chromosomes (1) is detailed in Table 2. Data were compiled primarily from 30 years of personal *Note that the Scrophulariaceae are treated traditionally here, but recent observations and general references on Verbenaceae (Troncoso classifications based on molecular data have reapportioned most of its genera 1974; Cronquist 1981; Sanders 2001; Atkins 2004). Numerous with segregate or adjacent families. However, those realignments are not relevant to the results presented here. other references provided additional data, especially for either JCTS B: Life Sciences www.coresci.org/jcts Volume 6:82 Table 2. Characters and character states used to generate the data matrix. Data sources cited below. 1. Habit: 0=tree; 1=shrub; 2=herb; 3=liana; 4=vine; 30. Petal connation, pattern: 0=equally 5-lobed; 1=weak- 5=subshrubs. ly 2 upper + 3 lower (weakly bilabiate); 2=strongly 2 + 2. Stem: 0=round; 1=square. 3 (strongly bilabiate); 3=± 4 equal lobes. 3. Hairs, cell structure: 0=unicellular only; 1=uniseriate 31. Stamen number, fertile: 0=5; 1=4; 2=2. common; 2=biseriate; 3=multiseriate. 32. Stamen number, sterile: 0=0; 1=1; 2=2. 4. Hairs, posture: 0= straight; 1=proximally geniculate; 33. Stamen lengths: 0=equal lengths; 1=abaxial pair lon- 2=distally hooked. ger; 2=adaxial pair longer. 5. Glands: 0=”sessile”; 1=stalked. 34. Anther, shape: 0=truncate; 1=sagittate; 2=divaricate. 6. Gland head, no. of cells: 0=1-4; 1=5-20; 2=complex; 35. Anther, connective tissue: 0=placentoid tissue intrud- 3=Not applicable. ing into thecae; 1=no placentoid tissue. 7. Stomata: 0=only anomocytic; 1=diacytic & diallelocyt- 36. Anther, connective length: 0=not exceeding thecae; ic common. 1=longer than thecae. 8. Flavones present: 0=6-oxy; 1=6-oxy absent. 37. Anther, connective size: 0=not dilated; 1=dilated. 9. Iridoids, non-seco-iridoid types: 0=present; 1=absent. 38. Anther, connective appendage: 0=glandular append- 10. Oligosaccharides: 0=present; 1=absent. age lacking; 1=glandular appendage present on abaxial 11. Leaf arrangement: 0=decussate; 1=alternate; 2=ro- anther pair. sette; 3=decussate below, alternate into inflorescence. 39. Pollen, aperture no.: 0=3; 1=6; 2=2; 3=4; 4=fused. 12. Leaf blade: 0=unlobed; 1=lobed or dissected; 2=re- 40. Pollen, aperture structure: 0=colpate; 1=colporate; duced, scale=like. 2=not applicable. 13. Inflorescence type: 0= spiciform thyrse; 1= axillary/ 41. Pollen, colpus ornamentation: 0=exine thickened ad- terminal cyme; 2=raceme/spike; 3=capitulum; 4=heli- jacent to colpi; 1=exine not thickened adjacent to colpi; coid cyme; 5=terminal/axillary thyrse. 2=not applicable. 14. Inflorescence axis structure: 0=twiggy w/o depres- 42. Pollen type: 0=general for Lamiales; 1=Verbena type; sions for flowers; 1=thickened
Recommended publications
  • Sunol Wildflower Guide

    Sunol Wildflower Guide

    Sunol Wildflowers A photographic guide to showy wildflowers of Sunol Regional Wilderness Sorted by Flower Color Photographs by Wilde Legard Botanist, East Bay Regional Park District Revision: February 23, 2007 More than 2,000 species of native and naturalized plants grow wild in the San Francisco Bay Area. Most are very difficult to identify without the help of good illustrations. This is designed to be a simple, color photo guide to help you identify some of these plants. The selection of showy wildflowers displayed in this guide is by no means complete. The intent is to expand the quality and quantity of photos over time. The revision date is shown on the cover and on the header of each photo page. A comprehensive plant list for this area (including the many species not found in this publication) can be downloaded at the East Bay Regional Park District’s wild plant download page at: http://www.ebparks.org. This guide is published electronically in Adobe Acrobat® format to accommodate these planned updates. You have permission to freely download and distribute, and print this pdf for individual use. You are not allowed to sell the electronic or printed versions. In this version of the guide, only showy wildflowers are included. These wildflowers are sorted first by flower color, then by plant family (similar flower types), and finally by scientific name within each family. Under each photograph are four lines of information, based on the current standard wild plant reference for California: The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California, 1993. Common Name These non-standard names are based on Jepson and other local references.
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny

    Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny

    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
  • Chapter 1 the California Flora

    Chapter 1 the California Flora

    CHAPTER 1 THE CALIFORNIA FLORA The Californian Floristic Province California is a large state with a complex topography and a great diversity of climates and habitats,resulting in a very large assemblage of plant species that vary in size and include both the world’s largest trees and some of the smallest and most unique plant species. In order to create manageable units for plant investigations, botanists have divided the continental landform into geographic units called floristic provinces. These units reflect the wide variations in natural landscapes and assist botanists in predicting where a given plant might be found. Within the borders of California, there are three floristic provinces, each extending beyond the state’s political boundaries. The California Floristic Province includes the geographi- cal area that contains assemblages of plant species that are more or less characteristic of California and that are best de- veloped in the state.This province includes southwestern Ore- gon and northern Baja California but excludes certain areas of the southeastern California desert regions, as well as the area of the state that is east of the Sierra Nevada–Cascade Range axis (map 1).The flora of the desert areas and those east of the Sierra Nevada crest are best developed outside the state, and therefore, parts of the state of California are not in the Cali- fornia Floristic Province. The Great Basin Floristic Province includes some of the area east of the Sierra Nevada and some regions in the northeastern part of the state, although some botanists consider the latter area to belong to another distinct floristic province, the Columbia Plateau Floristic Province.
  • Determining a Landscape Plant Database Matched to Hydrozones for South Africa

    Determining a Landscape Plant Database Matched to Hydrozones for South Africa

    rnal Jou Journal of Applied Appl Journal of Applied Horticulture, 23(1): 28-36, 2021 Horticulture DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.06 ISSN: 0972-1045 Determining a landscape plant database matched to hydrozones for South Africa Leslie H. Hoy1*, Leslie R. Brown2, Richard M. Hendrick2 and Alan S. Barrett2 1Rand Water, PO Box 1127, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa. 2Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa. *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract About 27 % of available water in South Africa is utilised in the urban environment. Estimates for South Africa place ornamental landscape water use as high as 50 % of urban water use. South Africa’s average annual rainfall is approximately 495 mm. Rainfall patterns are erratic with periodic droughts of anticipated increased frequency. Ornamental landscapes require additional watering to minimise impacts of dry periods. These landscapes are often over- rather than under-watered. One method of reducing urban ornamental landscape water use is to group plants according to predefined hydrozones to optimise water use through improved site maintenance, landscape design and irrigation application. Currently no extensive researched database of commonly grown ornamental landscape plants linked to hydrozones exists for South Africa. To produce such a plant database, an analysis determining the hydrozone rating of plants sold in South African nurseries was undertaken. The result of this study is a database of plant species suitable for ornamental landscape hydrozones (high, medium, low and very low water requirements) and linked to a plant factor. This provides South African Green Industries Council members, especially landscapers with a database to assist in selecting the most appropriate plants for each hydrozone for their ornamental landscapes and gardens.
  • Phylogenetic Relationships Among the Mangrove Species of Acanthaceae Found in Indian Sundarban, As Revealed by RAPD Analysis

    Phylogenetic Relationships Among the Mangrove Species of Acanthaceae Found in Indian Sundarban, As Revealed by RAPD Analysis

