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Nº 039 1969 Octubre

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Nº 039 1969 Octubre CENTRO SUPERIOR DE ESTUDIOS DE LA DEFENSA NACIONAL BO QN Núm. 39 Octubre, 1969 SUMARIO 1. ORGANIZACION — “The Military Balance” VI. ESTUDIOS POLITICO-SOCIALES — “Aforismos y realidades” SECCION BIBLIOGRÁFICA fI1 ludeIf4u&f II f tY9 p4c& O/z/’4iicieii. NIZA CIDN — “rNE M/ur4RY BALANCE’ 1 “THE MILITARY BALANCE” • • (Dotos miitores sobre las potencias c9mvnss, naciones occidentc es y los países no a4ne9:ds). 4jbI:icao por !‘Th,e Institute for Strd1egk Stuie” Londres, en Septiembre de 1 969, y traducido - por el Departamento de lnformacin dei Octubres 1969 DE BOLETINI INFORMACION NUM.39 - CONTENIDO Pagino PARTE 1: LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y LA UNION SOVIETICA... 5 Estados Unidos. 5 Union Sovietica . .. •....... .......13 PARTEII:ELBALANCEEUROPEO23 El Pacto de Varsovia23 Organizacicn del Tratado del Atlntico Norte (NATO) .34 Otros Pai’ses Europeos . .. 68 PARTE III:ORIENTEMEDIOYELMEDITERRANEO81 PARTEIV:ASIAYAUSTRALASIA96 China•.....:96 Otros PaÍes fsiticos..•..•1 01 Australasia ..............s.. 134 PARTE “1: AFRICA DEL SUR .......... ... • .•. •.139 CUADROS 1. CSlcuIo comparado de efectivos estratégicos143 2. Principales armas de ataque nuclear, 1969—70 ...........•..... 144 3. Los gastos de defensa y las economías nacionales.. .146 4.Potencialmilitarhumano148 5. Principales convenios sobre armámento éntre Jiilio 1968 y Junio 1969 . 149 A PE N DICE El Balance Militar entre la ÑATO y el Pácto de Varsovia •.... ...... — II — INDICE DE PAISES Y PACTOSPRINCIPALES Africadel Sur 140 Irak 85 Albania 68 Iran 83 Israel. 86 Alemania Oriental 27 Italia 57 Alemania Occidental 53 J apon 113 ¡Arabia Saudita 90 Jordania 88 82 Argelia . Laos 119 /ustrclici .,........... 134 Luxemburgo 67 bis Austria. 69 !Vtalasia 1 20 B 1gi ca . 40 IAongolio 122 Birmania 1 02 NATD..... .,. .• ,. • . 34 Noruega 62 Bulgaria. 24 Nueva Zelanda 1 37 104 Camboya .. Pacto del Atlántico Norte 33 Canada 45 Pacto de Varsovia .. 23 LEF’IT 81 Pakistan. 123 Polonia 30 Corea del Norte . 115 Portugal 64 CoreadelSur 117 RepibIica Arabe Unida .. 93 Checoslovaquia 26 Rodesia . 1 39 China 96 Rumana 32 Dinamarca 48 SEATO 1 01 Singapur 127 España 72 91 Siria ......... Estados Undos 5 Suecia....... 74 Filipinas 125 Suizae.... 76 Finlandia 70 128 Francia 4.9 Tailandia 1 05 grecia 55 Taiwan . 65 Holanda . 60 Turqura Huflgri’a .. 29 Union Sovietica . 13 1 30 India. 1 07 Vietnamdel Norte.. 1 32 Indonesia 110 Vietnam del Sur . 78 Inglaterra . .. 42 Yugoslavia . PO El.equiIibioestratico cenfral dmundo actual es el existén.teent Estados, Unidos yla URSS. Es por esta razSn que estos dos países s6los forman la primera sec— cn de esta onceava evaluacin.anual del lnsHtuto sobre las fuerzas militares de las principales potencias. Para fácil referencio los otros países inclwdos se han agrupado por continentes. Cuba y Marruecos se han omitido eh esta edicion, en cambió Róds.,ó aparece por primera vez. El lnstitutoasume plena responsabilidad con respecto a los datos’ y ¡uk6s que contiene este documento. Para la obtenci6n de aqullc* se ha solicitado y óbtenidoen muchos casos, la cooperación de los gobiernos respectivos, si bien no todos se han sen tido igúá1ment1hclinados a facilitar informaci6n, por lo que algunas cifras se han de ducido modiante cIculo apreciativo. El Instituto tarrfbin ha recibido importante ayú da de muchos de