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FISH™GAME "CONSERVATION of WILDLIFE THROUGH EDUCATION" California Fish and Game Is a Journal Devoted to the Conservation of Wild- Life

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FISH™GAME CALIFORNIA FISH™GAME "CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE THROUGH EDUCATION" California Fish and Game is a journal devoted to the conservation of wild- life. If its contents are reproduced elsewhere, the authors and the California Department of Fish and Game would appreciate being acknowledged. Subscriptions may be obtained at the rate of $5 per year by placing an order with the California Department of Fish and Game, 1416 Ninth Street, Sacramento, California 95814. Money orders and checks should be made out to California Department of Fish and Game. Inquiries regarding paid sub- scriptions should be directed to the Editor. Complimentary subscriptions are granted, on a limited basis, to libraries, scientific and educational institutions, conservation agencies, and on exchange. Complimentary subscriptions must be renewed annually by returning the post- card enclosed with each October issue. Please direct correspondence to: Kenneth A. Hashagen, Jr., Editor California Fish and Game 1416 Ninth Street Sacramento, California 95814 u I] VOLUME 64 JULY 1978 NUMBER 3 Published Quarterly by STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME —LDA— LIBRARY CALH IRCES AGENCY tl7 Resources Building. Room 1418 9th Street STATE OF CALIFORNIA EDMUND G. BROWN JR., Governor THE RESOURCES AGENCY HUEY D JOHNSON, Secretary for Resources FISH AND GAME COMMISSION BERGER C. BENSON, President San Mateo SHERMAN CHICKERING, Vice President ABEL GALLETTI, Member San Francisco Rancho Palos Verdes RAYMOND DASMANN, Member ELIZABETH L. VENRICK, Member Santa Cruz Cardiff-by-the-Sea DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME E. C. FULLERTON, Director 1416 9th Street Sacramento 95814 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME Editorial Staff KENNETH A. HASHAGEN, JR., Editor-in-Chief Sacramento DARLENE A. OSBORNE, Editor tor Inland Fisheries Sacramento RONALD M. JUREK, Editor for Wildlife Sacramento J. R. RAYMOND ALLY, Editor for Marine Resources Long Beach DAVID A. HOOPAUGH, Editor for Salmon and Steelhead Sacramento DONALD E. STEVENS, Editor for Striped Bass, Sturgeon, and Shad Stockton 137 CONTENTS Page Taxonomy and Distribution of the Bull Trout, Salvelinus confluentus (Suckley), from the American Northwest Ted M. Cavender 139 Reproduction and Spawning of the Northern Anchovy, Engraulis mordax, in San Pedro Bay, California Gary D. Brewer 175 Hooking Mortality of Juvenile Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides Ronald J. Pelzman 185 Catch-per-Unit-of-Effort Studies of Northern California Dungeness Crabs, Cancer magister Daniel W. Gotshall 189 Sex Ratios of the Northern Anchovy, Engraulis mordax, Off Southern California Richard A. Klingbeil 200 The Origins of Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, in New Zealand. D. Scott, J. Hewitson, and J. C. Fraser 210 NOTES The First Eastern Pacific Records of Bulleye, Cookeolus boops, (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) (Pisces, Priacanthidae) Ronald A. Fritzsche 219 A Hermaphroditic California Halibut, Paralichthys califomicus Jack W. Schott 221 Spinal Column Deformity in a Pile Surfperch, Damalichthys vacca Robert N. Tasto 223 A Note on Production Modeling of Populations with Discon- tinuous Reproduction Alec MacCall 225 Observations of Agonistic Behavior in the Treefish, Sebastes serriceps (Scorpaenidae) Peter L. Haaker 227 REVIEWS ERRATUM Smith, Gary E., 1978. An evaluation of disk-dangler tag shedding by striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary. California Fish and Game, 64(2):93-97. 94: as: ( Page The equation printed log [ A+B N, / A ^ B Nj + b-aH)] should = i read: . N ( _ S) log [ A B ; / A . B N, + 8 A N,)] log (1- A K) + log (1- A Page 95: The last sentence of Figure 1's caption (Numbers in parentheses indicate number of fish from which tags were obtained.) should be deleted. 138 CHANGE OF EDITORSHIP With this issue Kenneth A. Hashagen, Jr. of Inland Fisheries Branch assumes the duties of Editor-in-Chief of California Fish and Game. Mr. Hashagen's assumption of the editorship follows the Depart- ment's policy of rotating the editorship between staff members repre- senting Marine Resources, Inland Fisheries, and Wildlife Management. For 7 years Mr. Hashagen, Senior Fishery Biologist, has served as Inland Fisheries Editor of the Quarterly. Through this service he has gained a knowledge of editorial policies and procedures of the Journal. Under his guidance, the Journal will continue its policy of presenting to the public the results of scientific investigations as they relate to management programs and the conservation of California fish and wild- life resources. Mr. Hashagen will be ably assisted in his duties by five associate editors: Darlene A. Osborne, Inland Fisheries; Ronald M. Jurek, Wildlife Management; J. R. Raymond Ally, Marine Resources; Donald E. Stevens, Anadromous Fisheries; and David A. Hoopaugh, Salmon and Steelhead. To Mr. Collins, Editor-in-Chief the past 4 years, we wish to express our appreciation for a job well done. £ C. Fullerton, Director, California Department of Fish and Game. TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE BULL TROUT 139 Calif. Fish and Came 64 (3 ) : 1 39-1 74. 