    Available online a t www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Pelagia Research Library Advances in Applied Science Research, 2015, 6(3):179-184 ISSN: 0976-8610 CODEN (USA): AASRFC Phylogenetic relationships among the mangrove species of Acanthaceae found in Indian Sundarban, as revealed by RAPD analysis Surya Shekhar Das 1, Swati Das (Sur) 2 and Parthadeb Ghosh* 1Department of Botany, Bolpur College, Birbhum, West Bengal, India 2Department of Botany, Nabadwip Vidyasagar College, Nadia, West Bengal, India _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT RAPD markers were successfully used to identify and differentiate all the five species of Acanthaceae found in the mangrove forest of Indian Sundarban, to assess the extent of interspecific genetic diversity among them, to reveal their molecular phylogeny and to throw some light on the systematic position of Avicennia. The dendrogram reveals that the five species under study exhibits an overall similarity of 60.7%. Avicennia alba and A. officinalis (cluster C1) have very close relationship between them and share a common node in the dendrogram at a 73.3% level of similarity. Avicennia marina and Acanthus ilicifolius (cluster C2) also have close relationship between them as evident by a common node in the dendrogram at 71.8% level of similarity. Acanthus volubilis showed 68.1% similarity with cluster C1 and 60.7% similarity with cluster C2. Our study also supported the view of placing Avicennia under Acanthaceae. Regarding the relative position of Avicennia within Acanthaceae, it was shown to be very close to Acanthoideae. In comparison to other species, A. marina showed most genetic variability, suggesting utilization of this species over others for breeding programme and as source material in in situ conservation programmes.
  • Melissa Officinalis L., a Valuable Medicine Plant: a Review

    Melissa Officinalis L., a Valuable Medicine Plant: a Review

    Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 4(25), pp. 2753-2759, 29 December Special Review, 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR ISSN 1996-0875 ©2010 Academic Journals Review Melissa officinalis L., a valuable medicine plant: A review Moradkhani H.1, Sargsyan E.1, Bibak H.2, Naseri B.3, Sadat-Hosseini M.2, Fayazi-Barjin A.4 and Meftahizade H.5* 1Institute of Hydroponic Problems, National Academic of Sciences, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia. 2Department of plant production, faculty of Agriculture, university of Jiroft, Kerman, Iran. 3Faculty of Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran. 4Department of Plant Protection, University of Tehran, Iran. 5Researcher of ACECR Medicinal Plants Center, Ilam, Iran. Accepted 6 December, 2010 Melissa officinalis L., a valuable medicinal plant in herbal medicine is native to the eastern Mediterranean Region and western Asia. The constituent of the essential oil of the plant in various climates is different, but citral (geranial and neral), citronellal, geraniol are main components. Many parameters influencing essential oil composition and yield, such as light intensity, nutrient, temperature, cultural practice genotype, plant part age, harvesting time. Lemon balm has been traditionally used for different medical purposes as tonic, antispasmodic, carminative, diaphoretic, surgical dressing for wounds, sedative-hypnotic strengthening the memory, and relief of stress induced headache, but in modern pharmacology is value in the management of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s, against migraine and rheumatism, antitumel and antioxidant activities. Key words: Melissa officinalis, essential oil, pharmacology and antioxidant. INTRODUCTION Lemon balm, member of the family Lamiaceae (formerly years may no longer germinate (Zargari, 1991). Labiatae) is a perennial bushy plant and is upright, Lemon balm has a hairy root system with many lateral reaching a height of about 1 m.
  • Acanthaceae), a New Chinese Endemic Genus Segregated from Justicia (Acanthaceae)

    Acanthaceae), a New Chinese Endemic Genus Segregated from Justicia (Acanthaceae)

    Plant Diversity xxx (2016) 1e10 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Plant Diversity journal homepage: http://www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/plant-diversity/ http://journal.kib.ac.cn Wuacanthus (Acanthaceae), a new Chinese endemic genus segregated from Justicia (Acanthaceae) * Yunfei Deng a, , Chunming Gao b, Nianhe Xia a, Hua Peng c a Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China b Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Wild Plant Resources Development and Application of Yellow River Delta, Facultyof Life Science, Binzhou University, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, People's Republic of China c Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China article info abstract Article history: A new genus, Wuacanthus Y.F. Deng, N.H. Xia & H. Peng (Acanthaceae), is described from the Hengduan Received 30 September 2016 Mountains, China. Wuacanthus is based on Wuacanthus microdontus (W.W.Sm.) Y.F. Deng, N.H. Xia & H. Received in revised form Peng, originally published in Justicia and then moved to Mananthes. The new genus is characterized by its 25 November 2016 shrub habit, strongly 2-lipped corolla, the 2-lobed upper lip, 3-lobed lower lip, 2 stamens, bithecous Accepted 25 November 2016 anthers, parallel thecae with two spurs at the base, 2 ovules in each locule, and the 4-seeded capsule. Available online xxx Phylogenetic analyses show that the new genus belongs to the Pseuderanthemum lineage in tribe Justi- cieae.
  • National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands 1996

