The Economic Geography of Underdevelopment
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Keeping Friends Close, and Their Oil Closer: Rethinking the Role of The
Keeping Friends Close, and Their Oil Closer: Rethinking the Role of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in China’s Strive for Energy Security in Kazakhstan By Milos Popovic Submitted to Central European University Department of International Relations and European Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations and European Studies Supervisor: Professor Matteo Fumagalli Word Count: 17, 201 CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary June, 2010 ABSTRACT It is generally acknowledged that Beijing’s bilateral oil dealings pertaining to the construction of the Atyrau-Alashankou pipeline comprise the backbone of China’s strive for energy security in Kazakhstan. Against the backdrop of a widespread scholarly claim that the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) plays no role in this endeavor, this thesis argues that Beijing acts as a security-seeker to bind both Kazakhstan and Russia into energy cooperation within the organization. Acting as a regional forum through which China channels and reinforces its oil dealings, I argue that the SCO corrects the pitfalls of a bilateral approach which elicits the counter-balancing of Chinese activities by Astana and Moscow who are concerned with the distribution of gains. Putting to a test differing hypothesis by rationalist IR theories, I find that the SCO approach enables China to assure both actors about its benign intentions and maximize gains on a bilateral level as expected by defensive neorealism. CEU eTD Collection i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My immense love and gratitude belongs to my parents and brother who wholeheartedly supported me during the course of the whole academic year giving me the strength to endure amid hard times. -
Without Land, There Is No Life: Chinese State Suppression of Uyghur Environmental Activism
Without land, there is no life: Chinese state suppression of Uyghur environmental activism Table of Contents Summary ..............................................................................................................................2 Cultural Significance of the Environment and Environmentalism ......................................5 Nuclear Testing: Suppression of Uyghur Activism ...........................................................15 Pollution and Ecological Destruction in East Turkestan ...................................................30 Lack of Participation in Decision Making: Development and Displacement ....................45 Legal Instruments...............................................................................................................61 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................66 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................69 Endnotes .............................................................................................................................70 Cover image: Dead toghrak (populus nigra) tree in Niya. Photo courtesy of Flickr 1 Summary The intimate connection between the Uyghur people and the land of East Turkestan is celebrated in songs and poetry written and performed in the Uyghur language. Proverbs in Uyghur convey how the Uyghur culture is tied to reverence of the land and that an individual’s identity is inseparable -
Dissertation JIAN 2016 Final
The Impact of Global English in Xinjiang, China: Linguistic Capital and Identity Negotiation among the Ethnic Minority and Han Chinese Students Ge Jian A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2016 Reading Committee: Laada Bilaniuk, Chair Ann Anagnost, Chair Stevan Harrell Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Anthropology © Copyright 2016 Ge Jian University of Washington Abstract The Impact of Global English in Xinjiang, China: Linguistic Capital and Identity Negotiation among the Ethnic Minority and Han Chinese Students Ge Jian Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Laada Bilaniuk Professor Ann Anagnost Department of Anthropology My dissertation is an ethnographic study of the language politics and practices of college- age English language learners in Xinjiang at the historical juncture of China’s capitalist development. In Xinjiang the international lingua franca English, the