1 978 TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE BULL TROUT, SALVELINUS CONFLUENTUS (SUCKLEY), FROM THE AMERICAN NORTHWEST 1 by Ted M. Cavender Museum of Zoology The Ohio State University Morphological and distributional evidence is presented favoring the specific dis- tinction of the bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus (Suckley ), a currently unrecognized form of Salvelinus native to western North America. This species has been confused with the Dolly Varden, Salvelinus malma (Walbaum). Separation of the two is based primarily on characters of the head and cranial skeleton. Diagnosis and description are given for the bull trout along with a history of its early taxonomy. Past and present distribution of the bull trout ranges between lat 41° and 60° N. North of the 49th parallel it is found in most of the major drainages originating on both sides of the Continental Divide. The bull trout is or at one time was sympatric with the Dolly Varden in at least three major river systems, as well as the waters of Puget Sound. INTRODUCTION The salmonid genus Salvelinus has long been recognized as a difficult taxo- nomic group. Without exaggeration, Vladykov (1954) referred to the taxonomy of Salvelinus (along with other salmonid genera) as "extremely involved and time-consuming." This is particularly true for species which are native to areas bordering the North Pacific Ocean. McPhail (1961) referred to these popula- tions of Salvelinus as part of the Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus) (arctic char) complex because of their similarity, the unsatisfactory state of their taxonomy, and the incompleteness of representative material. The possible existence of more than one species of Salvelinus in the American northwest has been a controversial subject since the days of the Pacific Railroad surveys in the 1850's. Morton (1970) was the last to deal with the subject. He concluded that only one species, Salvelinus malma (Walbaum) was recogniza- ble, while none of the proposed subspecies was valid. However, in this paper I will present morphometric, meristic, osteological, and distributional evidence to show that there are two widely distributed forms of Salvelinus native to the western United States and Canada; the Dolly Varden, S. malma, and the bull trout, S. confluentus. Although primarily an inland species, collection records show that the bull trout is not strictly an interior, nonanadromous form, but combines coastal and inland, as well as northern and southern aspects to its distribution. Because of the taxonomic difficulties with this species, the bull trout has lacked uniform scientific recognition even though it is a well-known sport fish. The scientific literature, especially compendia of regional fish faunas, has for so long lumped information about their ecology, morphology, and life history, that S. malma and S. confluentus have been largely confused. If there are morphological characters and aspects of their biology that consistently separate S. malma and S. confluen- tus over their distributional ranges, why then has there been a taxonomic prob- 1 Accepted for publication September 1977. 140 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME lem? The answer is due primarily to the lack of adequate comparative material available to any one investigator. The findings in this paper are part of a more extensive systematic treatment of the genus Salvelinus I began at the University of Michigan in 1968 and have continued at Ohio State University. Conclusions on the specific distinction of the bull trout reached here are essentially those presented in a preliminary report at the 1969 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists in New York City (Cavender 1969). MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens of Salvelinus studied were principally those in the collections of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ); the National Museum of Natural Sciences, Canada (NMC); and the United States National Museum of Natural History (USNM). Locations given on the distribution map represent in 1 . collections housed these institutions ( Figure ) Other material was examined from the California Academy of Sciences (CAS). Morphometric data were taken only from specimens from which standard length could be recorded. The specimens of S. malma compared morphometri- cally with S. confluentus were taken from the Pacific drainages of the United States, including Alaska, and Canada. Most represent a type which McPhail (1961) has termed the southern form of the Dolly Varden. The National Mu- seum of Natural Sciences, Canada, possesses excellent material both of S. con- fluentus and S. malma. A large part of this material came from the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (UBC). A number of old and valuable specimens of Salvelinus axe at the United States National Museum, including holotypes of Salmo spectabilis and Salmo confluentus; Livingston Stone's collection from the McCloud River, California, in the 1 870's; and specimens taken in the early 1 880's from Puget Sound and coastal waters of British Columbia. In 1974 I collected bull trout from the Flathead River drainage in Montana, which are now housed at the Ohio State University Museum of Zoology (OSUM).
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