    National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands 1996

    National List of Vascular Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary Indicator by Region and Subregion Scientific Name/ North North Central South Inter- National Subregion Northeast Southeast Central Plains Plains Plains Southwest mountain Northwest California Alaska Caribbean Hawaii Indicator Range Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes FACU FACU UPL UPL,FACU Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill. FAC FACW FAC,FACW Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. NI NI NI NI NI UPL UPL Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. FACU FACU FACU Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. FACU-* NI FACU-* Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. NI NI FACU+ FACU- FACU FAC UPL UPL,FAC Abies magnifica A. Murr. NI UPL NI FACU UPL,FACU Abildgaardia ovata (Burm. f.) Kral FACW+ FAC+ FAC+,FACW+ Abutilon theophrasti Medik. UPL FACU- FACU- UPL UPL UPL UPL UPL NI NI UPL,FACU- Acacia choriophylla Benth. FAC* FAC* Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. FACU NI NI* NI NI FACU Acacia greggii Gray UPL UPL FACU FACU UPL,FACU Acacia macracantha Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. NI FAC FAC Acacia minuta ssp. minuta (M.E. Jones) Beauchamp FACU FACU Acaena exigua Gray OBL OBL Acalypha bisetosa Bertol. ex Spreng. FACW FACW Acalypha virginica L. FACU- FACU- FAC- FACU- FACU- FACU* FACU-,FAC- Acalypha virginica var. rhomboidea (Raf.) Cooperrider FACU- FAC- FACU FACU- FACU- FACU* FACU-,FAC- Acanthocereus tetragonus (L.) Humm. FAC* NI NI FAC* Acanthomintha ilicifolia (Gray) Gray FAC* FAC* Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl OBL OBL Acer circinatum Pursh FAC- FAC NI FAC-,FAC Acer glabrum Torr. FAC FAC FAC FACU FACU* FAC FACU FACU*,FAC Acer grandidentatum Nutt.
  • Fort Ord Natural Reserve Plant List

    Fort Ord Natural Reserve Plant List

    UCSC Fort Ord Natural Reserve Plants Below is the most recently updated plant list for UCSC Fort Ord Natural Reserve. * non-native taxon ? presence in question Listed Species Information: CNPS Listed - as designated by the California Rare Plant Ranks (formerly known as CNPS Lists). More information at http://www.cnps.org/cnps/rareplants/ranking.php Cal IPC Listed - an inventory that categorizes exotic and invasive plants as High, Moderate, or Limited, reflecting the level of each species' negative ecological impact in California. More information at http://www.cal-ipc.org More information about Federal and State threatened and endangered species listings can be found at https://www.fws.gov/endangered/ (US) and http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/ t_e_spp/ (CA). FAMILY NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME LISTED Ferns AZOLLACEAE - Mosquito Fern American water fern, mosquito fern, Family Azolla filiculoides ? Mosquito fern, Pacific mosquitofern DENNSTAEDTIACEAE - Bracken Hairy brackenfern, Western bracken Family Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens fern DRYOPTERIDACEAE - Shield or California wood fern, Coastal wood wood fern family Dryopteris arguta fern, Shield fern Common horsetail rush, Common horsetail, field horsetail, Field EQUISETACEAE - Horsetail Family Equisetum arvense horsetail Equisetum telmateia ssp. braunii Giant horse tail, Giant horsetail Pentagramma triangularis ssp. PTERIDACEAE - Brake Family triangularis Gold back fern Gymnosperms CUPRESSACEAE - Cypress Family Hesperocyparis macrocarpa Monterey cypress CNPS - 1B.2, Cal IPC
  • Reassignment of Species of Paraphyletic Junellia S. L. to The