sus miembros y asesores para la recopilaci6n y comprobaci6n de datos Las cifras de personal militar se refieren a las fuerzas regulares, aunque en las secciones dedicadas a cada país se indica el volumen de las milicias y fuerzas parami litares y reserva. Los datos sobre potencia naval abarcan solamente los de flotas y bu ques en servicio, a nó ser que se especifique de otro modo. Se han excluido tambign los buques de menos de 100 toneladas de desplazamiento normal. Las cifras sobre presu puestos de defensa son las i5ltimas que han sido posible conseguir. Las cifras monetarias se expresan en’ d6lares —previa conversi6n de los respecti vas monedas nacionales según el tipo de cambio normal— de acuerdo con los datos faci litados al “International Monetary Fund’t. En el caso de algunos paíes de Europa def Este que no son miembros del IMF, los gastos totales de la defensa se han deducido se— gtn !as equivalencias estcblecis por ei profesor Benolt y el doctor Lubeil, descritos en su obra Ii Desarme e Interdependencia economica . mundial . II (Nueva York, Columbia University, Press 1967). Los tipos de cambio especificados no siempre pueden ser apli cables a transacciones comerciales. Dado que las bases de c6lculo para el producto no cional neto (GNP) de ciertos países han cambiado, las cifras no serán en todos los ca sos enteramente comparables con las del pasado año. En la página nim.3 se incluye un cuadro sobre el promedio de fuerzas de las — unidades militares y una relaci6n de las siglas utilizadas en el texto. La expresi6n —— “aviones de combate” abarca los bombarderos, caza—bombarderos, interceptadores, avio nes de reconocimiento, de bombardeo ligero y de contrasubversi6n, así como los apa ratos armados de entrenamiento, pero no las otras ¿loses de aviones militares. Este documento’examin.. H situaci6n militar y diplomtica existente en julio — de 1969, pero la perspectLu miltar no se proyecta ms otI de 1969, ano ser en ca — sos concretamente especficodos. El contenido de este documento no debe considerar— -2— se como guía exhaustiva sobre la naturaleza del equilibrio del potencial estratégico, ni refleja los datos geogr6ficos, de vulnerabilidad, eficacia, etc., en ningún sector. Él “Military Balance se complemento actualmente con otra publicad6n anual, “Strategc Survey’, que se edifa en primavera y registra los acontecimientos surgidos durante el año natural anterior relativos a la doctrina, armas y política estratégica en los principaltes países y en las zonas ms afectadas por lo tensi6n mundial. Septiembre, 1969. —3- CONSTITUCION NUMERICA APROXIMADA DE LAS UNIDADES MILITARES DivisiSn (en hombres) . Escuadran de Aviaci6n Naci6n de Brigada (aparatos) Infan— Acora— Aerotrans lnfantcria Bombar— — rans— feria zada portada (hombres) doro/caza Caza bombard. epor Estados Unidos 16.000(a) 15.500 13.500 4—5.000 12-15 18-25 16 lJni6n Soviética 1Ó.500 8.500 7.000 2.000(b) 9—10 10-12 8—10 China 12-14.000 10.000 6.000 3.000(b) 9-10 10-12 8-10 Inglaterra 12—15.000 12-15.000 -- 4-6.000 8—10 12—14 9-12 Francia 14.000 16.000 14.000 a 25 1 16 Alemania Oc, 15.500 14.500 12.000 3-4.000 15-20 1510 12-18 India 17.500 12.000 -- 4.500 12 20 12 Israel 3.500 10—12 20-—- 24 12 RAU(Egipto) 11.800 11.200 -- 3.500 10-12 2 8-19 VietnamdelSur 10.000 7.000 7.000 3.000 2 6 Nota.