national official language Mandarin Chinese, and major Turkic languages such as Uyghur and Kazakh interact and compete for linguistic prestige in different social scenarios. The power relations between the Turkic languages, including the Uyghur language, and Mandarin Chinese is one in which minority languages are surrounded by a dominant state language supported through various institutions such as school and mass media. The much greater symbolic capital that the “legitimate language” Mandarin Chinese carries enables its native speakers to have easier access than the native Turkic speakers to jobs in the labor market. Therefore, many Uyghur parents face the dilemma of choosing between maintaining their cultural and linguistic identity and making their children more socioeconomically mobile. The entry of the global language English and the recent capitalist development in China has led to English education becoming market-oriented and commodified, which has further complicated the linguistic picture in Xinjiang. -
Highlights of the 1St One-Belt-One-Road Inclusive and Sustainable City Exhibition and City Dialogue
Moscow Amsterdam Duisburg Warsaw Lodz One-Belt Vienna Venice Khorgas Bishkek Almaty Istanbul Urumqi Samarkand Athens Baghdad Dushanbe Damascus Tehran Lanzhou Xi’an Alexandria Isfahan Chengdu Shanghai Suez Chongqing Hormuz Karachi Fuzhou Zhanjiang Quanzhou Muscat Barygaza Kolkata Guangzhou Hanoi Jeddah Haikou Goa Kochi Iligan Cagayan de Oro Colombo Kuala Lumpur Nairobi Inclusive and Sustainable City Exhibition and Dialogue One-Road Jakarta Moscow Amsterdam Duisburg Warsaw Lodz One-Belt Vienna Venice Khorgas Bishkek Almaty Istanbul Urumqi Samarkand Athens Baghdad Dushanbe Damascus Tehran Lanzhou Xi’an Alexandria Isfahan Chengdu Shanghai Suez Chongqing Hormuz Karachi Fuzhou Highlights of the Quanzhou Zhanjiang Muscat Barygaza Kolkata Guangzhou Hanoi st Jeddah Haikou 1 One-Belt-One-RoadGoa Inclusive Kochi and Sustainable City ExhibitionIligan Cagayan de Oro Colombo Kuala Lumpur Nairobi andOne-Road Dialogue Jakarta 17 to 21 October 2016 Vienna International Centre Moscow UNIDO Headquarters Amsterdam Duisburg Warsaw Vienna, Austria Lodz One-Belt Vienna Venice Khorgas Bishkek Almaty Istanbul Urumqi Samarkand Athens Baghdad Dushanbe Damascus Tehran Lanzhou Xi’an INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT Alexandria Isfahan Chengdu Shanghai Suez Chongqing Hormuz Karachi Fuzhou Zhanjiang Quanzhou Muscat Barygaza Kolkata Guangzhou Hanoi Jeddah Haikou Goa Kochi Iligan Cagayan de Oro Colombo Kuala Lumpur Nairobi One-Road Jakarta HIGHLIGHTS OF THE 1ST ONE-BELT-ONE-ROAD INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE CITY EXHIBITION AND CITY DIALOGUE The 1st “One-Belt-One-Road Inclusive and Sustainable City Exhibition and Dialogue” (OBOR event), successfully organized by UNIDO’s South-South and Triangular Industrial Cooperation (SSTIC) and the Finance Center for South-South Cooperation (FC-SSC), linked the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs 9, 11 and 13, in particular) with the One-Belt-One-Road (OBOR) initiative and encouraged all UN Maritime and Continental Silk Road (MCSR) partner agencies (i.e. -
Master's Degree Programme
Master’s Degree Programme In Languages, Economics and Institutions of Asia and North Africa “D.M. 270/2004” Final Thesis Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe International Railway: problems and challenges of the first direct rail connection between China and Europe Supervisor Ch. Prof. Riccardo Renzo Cavalieri Assistant supervisor Ch. Prof. Daniele Brombal Graduand Irene Tambellini Matriculation Number 966550 Academic Year 2017 / 2018 前言 自 1978 年邓小平主席改革开放以来,中国开始了现代化以及改变了国 家政治经济格局的改革进程。中国打开了面向世界的大门,成为全球 化进程中的一个重要角色,并且开始建立与其他国家的经济合作伙伴 关系。事实上,上个世纪九十年代末中国和欧洲的经济合作就已开始 发展。使他们的合作伙伴关系更加紧密的阶段有多个,2001 年中国加 入了世界贸易组织,2003 年中国和欧盟签署了“中-欧”战略合作伙 伴关系,并且在 2013 年采纳并签署了批准双方全方位合作的“欧-中 2020 年战略合作议程”。今天,欧洲成为中国的第一大贸易伙伴,而 中国成为欧洲的第二大贸易伙伴。因此自 1978 年以来,中国经济经历 了指数性增长并且中国在国际事务中的参与度也得到提升。这项长久 进程在 2013 年习近平主席提出一带一路倡议时达到高峰,一个宏伟的 项目被计划出来以建立亚洲,欧洲以及非洲国家之间的政治经济网络。 这个项目又两部分构成:陆地部分被称为丝绸之路经济带,海上部分 被称为 21 世纪海上丝绸之路。所以,连接中国和世界的基础设施的建 设代表着一个最重要的可以引领这个战略取得成功的要素。由于这个 原因,沿这条路上的国家之间的沿海和陆地走廊的发展受到了很大的 重视。欧洲国家在一带一路倡议的构架中扮演着重要的角色,并且在 这些国家中项目的数量以及投资都很多,德国代表着那些在中国最重 要的合作伙伴。的确,德国是中国与欧盟国家最大的贸易伙伴,并且 中国也代表着德国的第二大出口市场。因此,德国在一带一路倡议中 也具有重要地位并且中国与德国诸多城市之间建立的铁路联接也是其 重要角色的证明。这篇文章的目的是分析建立在中国与欧洲之间的第 一条直线铁路连接,评估其竞争力,尤其是与其他交通方式做比较。 1 这条铁路线的名称是重庆-新疆-欧洲国际铁路或渝新欧国际铁路,它 以重庆作为起始站到达德国的杜伊斯堡,途径哈萨克斯坦,俄罗斯, 白俄罗斯以及波兰。 在第一章中,我将聚焦于重庆市并且描述使得中 国政府建立这座直辖市的经济背景。自上世纪九十年代末起,中国开 始集中于国内的发展,尤其是对于一直以来落后于沿海省份的内部地 区的发展。由于这个原因,中央以引导这些地区的经济扩展为目标指 出了一些增长极点. 直辖市重庆便是这些增长极点中的一个,自 1999 年西部大开发战略开始以来,重庆扮演了中国经济政策的一个重要角 色。我将会称述西部大开发战略背后的动机以及中央政府出于发展内 部地区所采取的政策。重庆作为西部省份发展的必不可少的角色,将 被在西部大开发以及一带一路倡议中进行研究。因此,本文将表述重 庆转型为一个重要经济中心的过程。在第二章中,我将考察一带一路 倡议前后中国和欧洲建立的沿海和内陆联系. -
