DOCSLIB.ORG

Knife Crime in England and Wales

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Knife Crime in England and Wales BRIEFING PAPER Number SN4304, 9 November 2018 Knife crime in England By Grahame Allen, and Wales Lukas Audickas Contents: 1. Police recorded crime data 2. Crime Survey of England and Wales data 3. Proven offences and offenders 4. Hospital data 5. Appendix www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary 2 Knife crime in England and Wales Cover page image: Loren Godefroy, ‘The dark side of the knife’, copyright: http://www.loren-godefroy.com 3 Commons Library Briefing, 9 November 2018 Contents Summary 4 Background 5 1. Police recorded crime data 6 1.1 Trends over time 6 1.2 Homicides 7 1.3 Knife crime by police force area 8 1.4 Knife crime in London 10 2. Crime Survey of England and Wales data 12 3. Proven offences and offenders 13 4. Hospital data 16 5. Appendix 17 4 Knife crime in England and Wales Summary HIGHEST RECORDED KNIFE CRIME LEVEL IN Recorded crime 8-YEAR PERIOD 50 Thousands In the year ending March 2018, there were around 40,100 40 (selected) offences involving a knife or sharp instrument in England 30 and Wales. This is the highest number in the eight-year series (from year ending March 2011) the earliest point for which 20 comparable data are available. 1 This is directly related with 10 improvements in recording practices. 2 - 2010/11 2017/18 Homicide In 2017/18 there were 268 homicides currently recorded using a HIGHEST / LOWEST RATE sharp instrument, including knives and broken bottles, accounting of offences involving a sharp object 2016/17 for 33% of all homicides – an increase from the 216 recorded in (per 100,000 population) 2016/17. 168 Knife crime by police force area London recorded the highest rate of 168 offences involving a knife per 100,000 population 3 in 2017/18, an increase of 26 offences per 100,000 population from 2016/17. Surrey had the lowest rate of 5 offences per 100,000 individuals (up by 1 from 2016/17). 5 Proven offences and offenders London Surrey In the year ending March 2018, there were 21,044 disposals given HOSPITAL EPISODES1 SINCE for possession of a knife or offensive weapon. Juveniles (aged 10- 1998/992 17) were the offenders in 21% of cases. 8 Thousands Hospital admissions 6 There were 5,053 finished consultant episodes (FCE) recorded in 4 English hospitals in 2017/18 due to assault by a sharp object. This 2 was an increase of 14% compared to 2016/17 and 39% higher - than in 2014/15. 1998/99 2017/18 1. Finished consultant episode (FCE) 2. In 2014/15 the lowest number since 1998/9 was recorded 1 ONS, Crime in England and Wales: Police Recorded Crime, 25 January 2018, footnote 4. 2 ONS, Crime in England and Wales: year ending Mar 2016, 21 July 2016 3 Metropolitan and City of London police forces combined 5 Commons Library Briefing, 9 November 2018 Background “Knife” crime, crime involving an object with a blade or sharp instrument, is a persistent and worrying concern, especially as it impacts particularly upon young people and the disadvantaged, and various remedies have been tried over the years. The Library Briefing Paper Knives and Offensive Weapons (SN00330) discuss the legislation which governs the carrying (possession) and sale of knives and other offensive weapons. To summarise the possession offences: 4 • It is an offence under Section 1 of the Prevention of Crime Act 1953 for a person to have with him in any public place any offensive weapon without “lawful authority or reasonable excuse”. Section 1(4) of the 1953 Act defines "offensive weapon" as: “any article made or adapted for use for causing injury to the person, or intended by the person having it with him for such use by him or by some other person.” • Under Section 139 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 it is an offence for a person to have with him in a public place any article which has a blade or is sharply pointed, except a folding pocket knife with a cutting edge of three inches or less, without good reason or lawful authority. • Under Section 139A of the Criminal Justice Act 1988, it is an offence for a person to have an offensive weapon or a bladed or pointed article on school premises without good reason or lawful authority. The above offences are all “either way” offences, meaning they can be tried in either the magistrates’ court or the Crown court depending on the seriousness of the offence. The maximum sentence for each of these offences is up to six months’ imprisonment and/or a fine following summary conviction in the magistrates’ court, or up to four years’ imprisonment and/or a fine following conviction on indictment in the Crown Court. Mandatory minimum custodial sentences apply if an offender is aged 16 or over. 4 “making threats” and sale/supply offences are also described in Knives and offensive weapons (SN00330) 6 Knife crime in England and Wales 1. Police recorded crime data With the exception of homicide offences, recorded crime statistics did not separately identify crimes involving knives until 2007/08. From April 2007 data on the number of offences involving the use of a knife or sharp instrument has been collected for a selection of serious violent *The Focus on violent offences-viewed as those most likely to involve the use of knives. This crime and sexual offences group of offences comprised: homicide, attempted murder; wounding publication includes data on offences involving a with intent to do grievous bodily harm (GBH); wounding or inflicting knife or sharp instrument grievous bodily harm (i.e. without intent); robbery of business property; going back to the year and robbery of personal property. ending March 2009; This excludes data for West The offence coverage was extended from April 2008 to include other Midlands and Sussex, due violent and sexual offences such as threats to kill, actually bodily harm to inconsistencies in their (ABH), rape and sexual assaults. There was also a clarification in recording practices, which did not change until the Counting Rules for GBH with intent. year ending March 2011. The ONS now publishes data from year ending March 2011, the earliest Source: ONS, Crime in England and Wales, Police Recorded Crime, point for which comparable data are available*. 