    Reassignment of Species of Paraphyletic Junellia S. L. to The

    Reassignment of Species of Paraphyletic Junellia s. l. to the New Genus Mulguraea (Verbenaceae) and New Circumscription of Genus Junellia: Molecular and Morphological Congruence Author(s): Nataly O'Leary, Yao-Wu Yuan, Amelia Chemisquy, and Richard G. Olmstead Source: Systematic Botany, 34(4):777-786. 2009. Published By: The American Society of Plant Taxonomists URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1600/036364409790139691 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is an electronic aggregator of bioscience research content, and the online home to over 160 journals and books published by not-for-profit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Systematic Botany (2009), 34(4): pp. 777–786 © Copyright 2009 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists Reassignment of Species of Paraphyletic Junellia s. l. to the New Genus Mulguraea (Verbenaceae) and New Circumscription of Genus Junellia : Molecular and Morphological Congruence Nataly O’Leary, 1,4 Yao-Wu Yuan, 2,3 Amelia Chemisquy, 1 and Richard G. Olmstead 2 1 Instituto de Botánica Darwinion, Labardén 200, San Isidro, Argentina 2 Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 355325 Seattle, Washington 98195 U.S.A.
  • Acanthaceae and Asteraceae Family Plants Used by Folk Medicinal Practitioners for Treatment of Malaria in Chittagong and Sylhet Divisions of Bangladesh

    Acanthaceae and Asteraceae Family Plants Used by Folk Medicinal Practitioners for Treatment of Malaria in Chittagong and Sylhet Divisions of Bangladesh

    146 American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 6(3): 146-152, 2012 ISSN 1995-0748 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Acanthaceae and Asteraceae family plants used by folk medicinal practitioners for treatment of malaria in Chittagong and Sylhet Divisions of Bangladesh Md. Tabibul Islam, Protiva Rani Das, Mohammad Humayun Kabir, Shakila Akter, Zubaida Khatun, Md. Megbahul Haque, Md. Saiful Islam Roney, Rownak Jahan, Mohammed Rahmatullah Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Development Alternative, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh Md. Tabibul Islam, Protiva Rani Das, Mohammad Humayun Kabir, Shakila Akter, Zubaida Khatun, Md. Megbahul Haque, Md. Saiful Islam Roney, Rownak Jahan, Mohammed Rahmatullah: Acanthaceae and Asteraceae family plants used by folk medicinal practitioners for treatment of malaria in Chittagong and Sylhet Divisions of Bangladesh ABSTRACT Malaria is a debilitating disease causing high mortality rates among men and women if not treated properly. The disease is prevalent in many countries of the world with the most prevalence noted among the sub-Saharan countries, where it is in an epidemic form. The disease is classified as hypo-endemic in Bangladesh with the southeast and the northeastern regions of the country having the most malaria-affected people. The rural people suffer most from malaria, and they rely on folk medicinal practitioners for treatment, who administer various plant species for treatment of the disease as well as associated symptoms like pain and fever. Plant species have always formed the richest sources of anti-malarial drugs, the most notable being quinine and artemisinin. However, quinine has developed drug-resistant vectors and artemisinin is considered by some to developing initial resistance, particularly in China, where it has been used for thousands of years to combat malaria.
  • Vascular Plants and a Brief History of the Kiowa and Rita Blanca National Grasslands

    Vascular Plants and a Brief History of the Kiowa and Rita Blanca National Grasslands

    United States Department of Agriculture Vascular Plants and a Brief Forest Service Rocky Mountain History of the Kiowa and Rita Research Station General Technical Report Blanca National Grasslands RMRS-GTR-233 December 2009 Donald L. Hazlett, Michael H. Schiebout, and Paulette L. Ford Hazlett, Donald L.; Schiebout, Michael H.; and Ford, Paulette L. 2009. Vascular plants and a brief history of the Kiowa and Rita Blanca National Grasslands. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS- GTR-233. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 44 p. Abstract Administered by the USDA Forest Service, the Kiowa and Rita Blanca National Grasslands occupy 230,000 acres of public land extending from northeastern New Mexico into the panhandles of Oklahoma and Texas. A mosaic of topographic features including canyons, plateaus, rolling grasslands and outcrops supports a diverse flora. Eight hundred twenty six (826) species of vascular plant species representing 81 plant families are known to occur on or near these public lands. This report includes a history of the area; ethnobotanical information; an introductory overview of the area including its climate, geology, vegetation, habitats, fauna, and ecological history; and a plant survey and information about the rare, poisonous, and exotic species from the area. A vascular plant checklist of 816 vascular plant taxa in the appendix includes scientific and common names, habitat types, and general distribution data for each species. This list is based on extensive plant collections and available herbarium collections. Authors Donald L. Hazlett is an ethnobotanist, Director of New World Plants and People consulting, and a research associate at the Denver Botanic Gardens, Denver, CO.