August 19, 1947 Letter from Zhang Zhizhong to Mr. Savel'yev, Consul General of the USSR in Urumqi
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified August 19, 1947 Letter from Zhang Zhizhong to Mr. Savel'yev, Consul General of the USSR in Urumqi Citation: “Letter from Zhang Zhizhong to Mr. Savel'yev, Consul General of the USSR in Urumqi,” August 19, 1947, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, RGASPI F. 17, Op. 128, D. 391, ll. 120-125. Obtained by Jamil Hasanli and translated by Gary Goldberg. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121804 Summary: Zhang Zhizhong, the leading Guomindang official in Xinjiang, expresses his hope that China and the Soviet Union can cooperate in Xinjiang in maintaining Chinese sovereignty over the entire province. Original Language: Russian Contents: English Translation Scan of Original Document [Handwritten:] Translation from Chinese Dear General Consul Mr. Savel'yev, Having found out that you are being recalled to your homeland to report I would like to talk with you privately in this letter. The "Ghulja [Yining] events" which broke out in Xinjiang have gained a peaceful resolution, thanks to the mediation of your country. We should first of all express a feeling of deep respect and gratitude for this friendly and benevolent attitude to the leader of your country, Mr. Stalin, and Mr. Molotov. More than a year has passed since you arrived in Xinjiang. During this time you have made a deep impression on me with your peace-loving and benevolent sentiments, penetrating view of things, and thoughtful statements, true qualities of an excellent representative of good diplomacy. Thanks to this our relations became friendly and close. This also obliges me to give you your due. -
View Its System of Classification of European Rail Gauges in the Light of Such Developments
ReportReport onon thethe CurrentCurrent StateState ofof CombinedCombined TransportTransport inin EuropeEurope EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS TRANSPORT EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS OF TRANSPORT REPORT ON THE CURRENT STATE OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN EUROPE EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS OF TRANSPORT (ECMT) The European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT) is an inter-governmental organisation established by a Protocol signed in Brussels on 17 October 1953. It is a forum in which Ministers responsible for transport, and more speci®cally the inland transport sector, can co-operate on policy. Within this forum, Ministers can openly discuss current problems and agree upon joint approaches aimed at improving the utilisation and at ensuring the rational development of European transport systems of international importance. At present, the ECMT's role primarily consists of: ± helping to create an integrated transport system throughout the enlarged Europe that is economically and technically ef®cient, meets the highest possible safety and environmental standards and takes full account of the social dimension; ± helping also to build a bridge between the European Union and the rest of the continent at a political level. The Council of the Conference comprises the Ministers of Transport of 39 full Member countries: Albania, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (F.Y.R.O.M.), Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and the United Kingdom. There are ®ve Associate member countries (Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand and the United States) and three Observer countries (Armenia, Liechtenstein and Morocco). -
Issue Papernairobi One-Road Jakarta