25 January 2018, footnote 4. 1.1 Trends over time Appendix table A1 shows the number and proportion of selected violent and sexual offences involving a knife or sharp instrument recorded by the police in England and Wales since 2010/11. 1. SELECTED OFFENCES INVOLVING A KNIFE OR SHARP INSTRUMENT YEAR ENDING Year ending March, England and Wales, (000's) JUNE (000's) 40.1 39.3 34.5 35.1 32.7 31.0 28.9 26.4 25.6 26.1 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2017 2018 Source: ONS, Crime in England and Wales: Other related tables, Table F3, 19 July 2018, Table F3a from 18 October 2018 edition and earlier editions It has been suggested that some of the recent Chart 1 shows that number of selected offences involving a knife or a increases in recorded crime sharp object fell between 2010/11 and 2013/14 before rising over the are due to “improved crime next three years. In year ending March 2018, there were around 40,100 recording practices and processes leading to a offences involving a sharp instrument. This was 16% higher than in greater proportion of 2016/17 and 23% higher than in 2010/11. Data for the year ending reports of crime being June shows an increase from 35,100 in 2017 to 39,300 offences 2018. recorded” The main offences involving a knife or sharp instrument recorded in the Source: ONS, Crime in England and Wales: year ending Mar 2016, year ending March 2018 were assault with injury and intent to cause 21 July 2016 serious harm (51%) and robbery (38%). 7 Commons Library Briefing, 9 November 2018 2.1. SELECTED OFFENCES INVOLVING A KNIFE OR SHARP INSTRUMENT Percentage change by category, England and Wales 2010/11 – 2017/18 99% 76% 69% 55% 35% 23% 13% 5% Threats to Sexual Rape Attempted Assault Homicide Robbery TotalTotal kill assault murder with injury selectedselected and intent offences to cause serious harm Chart 2.1 shows that there were more offences committed in all categories in 2017/18 compared to 2010/11. Since 2010/11: the total number of selected offences involving a knife or sharp instrument has increased by 23%; the number of threats to kill using knifes or sharp 2.2. % CHANGE BY CATEGORY objects has almost doubled (increasing by 99%); sexual assaults and England and Wales. 2016/17 – 17/18 rape offences increased by 76% and 69% respectively. Robbery +33% Chart 2.2 provides information about changes by offence between 2016/17 and 2017/18. Over the period, the total number of offences Homicide +24% involving knife or sharp instrument increased by 16%: robbery offences Assault with injury and intent to cause +6% increased the most (33%) followed by homicide (24%); Assault with serious harm injury and intent to cause serious harm, Threats to kill and rape offences Threats to kill proportionally rose by around 6% in the twelve months ending March +6% 2018. Care should be taken when comparing figures for rape & sexual Rape +6% assaults offences over time due to the relatively low number of these offences recorded. Attempted murder +5% 1.2 Homicides -9% Sexual assault Sharp instrument homicide data has been collected by the Home Office since 1977 as part of the Homicide Index collection.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Women's Lives and Offending in Victorian Liverpool and London
    “At Large”: Women’s Lives and Offending in Victorian Liverpool and London Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy Lucy Elizabeth Williams April 2014 1 Abstract This thesis focuses on serious female offenders living in Liverpool and London during the Victorian period. In contrast to much existing historical research on women and crime, the interest here is not solely on the offences women committed, nor their offending patterns; but instead on their lives, experiences, and identities. One of the key objectives of this research is to add new information on women and offending to a historiography which continues to be dominated by the male offender and the male experience or crime. Similarly, this research moves away from histories of female offenders as shoplifters, prostitutes, and child-killers, and considers the wider involvement of women in crimes of theft and violence in Victorian cities. The findings demonstrate that female offences were diverse, and patterns of offending were heavily influenced by local, environmental, and personal factors. Analysis of women’s experiences shows that limited opportunities for employment, difficult living conditions, and poor prospects for social mobility and stability all impacted upon the probability of offending. The research also shows that women who were part of the lowest sections of the working class, members of an ethnic minority, the oldest female child in their families, and unmarried, were most likely to become serious female offenders. Local differences in employment opportunities, housing patterns, and policing practices could impact upon the kind of crimes undertaken by women, the period of the life-cycle in which offending was most likely to begin, the length of offending careers, and the number of convictions women gained.