— Las cifras anteriores so refieren a la composici 6normaln de las unidades en tiem po de guerra. Deben considerarse solamente como aproximadas ya que la organizacin — militar es muy flexible y las unidades pueden reforzarse o reducirse para determinadas —— operaciones. Las fuerzas calculadas para la divisi6n no incluyen las unidades de apoyo n los servicios de retaguardia, ciparfe de la estructura divisionaria. Las rayas indican — que la unidad en cuesti 6non se utiliza normalmente en ese pars. Las Fuerzas del Pacto de Vcirsovia,no incluidas en este cuadro,tienen una compo sci6n numcrica similar a la de la URSS. Las de la NATO no incluidas en este cuadro son comparables a las unidades alemanas. lrn, Pakistan, FiIipinas Tailandia, Japn, Corea del Sur y China Nacionalista han tendido a seguir la organizaciSn militar norteo— mericana,rnientras uo Australia, Malasia, Nueva Zelanda y Singapur siguen, generalmen te, el sistema ingles. (a) Unicamente, Divsionos del Ejrcito. Las del Cuerpo do Infanterra de Marina tenon ms de 20.000 hombres. -4- (b) Supone la fuerza correspondiente a un regimiento, que es la unidad equivalen te en las estructuras orgnicas del mando chino y soviético. Siglasempleadas ABM — Misil antibalístico ANZUS — Tratado de Seguridad entre Australia, Nueva Zelanda y los USA APC — Transporte acorazado de personal ASW — Guerra antisubmarina AWX — Interceptador todo tiempo BMD — Defensa contra MisiIe.s Balísticos CENTO — OrgonizociSn del Trotado Central FO BS — Sistema de bombardeo orbital fraccionado GNP — Renta Nacional Integra ICBM — Misil Balístico Intercontinental IR BM. — MisU Balístico de alcance intermedio LPH — Portahclic6pteros de asalto MIRV — Vehículo múltiplo de roeritrada con direcci6n independiente M RBM — Misil Balístico de alcance medio MRV — Vehículo de reentrada m5ltiple MTB — Lancho torpedero • NATO — OrganizacliSn del Tratado del Atlntico Norte NORAD — Defensa Area norteamericana RCT — Equipo de combate regimental SAM. — Misfl superfcie—aire SEATO — Organizaci&i del Tratado del Sudeste de Asia S HA PE — Cuartel General Aliado Supremo en Europa (NATO) SP — Autopropulsado • PARTE1:LOSESTADOSUNIDOSY LAUNIONSOVIETICA ESTADOS UNIDOS Estados Unidos tiene varios tratados y pactos multi laterales y bilaterales con paí ses de todo el mundo. Las principales organizaciones multilaterales de las que son miembros de pleno derecho son la NATO y la SEATO. Son miembros asociados de la CENTO. Estas aRan zas y sus otros compromisos —con las excepciones de sus vinculaciones con 1 8 Reptbli— cas Latinoamericanas, seg5n el Acta de Rfo de 1 947, que prevé acciones militares co lectivas en el caso de un ataque armado al continente americano, y su pacto de defen sa mutua con España— se describen en las introducciones a las partes II (secci6n de la NATO),lll y IV. General ¡dados Poblaci6n: 203..Ó00.000 Servicio Militar: selectivo, 2 años GNP, calculado para 1 968: 86 .000.000.000 de d6lares Total Fuerzas Armadas: 3.454.000 Presupuesto de Defensa calculado para 1969—70: 78.475.000.000, de los que de 25.000 a 30.000 millones de dlares so calculan para lasoperaciones del Vietnam. FuerzasNuclearesEstratégicas El principal oblotivo del despliegue de fuerzas nucleares cstratgi cas norteame..• ricanas ha sido la disuasi6n de un ataque nuclear deliberado a los Estados Unidos y — sus aliados, manteniendo una capacidad de destrucci6n asegurada, “la capacidad de — infringir en todo momento y bajo todas las condiciones previsibles un inaceptable gra do de daño a cualquier agresor aislado o en combinaci6n con otros, incluso después de haber absorbido un ataque por sorpresa”.
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