1966-2016 Inclusive and Sustainable City Exhibition and Dialogue 17 to 21 October 2016 Vienna International Centre UNIDO Headquarters Moscow Vienna, Austria Amsterdam Duisburg Warsaw One-Beth lt Lodz C-Building, 4 Floor, Boardroom D Vienna Venice Khorgas Bishkek Almaty Istanbul Urumqi Samarkand Athens Baghdad Dushanbe Damascus Tehran Lanzhou Xi’an Alexandria Isfahan Chengdu Shanghai Suez Chongqing Hormuz Karachi Fuzhou Zhanjiang Quanzhou Muscat Barygaza Kolkata Guangzhou Hanoi Jeddah Haikou Goa Kochi Iligan Cagayan de Oro Colombo Kuala Lumpur Issue PaperNairobi One-Road Jakarta UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Co-Organizers: In partnership with: #SilkRoad For more information, please contact [email protected] Cities at a Crossroads: Unlocking the Potential of Industries in Sustainable Urban Development Moscow Weixi Gong Amsterdam Duisburg Warsaw Kanishka Raj Rathore One-Belt Lodz Hui Lyu Vienna Venice Khorgas Victoria J. Haykin Bishkek Almaty Istanbul Urumqi Samarkand Athens Baghdad Dushanbe October 2016 Damascus Tehran Lanzhou Xi’an Alexandria Isfahan Chengdu Shanghai Suez Chongqing Hormuz Karachi Fuzhou Zhanjiang Quanzhou Muscat Barygaza Kolkata Guangzhou Hanoi Jeddah Haikou Goa Kochi Iligan Cagayan de Oro Colombo Kuala Lumpur Nairobi One-Road Jakarta Moscow Amsterdam Duisburg Warsaw Lodz One-Belt Vienna Venice Khorgas Bishkek Almaty Istanbul Urumqi Samarkand Athens Baghdad Dushanbe Damascus Tehran Lanzhou Xi’an Alexandria Isfahan Chengdu Shanghai Suez Chongqing Hormuz Karachi Fuzhou Zhanjiang Quanzhou Muscat Barygaza Kolkata Guangzhou Hanoi Jeddah Haikou Goa ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Kochi Iligan Cagayan de Oro The present publication was authored by the South-South and triangular industrial cooperation team at the Colombo Kuala Lumpur United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) (Weixi Gong, Kanishka Raj Rathore, Hui Lyu and Victoria J. -
Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level
Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level Corresponding Type Chinese Court Region Court Name Administrative Name Code Code Area Supreme People’s Court 最高人民法院 最高法 Higher People's Court of 北京市高级人民 Beijing 京 110000 1 Beijing Municipality 法院 Municipality No. 1 Intermediate People's 北京市第一中级 京 01 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Shijingshan Shijingshan District People’s 北京市石景山区 京 0107 110107 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Haidian District of Haidian District People’s 北京市海淀区人 京 0108 110108 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Mentougou Mentougou District People’s 北京市门头沟区 京 0109 110109 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Changping Changping District People’s 北京市昌平区人 京 0114 110114 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Yanqing County People’s 延庆县人民法院 京 0229 110229 Yanqing County 1 Court No. 2 Intermediate People's 北京市第二中级 京 02 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Dongcheng Dongcheng District People’s 北京市东城区人 京 0101 110101 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Xicheng District Xicheng District People’s 北京市西城区人 京 0102 110102 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Fengtai District of Fengtai District People’s 北京市丰台区人 京 0106 110106 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality 1 Fangshan District Fangshan District People’s 北京市房山区人 京 0111 110111 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Daxing District of Daxing District People’s 北京市大兴区人 京 0115 -
Transport for Sustainable Development in the UNECE Region
NITED ATIONS CONOMIC OMMISSION FOR UROPE U N E C E TRANSPORT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE ECE REGION UNITED NATIONS Copyright © UNECE Transport Division 2011. All rights reserved. All photos in this publication © Fotolia, unless otherwise stated. UNITED NATIONS United Nations Economic Commission for Europe The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) is one of the five United Nations regional commissions administered by the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). It was established in 1947 with the mandate to help rebuild post‐war Europe, develop economic activity and strengthen economic relations among European countries, and between Europe and the rest of the world. During the Cold War, UNECE served as a unique forum for economic dialogue and cooperation between East and West. Despite the complexity of this period, significant achievements were made, with consensus reached on numerous harmonization and standardization agreements. In the post Cold War era, UNECE acquired not only many new Member States, but also new functions. Since the early 1990s the organization has focused on analyses of the transition process, using its harmonization experience to facilitate the integration of Central and Eastern European countries into the global markets. UNECE is the forum where the countries of Western, Central and Eastern Europe, Central Asia and North America, 56 countries in all, come together to forge the tools of their economic cooperation. That cooperation concerns economics, statistics, environment, transport, trade, sustainable energy, timber and habitat. The Commission offers a regional framework for the elaboration and harmonization of conventions, norms and standards. The Commission's experts provide technical assistance to the countries of South‐East Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. -
