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Lesson 1.4 Lesson Guides Thermal Energy Lesson 1.4 Lesson Guides Lesson 1.4 Molecules and Temperature © The Regents of the University of California 1 Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________ Warm -Up Revisiting “Absolute Zero” Read the following quote from the article “Absolute Zero” and answer the questions below. If necessary, refer to the article. “ This is because temperature is determined by average molecular movement, and there is a limit to how slowly something can move. After all, if something slows down completely, it just stops moving.” Is there a limit to how cold things can get? (check one) Yes, there is. No, there is not. Explain your answer using evidence from the article. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Redefining Temperature What does the article “Absolute Zero” tell us about what temperature really means? After the class discussion, if your ideas have changed, revise your answer to the Warm-Up below. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 16 Thermal Energy—Lesson 1.4—Activity 1 © 2018 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Permission granted to photocopy for classroom use. Absolute Zero You’ve probably felt cold temperatures at some time in your life. Maybe you live somewhere with cold, snowy winters...or maybe you’ve just opened the freezer to grab a popsicle on a warm day! The temperature inside a normal kitchen freezer is around –18 degrees Celsius (0°F), but there are temperatures that get much colder The coldest temperatures on Earth have been than that. The coldest outdoor temperature recorded in Antarctica. ever recorded on Earth is –94.7°C (–135.8 °F). In space, things get even colder: scientists limit to how slowly something can move. After have measured temperatures as low as –270°C all, if something slows down completely, it just (–454°F) there. stops moving. We know that the temperature outside can feel What would happen if the molecules in a warm or cold to us, but what is temperature sample stopped moving entirely? If none of actually telling us? Temperature is related the molecules were moving, then the average to the average speed of the molecules of an speed of the molecules would be zero. This object or material. Molecules are constantly means that the sample would be at absolute moving around. When an object’s molecules zero, a temperature of –273.15°C (–459.67°F). move at faster speeds, the object has a higher Absolute zero is the coldest possible temperature. When an object’s molecules temperature—the temperature at which there is move at slower speeds, the object has a absolutely zero molecular movement. Scientists lower temperature. realized over 350 years ago that absolute zero could exist, but nobody has succeeded Is there a limit to how cold things can get? Yes! in demonstrating it. It may not be possible to This is because temperature is determined by reach absolute zero, but that hasn’t stopped average molecular movement, and there is a scientists from trying. The temperature of something is determined by how fast its molecules are moving. The molecules in the cold water on the left are moving slowly, as indicated by the short motion tails on the molecules. The molecules in Absolute Zero © 2018 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Permission granted to purchaser to photocopy for classroom use. Image Credit: Shutterstock. the hot water on the right are moving more quickly, indicated by the long motion tails on the molecules. Absolute Zero A1 Nombre: _____________________________________________ Fecha: _______________________ Calentamiento Volver a “Cero absoluto” Lee la siguiente cita del artículo “Cero absoluto” y contesta las siguientes preguntas. Puedes consultar el artículo si necesitas. “ Esto se debe a que la temperatura es determinada por el movimiento molecular promedio, y existe un límite sobre cuán lento puede moverse algo. Después de todo, si algo reduce su rapidez completamente, simplemente deja de moverse”. ¿Existe algún límite para cuán frío algo puede ponerse? (marca una) Sí, hay un límite. No hay un límite. Explica tu respuesta usando evidencia del artículo. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Redefinir temperatura ¿Qué nos dice el artículo “Cero absoluto” sobre qué significa realmente la temperatura? Después de la discusión en clase, si tus ideas han cambiado, revisa tu respuesta al Calentamiento más abajo. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 16 Energía térmica—Lección 1.4—Actividad 1 © 2018 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Cero absoluto Probablemente hayas sentido temperaturas frías en algún momento de tu vida. Tal vez vives en un lugar con inviernos fríos y nevosos… ¡o quizás hayas abierto el congelador para sacar una paleta helada en un día caluroso! La temperatura dentro de un congelador normal Las temperaturas más frías en la Tierra han sido de cocina es de alrededor −18 grados Celsius registradas en la Antártida. (0°F), pero hay temperaturas que llegan a ser mucho más frías que eso. La temperatura una temperatura más alta. Cuando las exterior más fría registrada en la Tierra es moléculas de un objeto se mueven más lento, el −94.7°C (−135.8 °F). En el espacio se pone objeto tiene una temperatura más baja. incluso más frío: los/as científicos/as han registrado ahí temperaturas tan bajas como ¿Existe algún límite para cuánto pueden llegar a −270°C (−454°F). enfriarse las cosas? ¡Sí! Esto se debe a que la temperatura es determinada por el movimiento Sabemos que podemos sentir la temperatura molecular promedio, y existe un límite sobre de afuera como caliente o fría, ¿pero que nos cuán lento puede moverse algo. Después de dice en realidad la temperatura? La todo, si algo reduce su rapidez completamente, temperatura está relacionada a la velocidad simplemente deja de moverse. promedio de las moléculas de un objeto o material. Las moléculas se mueven ¿Qué sucedería si las moléculas en una muestra constantemente. Cuando las moléculas de un dejaran de moverse completamente? Si objeto se mueven más rápido, el objeto tiene ninguna de las moléculas se moviera, entonces Image Credit: Shutterstock. © 2018 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. La temperatura de algo es determinada por qué tan rápido se mueven sus moléculas. Las moléculas en el agua fría a la izquierda se están moviendo lento, como indican las colas de movimiento cortas en las moléculas. Las moléculas en el agua caliente a la derecha se están moviendo más rápido, indicado por las Cero absoluto colas de movimiento largas en las moléculas. Cero absoluto A1 la velocidad promedio de las moléculas sería cero. Esto significa que la muestra estaría en cero absoluto, una temperatura de −273.15°C (−459.67°F). Cero absoluto es la temperatura más fría posible, la temperatura en la cual hay absolutamente cero movimiento molecular. Los/as científicos/as se dieron cuenta hace más de 350 años que cero absoluto podía existir, pero nadie ha podido demostrarlo de manera exitosa. Tal vez no sea posible llegar a cero absoluto, pero eso no ha impedido que los/as científicos/as sigan intentando. Image Credit: Shutterstock. © 2018 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. © 2018 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Cero absoluto Cero Cómo los acondicionadores de aire calientan las ciudades A2 Cero absoluto.
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