    [Show full text]
  • The London Knife Crime Strategy (2017)
    The London Knife Crime JUNEStrategy 2017 Date THE LONDON KNIFE CRIME STRATEGY 3 Copyright Greater London Authority June 2017 Greater London Authority City Hall The Queen’s Walk More London London SE1 2AA www.london.gov.uk enquiries 020 7983 4000 THE LONDON KNIFE CRIME STRATEGY 3 Contents Foreword from the Mayor 5 Knife Crime in London 9 Delivering this Strategy 21 Taking action 27 Targeting lawbreakers 29 Offering ways out of crime 43 Keeping deadly weapons off our streets 47 Protecting and educating young people 53 Standing with communities, neighbourhoods and families against knife crime 63 Supporting victims of knife crime 69 Measuring progress on knife crime 75 THE LONDON KNIFE CRIME STRATEGY 5 Foreword - Sadiq Khan, Mayor of London As we publish this Strategy, knife crime We must not accept that crime and with injury has been on the increase violence is a foregone conclusion for for three years around the country. In any young person in London, regardless London, dozens of families have been of their circumstances. We will redouble bereaved; many more have seen their partnership efforts to divert young loved ones severely injured. I know I people at highest risk of offending and speak for the overwhelming majority victimisation away from a life ruined by of Londoners when I say that this is crime and onto a better path. absolutely unacceptable. It has to stop. Our communities are sick and tired of the Through this Strategy, we set out a damage being done by knife crime. We comprehensive plan of partnership hear their voices. In this Strategy we set action to tackle the immediate threat to out how we will support communities as safety posed by knife crime in London.
    [Show full text]
  • Crime in England and Wales 2009/10 Findings from the British Crime
    Home Office Statistical Bulletin The Research, Development and Statistics Directorate exists Crime in England and Wales to improve policy making, decision taking and practice 200 in support of the Home Office 9/10 purpose and aims, to provide the public and Parliament with Findings from the British Crime Survey and police recorded crime information necessar y for informed debate and to publish information for future use. Edited by: John Flatley, Chris Kershaw, Kevin Smith, Rupert Statistical Bulletins are Chaplin and Debbie Moon prepared by staff in Home Office Statistics under the National Statistics Code of Practice and can be downloaded from both the UK Statistics Authority website and the Home Office Research, Development and Statistics website: www.statistics.gov.uk www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds © Crown Copyright 2010 July 2010 12/10 ISSN 1358-510X Crime in England and Wales 2009/10 Findings from the British Crime Survey and police recorded crime Edited by: John Flatley, Chris Kershaw, Kevin Smith, Rupert Chaplin and Debbie Moon ISSN 1358-510X ISBN 978 1 84987 235 5 July 2010 Acknowledgements This bulletin has been prepared by staff in the Home Office Statistics Unit of the Science and Research Group. We thank the individual chapter authors and are grateful for the additional support received from: Gordon Barclay, Kathryn Coleman, Anastasia Fawcett, Timothy Hand, Jacqueline Hoare, Peter Kaiza, Bryce Millard, Matthew Scribbins and David Wall. Special thanks are due to Maya Bhudia and Jabeen Paracha who coordinated the production of the volume, to Paul Taylor and Andrew Britton who managed the data processing and to Vicky Cotter who coordinated production of the User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics.
