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University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. PAGE NUMBERS CUT OFF IN ORIGINAL Text cut off in original A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF PAKISTANIS IN A NORTHERN TOWN IN ENGLAND Sponsorship and Patronage in the Formation of Social Networks and the Role of Ethnicity in the Community. MUHAMMAD ANWAR Degree - Doctor of Philosophy 4 School of Social Sciences University of Bradford January 1977 i C0NTENTS Page Abstract XI XII Statement of Candidate's Education Declaration XIII Acknowledgements XIV Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Theoretical Issues 4 a) Residential Segregation 11 b) Ethnic Community 12 c) Ethnic Institutions 15 The Conceptual Model 19 Methodology of the Study 24 Social Network as a Method 24 Case Study Method 26 Relationships with "Research Cases" and Reliability of 28 the data. Chapter 2 Migration of Pakistanis Introduction 34 Migration and Factors Involved 34 Labour Migration to Britain and Public Reactions 41 The Case of Pakistanis 45 a) Early Settlers 47 b) Mass Migration 48 ii Page Chapter 3 Context of the Study The Environmental and Social Context 55 Housing 57 Employment 59 The Local Structure of the Pakistani Population 63 a) Number and Distribution 63 b) Areas of Settlement 66 c) Year of Arrival 68 d) Sex Composition of Migrant Population 71 e) Age Structure 73 f) Education 75 g) Employment 77 h) Rural-Urban Background 78 i) District in Pakistan 80 j) Ethnic Institutions 81 The Survey Area 82 Chapter 4 Kinship Networks: Structure and Functions 86 Conceptual Framework 87 Family Composition 90 Joint Family 90 Who Takes the Decisions? 97 Second Generation Pakistani Children: The Difference 99 Biraderi, an Institution of Kinship Networks 101 The Concept of Biraderi 102 Biraderi in Operation in British Scene 104 Vartan Bhanji: A Mechanism for Kinship Networks 109 Vartan Bhanji in the British situation 112 British-Pakistan Context 119 Inter-personal and Biraderi Conflict 123 iii Page Chapter 5 Economic Activity and the Role of Social Networks Introduction 131 External Constraints of the Labour Market 132 The Industrial Structure of Rochdale and Pakistanis 139 1) Types of Jobs 141 2) Ethnic Work Groups 143 a) The Formation 143 b) The Effects of Ethnic Work Groups 148 c) Ethnic Mobilization 153 3) Relationships in the Work Situation: Union Participation 157 The Effects of Night Shift Work 168 Self-Employed Pakistanis 174 Pakistani Manufacturers and Home Workers 181 Chapter 6 Ethnic Mobilization and Political Participation Introduction 191 Politics and Race Relations 192 Rochdale Elections 194 1) 1972 Elections 194 2) 1973 Local Elections 201 i) The Greater Manchester County Elections 203 ii) Metropolitan District Council Elections 205 3) 1974 General Elections 209 The Pattern of Participation 220 Chapter 7 Religion as a Binding Force 222 Background 222 Religious Facilities in the Town 225 Religious Leaders 227 w .. iv Page Religious Organisations 227 Pakistani Women's Situation 231 Attitude of the Parents 233 The Pattern: A Binding Force 236 Chapter 8 The Structure of Leadership and Ethnic Organisations Introduction 239 Pakistani Leadership and the Wider Context 239 i) Formal Leaders 242 ii) Traditional Leaders 244 Ethnic Organisations 245 246 a) Welfare Organisations b) Political Organisations 252 255 c) Professional Organisations 256 External Hostility and its Impact on Identity Unity and Incapsulation Chapter 9 the Incapsulation of Pakistanis - Case Studies 261 1) Night Shift Workers 262 2) Day Shift Workers 269 3) Public Transport Workers 275 4) The Professionals 282 5) Self-Employed ' 289 Incapsulation Continuum 297 Chapter 10 Conclusions 300 Bibliography 316 Appendix I Techniques Used in the Study 331 Page Appendix 2 Social Networks - Numerical Analysis 340 Appendix 3 A Pakistani Marriage in Rochdale 357 Appendix 4 Entry of the Dependants of Pakistanis -A Social Problem 361 Appendix 5 Glossary 372 Appendix 6 Interviewing Schedules 375 vi LIST OF TABLES Table No. Page No. 1. Net inward immigration from India, Pakistan and West Indies between 1955 and 1968. 45 2. Main reasons for coming to Britain. 52 3. Private houses completed in Rochdale, 1968-1970. 58 i 4. Council houses completed during 1963-1971.11 59 i 5. Number of persons registered Unemployed at Rochdale Employment Exchange during 1960-1973. 51 i i 62 6. Firms and Employees in major industrial groups i in Rochdale area. 7. Population figures, Rochdale Census 1971. 63 8. Births in Rochdale area 1971-1973. 65 9. Number of New Commonwealth immigrants and 66 houses occupied by Asians in four wards of Rochdale. 10. Total number from New Commonwealth and post 1960 67 entrants in Central and Wardleworth wards. 69 11. Year of entry to Britain and Rochdale. 70 12. Year of Pakistani wives arrival in Britain. i i 72 13. Sex ratio - Pakistani males per 100 females in Britain. 