Istanbul Technical University Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences M.A. Thesis June 2019 Public Interiority Through
ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES PUBLIC INTERIORITY THROUGH URBAN MOBILITY: DESIGN APPROACHES FOR RAILWAY STATIONS IN ISTANBUL M.A. THESIS Gizem AKDEMİR Department of Interior Design International Master of Interior Architectural Design M.A. Programme JUNE 2019 ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES PUBLIC INTERIORITY THROUGH URBAN MOBLITY: DESIGN APPROACHES FOR RAILWAY STATIONS IN ISTANBUL M.A. THESIS Gizem AKDEMİR (418161003) Department of Interior Design International Master of Interior Architectural Design M.A. Programme Thesis Advisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emine GÖRGÜL JUNE 2019 İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ KENTSEL MOBİLİTE ÜZERİNDEN KAMUSAL İÇSELLİK: ISTANBUL TREN ISTASYONLARINA TASARIM YAKLAŞIMLARI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Gizem AKDEMİR (418161003) İç Mimarlık Anabilim Dalı İç Mimari Tasarım Uluslararası Yüksek Lisans Programı Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Emine GÖRGÜL HAZİRAN 2019 Gizem Akdemir, a M.A. student of ITU Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences student ID 418161003, successfully defended the thesis/dissertation entitled “PUBLIC INTERIORITY THROUGH URBAN MOBILITY: DESIGN APPROACHES FOR TRAIN STATIONS IN ISTANBUL”, which she prepared after fulfilling the requirements specified in the associated legislations, before the jury whose signatures are below. Thesis Advisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emine GÖRGÜL .............................. Istanbul Technical University Co-advisor : Prof.Dr. Name SURNAME .............................. (If -
18 World Clean Air Congress 2019
Proceedings of the 18th World Clean Air Congress 2019 23-27 September 2019 Hilton Istanbul Maslak Hotel - Istanbul, Turkey organized by Turkish National Committee for Air Pollution Research and Control (TUNCAP) and The International Union of Air Pollution Prevention and Environmental Protection Associations (IUAPPA) in collaboration with ITU – Istanbul Technical University DEU – Dokuz Eylul University EFCA - The European Federation of Clean Air and Environmental Protection Associations MyCAS - Clean Air Forum Society of Malaysia CAA - Clean Air Asia WB - The World Bank Editors: M. Kara, Y. Dumanoglu, G. Tuna Tuygun, A. Bayram, T. Elbir i 18th World Clean Air Congress, 23-27 September 2019, Istanbul organized by TUNCAP and IUAPPA Air pollution reduction with ıntelligent transportation systems: Dilovası scenario Zübeyde Oztürk1, Onur Alp Arslantaş1, Hande Emanet Beba1, Merve Yılmaz2 and Hüseyin Toros3 1Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey 2İstanbul Technical University, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Department of Meteorology Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey 3İstanbul Technical University, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Department of Meteorology Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey [email protected] Abstract. Traffic management is one of the main application areas for ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems). This management begins with the collection of movements and data affecting the route. Ultimately, the data will be used for information access systems. This study is one of the study areas of “Scenario for Reducing the Dilovasi Air Pollution with the ITS Application” which is supported by TUBITAK within the COST (European Cooperation in Scientific and Technology) Program. Within the scope of “Scenario for Reducing Air Pollution with the Intelligent Transport System Application” work package, an alternative route design was made to TEM (Trans European Motorway).