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Counter-Terrorism Strategies in Indonesia, Algeria and Saudi Arabia

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Counter-Terrorism Strategies in Indonesia, Algeria and Saudi Arabia Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ Counter­Terrorism Strategies in Indonesia, Algeria and Saudi Arabia (Edited by Roel Meijer) Noorhaidi Hasan Bertus Hendriks Floor Janssen Roel Meijer Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ Clingendael 7 2597 VH The Hague Tel.: +31 (0)70–3245384 Fax: +31 (0)70–3746667 P.O. Box 93080 2509 AB The Hague E‐mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.clingendael.nl Copyright © WODC © WODC. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holders. WODC, Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek‐ en Documentatiecentrum Ministerie van Veiligheid en Justitie (Research and Documentation Centre, Ministry of Security and Justice). Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ Contents Foreword...............................................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................................3 Research Problems.......................................................................................................................................................4 Proposed Research.......................................................................................................................................................8 1. Towards a Population‐Centric Strategy: .....................................................................................................13 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................13 1.2 Shades of Islamist Radicalism in Indonesia and the ‘Enemy‐Centric’ Approach.............17 1.3 The War against Terrorism after Suharto .......................................................................................20 1.4 From ‘Hard’ to ‘Soft’ Approaches.........................................................................................................28 1.5 The Role of Civil Society..........................................................................................................................38 1.6 Bringing the State’s Role Back In.........................................................................................................46 1.7 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................................50 2. Algeria’s Counter‐Terrorism Strategy:.........................................................................................................69 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................69 2.2 The Terrorist Threat in Algeria: A Historical Overview.............................................................72 2.3 The State’s Response to the ‘National Tragedy’ ............................................................................79 2.4 Algeria’s Current Counter‐Terrorism Strategy..............................................................................91 Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ 2.5 The Road Ahead....................................................................................................................................... 106 2.6 Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................. 108 3. Saudi Arabia’s Counter‐Terrorism Strategy............................................................................................ 117 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 117 3.2 History of Dissent in Saudi Arabia ................................................................................................... 123 3.3 Counter‐Discourse of Extremism, Deviation and Passions ................................................... 128 3.4 The Campaigns and Institutional Setting of the Saudi Counter‐Terrorism Strategy.. 136 3.5 Effectiveness ............................................................................................................................................. 141 3.6 The Intellectual Level and Deradicalization ................................................................................ 142 3.7 The Military and Police Level............................................................................................................. 144 3.8 The Strategic Level................................................................................................................................. 145 3.9 The Proof in the Pudding: Yemen and the List of 85................................................................ 146 3.10 Intellectual Security............................................................................................................................... 154 3.11 Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................. 157 4. Conclusion............................................................................................................................................................. 165 4.1 The Historical Context and Institutional Setting of Counter‐Terrorism.......................... 166 4.2 The Definition of Terrorism ............................................................................................................... 167 4.3 Food for Thought .................................................................................................................................... 172 5. English Abstract.................................................................................................................................................. 175 Dutch Synopsis/Nederlandse synopis ................................................................................................................ 177 Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ Foreword This report was tendered by the National Coordinator for Counter‐Terrorism and Security (NCTV) and commissioned by the Research and Documentary Centre of the Dutch Ministry of Security and Justice. The report’s authors want to thank the members of the supervisory board for the time and effort that they spent in helping to solve the questions encountered during the research stage of this report. They include the president of the committee, Professor Ramses Wessels (University of Twente), and committee members Jos Vaessen (University of Maastricht), Hans van Miert (National Coordinator for Counter‐Terrorism and Security, NCTV), Professor Jan Melissen (Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’), as the replacement of Edwin Bakker, Peter Knoope (International Centre for Counter‐Terrorism, ICCT), Gerry van Klinken (Royal Netherlands Institute of South‐East Asian and Caribbean Studies, KITLV) and Casper van Nassau (Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek­ en Documentatiecentrum, WODC [Research and Documentation Centre]). The authors also thank Bibi van Ginkel (Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’) for her contribution at the beginning of the project. In addition the team has been inspired by the excellent comments and remarks made by experts Camille Tawil, Beatrice de Graaff and John Sidel during a seminar on 17 June 2011 at Clingendael Institute in The Hague. We would like thank them for sharing their insights with us. The Hague, 16 March 2012 ••• 1 Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ Introduction This report is the result of a year‐long study, conducted from March 2010 to March 2011, of the counter‐terrorist strategies of three countries: Indonesia; Algeria; and Saudi Arabia. The aim of the research was to acquire insight into the counter‐terrorist strategies of these three countries, to analyse them, and to compare them. The main question focused on how the combination of counter‐narratives, deradicalization programmes and political changes (democratization, amnesty, etc.) in these countries interacted. We were asked to determine the main characteristics of the counter‐terrorism strategies in these countries and to analyse the (historical) context in which the counter‐terrorism measures were taken. More concretely, we were asked to find the specific measures that had been adopted, how these programmes were organized, which specific institutions were involved, and how the policies were executed. Finally, we were asked to say something about the results of these programmes and their effectiveness. A comparison between the three countries would have the benefit of showing which combination of measures would be more effective and in what way the three countries contributed to countering terrorism and radicalization. We adopted the very straightforward definition of terrorism, as used by the United Nations: ‘Criminal acts intended or calculated
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