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Geology of Hawk Canyon, Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, California

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Geology of Hawk Canyon, Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, California GEOLOGY OF HAWK CANYON, ANZA-BORREGO DESERT STATE PARK, CALIFORNIA By Jeffrey D. Pepin Geological Sciences Department California State Polytechnic University Pomona, California 2011 Senior Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science Geology Degree Table of Contents Abstract ...............................................................................................................................1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................2 Purpose and Objectives ....................................................................................................2 Regional Geology .............................................................................................................4 Field Site Description .......................................................................................................9 Discussion of Previous Work Done in Hawk Canyon ...................................................11 Observational Data ..........................................................................................................12 Field Techniques ............................................................................................................12 Global Positioning System (GPS) Data and Notes ........................................................14 Orientation Data by Structure ........................................................................................20 Lithology ........................................................................................................................21 Tonalite (Ktn) .............................................................................................................21 Sedimentary Breccia (Tsb) .........................................................................................21 Bedded Sandstone (Tbs) .............................................................................................22 Lower Green Sandstone (Tlg) ....................................................................................22 Lower Red Sandstone (Tlr) ........................................................................................22 Green Siltstone (Tg) ...................................................................................................22 Red Siltstone (Tr) .......................................................................................................23 Cliff-Forming Sandstone (Tcf) ...................................................................................23 Conglomerate (Tcg)....................................................................................................23 Fine Sandstone #1 (Tf) ...............................................................................................24 Sandstone #1 (Ts) .......................................................................................................24 Fine Sandstone #2 (Tfs)..............................................................................................24 Sandstone #2 (Tss) .....................................................................................................24 Red-Green Siltstone (Trg) ..........................................................................................25 Fine Sandstone #3 (Tfss) ............................................................................................25 Slot Unit – Herzig et al., 1995 (Tsu) ..........................................................................25 Surface Geology Map .....................................................................................................26 Analysis and Discussion ...................................................................................................28 Cross Sections ................................................................................................................28 Derivation of True Thicknesses and Stratigraphic Column ...........................................31 Stratigraphic Column .....................................................................................................32 Structural Analysis .........................................................................................................33 Geologic History ............................................................................................................39 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................42 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................44 References .........................................................................................................................45 Appendices ........................................................................................................................47 Appendix I: Stereonet Plots of Bedding .........................................................................47 Sedimentary Breccia (Tsb) .........................................................................................47 Bedded Sandstone (Tbs) .............................................................................................47 Lower Green Sandstone (Tlg) ....................................................................................48 Lower Red Sandstone (Tlr) ........................................................................................48 Green Siltstone (Tg) ...................................................................................................49 Red Siltstone (Tr) .......................................................................................................49 Cliff-Forming Sandstone (Tcf) ...................................................................................50 Conglomerate (Tcg)....................................................................................................50 Fine Sandstone #1 (Tf) ...............................................................................................51 Sandstone #1 (Ts) .......................................................................................................51 Fine Sandstone #2 (Tfs)..............................................................................................52 Sandstone #2 (Tss) .....................................................................................................52 Red-Green Siltstone (Trg) ..........................................................................................53 Stereonet Legend ........................................................................................................53 Appendix II: Sectional Views of Surface Map ..............................................................54 Western Section ..........................................................................................................54 Central Section ...........................................................................................................55 Eastern Section ...........................................................................................................56 Abstract Hawk Canyon is located in the West Borrego Mountain area in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park. This particular area has been studied insufficiently and is therefore poorly understood. This project served to increase the overall geologic knowledge of Hawk Canyon and its adjacent western sediments. It resulted in the development of a detailed geologic map and a comprehensive geologic interpretation of the area. The surface geology map constructed during this project contained abundant structural data, particularly in the western sediments, allowing for stereonet interpretation of general bedding trends and faults. The structural data was also utilized to hypothesize the presence of a significant western listric normal fault which has led to the current orientation of this project’s lithologic units. Further surface mapping is required to pinpoint the location of the listric fault. Activity along this fault and a major normal fault that bounds the east side of West Borrego Mountain may still be ongoing. My map indicates locations of various other faults throughout the study area as well. In addition, surface mapping allowed a description of the site’s lithologic units and the calculation of their thicknesses. The derived thicknesses resulted in a true scale stratigraphic column and several cross sections to be developed for the area. No detailed local stratigraphic columns or cross sections had previously been published of Hawk Canyon. Constraining the thicknesses of the units is also useful for geologic history interpretation. Referencing these thicknesses supplies insight into the duration and timetable of regional tectonic events. The lithologic descriptions offer information on the nature of these tectonic events. This study has increased the understanding of the local geology and will serve as a tool for future research. [- 1 -] Introduction Purpose and Objectives The main purpose of this project is to add to the overall geologic knowledge of Hawk Canyon and its vicinity. My objectives were to create a surface geologic map of Hawk Canyon and its adjacent western sediments, and to draw cross sections to constrain unit thicknesses and the general three dimensional interpretation. Previously published maps of this area have been rather general and do not include much structural
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