72 14. Sex ratio - Pakistani males per 100 females in Rochdale. Vii. Table No. Page No. 74 15. Age specific sex ratio of Pakistanis according to 1971 census. i i 75 16. Age structure of Pakistanis in the Tweedale Street area. i 76 17. Educational level of Pakistani workers living in the Tweedale Street area. 77 18. Industrial distribution of Pakistanis in the Tweedale Street area. 80 19. Area of origin in Pakistan. 108 20. Source of help when needed. 114 21. Preference for the residential area. 121 22. Visits to Pakistan since arrival in Britain. 23. Economic activity rate and industrial distri- 133 bution of economically active Pakistanis. 135 24. Occupational distribution of economically active Pakistanis. 136 25. Socio-economic distribution of economically active Pakistanis. 26. Occupation of respondents in Pakistan. 142 148 27. Shift work - Pakistanis in two areas. 149 28. Pakistani working on different shifts in Selected firms. viii Table No. Page No. 29. Ethnic composition of the work force 152 firm 'A': Textile. / 30. The types of business of the self employed 175 Pakistanis. 31. Sources of finance. 177 32. Work force for the three manufacturers. 183 i 33. The results of 1973 county elections for 203 selected wards in Rochdale. i 34. The candidates of 1973 Rochdale Council 205 i elections for selected wards. 35. The results of 1973 Rochdale Council 207 elections for selected wards. 212 36. The Asian turn-out in 1970 and February 1974 1 general elections in Bradford area. 217 37. Asian and non-Asians turn-out in selected polling stations in Rochdale in October 1974 general elections. 219 38. The result ofOctober 1974 general election for Rochdale Constituency. 226 39. Estimated number of students in four religious instruction centres and two Mosques in the town. 343 40. Original Adjacency Matrix. 41. Star size, zone density, span median step, 352 index and of centrality of 20 persons. ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Page No. 1. Survey area in the central ward. 30 2. Origin and destination factors and 35 intervening obstacles in migration. 3. Petersen's typology of migration. 38 4. Family composition; different types. 91 5. Ego's joint family in Rochdale. 93 6. Joint households in Rochdale. 95 7. A typical Biraderi network within 107 and beyond Rochdale. 8. Ego's joint/extended family in 121 British-Pakistani context. 91 A typical routine of a Pakistani 169 night shift worker. 10. Incapsulation Continuum. 298 11. Cards used for numerical social network: 337 data collection. 12. Hierarchical clustering of perception 344 of social distance between occupational categories. X Figure No. Page No. 13. Total network of the collectivity. i 347 I I Mutual in i 14. connections the collectivity. 348 I 15. Primary star of two persons in the collectivity. I 353 I 16. First order zone of a person (no. 7). i 354 I 17. First order zone of a person (no. 20). 354 .I . xi A$STRACT ., This thesis deals with the role of sponsorship and patronage in the process of migration and in the formation of Biraderi based relationships and various sociological questions posed in the local context within which ethnicity is a defining element. For example, it demonstrates how far Rochdale Pakistanis as an ethnic group are maintaining their culture in Britain; in particular, how kinship and friendship networks determine the dominant pattern of social interaction among Pakistanis. Further, it deals with the extent to which these networks help and facilitate the immigration and settlement of Pakistanis in this country and result in their "incapsulation" within the wider society. The analysis of these issues was. conducted at different levels: at the individual (case studies) and interactional level, at the social situations and community level and at the level of the wider society's institutions and structures. This included a consideration of the activities of the local Pakistani community in terms of their kinship networks, their economic"activites political participation, religious institutions, community leadership and ethnic organisations. It also includes an analysis of the actors in these different fields, highlighting each area of activity that led to the incap- sulation of Pakistanis. It was found that the Pakistani community tends to be mobilized on ethnic lines. This mobilization, it seems, reinforces their ethnic identity and results in their unity, especially when threatened by hostile "out-groups". I The analysis strongly suggests that the whole complex of ethnic institutions manifests the Pakistani community's wish to express and, at the same time, perpetuate their traditional values, beliefs and culture, although this varies to some extent according to occupational background, educational level and generational differences. xii STATEMENT OF CANDIDATES EDUCATION I graduated from the University of Punjab, Pakistan, with a B. A. (Social Sciences) in 1965.