    [Show full text]
  • Crime in England and Wales: Year Ending June 2018
    Statistical bulletin Crime in England and Wales: year ending June 2018 Crime against households and adults, also including data on crime experienced by children, and crimes against businesses and society. Contact: Release date: Next release: Meghan Elkin 18 October 2018 24 January 2019 [email protected] +44 (0)20 7592 8695 Table of contents 1. Main points 2. Latest figures 3. Statistician’s comment 4. Things you need to know about this release 5. Overview of crime 6. No change in the most common types of violent crime 7. Some weapons offences are rising, but this type of crime remains rare 8. A rise in overall theft, driven by small changes in all subcategories 9. Computer misuse offences show a decrease in computer viruses 10. Little change in the volume of fraud offences in the last year 11. What’s happened to the volume of crime recorded by the police? 12. Other sources of data provide a fuller picture of crime 13. New and upcoming changes 14. Quality and methodology Page 1 of 76 1 . Main points Over recent decades, we’ve seen continued falls in overall levels of crime but in the last year the trend has been more stable. The latest figures show no change in the total level of crime but this hides variation in different crime types. Over the last year, we have seen rises in some types of theft and in some lower-volume but higher-harm types of violence. This is balanced by a fall in the high-volume offence of computer misuse and no change in other high-volume offences such as overall violence, criminal damage and fraud.
    [Show full text]
  • Crime in England and Wales 2009/10 Findings from the British
    7 Geographic patterns of crime Neil Higgins, Paul Robb and Andrew Britton 7.1 SUMMARY Both the British Crime Survey (BCS) and police recorded crime data indicate that crime is not evenly distributed across England and Wales. • The 2009/10 BCS found that the risk of being a victim of any household crime was higher in the most deprived areas compared with the least deprived areas in England. Trends in household crime in the most and least deprived areas in England have been broadly similar between 2001/02 and 2009/10, with the exception of trends in burglary. There has been a statistically significant reduction in levels of burglary in the most deprived areas since 2001/02 but no significant change in the least deprived areas. • As in previous years, the 2009/10 BCS found that the risk of being a victim of any household crime was higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Trends in household crime have been broadly similar in urban and rural areas in England and Wales since 2001/02. • Police recorded crime figures for England in 2009/10 show that crime rates were higher in areas classified as predominantly urban, than in areas that were classified as predominantly rural. Variation at regional level shows: • London was the region with the highest rates of total recorded crime, violence against the person, offences against vehicles and other theft offences. This region also had a higher BCS risk of personal crime than for England and Wales overall. • The East of England region had the lowest rates of overall recorded crime, violence against the person and amongst the lowest rates of burglary and offences against vehicles.
    [Show full text]
  • Murder Concentration and Distribution Patterns in London:An Exploratory
    Candidate number – POL0916 Mark Jackson Wolfson College Supervisor: Dr Barak Ariel Murder Concentration and Distribution Patterns in London: An Exploratory Analysis of Ten Years of Data Submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Applied Criminology and Police Management December, 2010 1 Table of Contents List of tables v List of illustrations vi Acknowledgements vii Abstract viii Introduction 1 Literature review 7 Homicide trends 7 Demographics and place 10 Crime and place 14 Criminological theory 18 Research questions 22 Methods 24 2 Definitions 24 Data sources 24 Data analysis 26 Unit of analysis 27 Analysis 28 Sub-group analyses 29 Spatial analyses 30 Temporal analyses 30 Other considerations 31 Results 33 Spatial analyses 33 Second level analyses 40 Gender 40 Ethnicity 41 Age 42 Combined analysis 43 3 Temporal analyses 47 Year 48 Month 48 Day 49 Time 50 Third level analyses 51 Discussion 55 Spatial analyses 55 Second level analyses 57 Temporal analyses 63 Third level analyses 65 Implications 67 Conclusion 70 Bibliography 73 4 Appendices 79 1. Definitions 80 2. Frequency distribution of homicide locations within wards – 1.4.2000-31.3.2010 82 3. Frequency analysis of homicide locations within LSOA – 1.4.2000-31.3.2010 83 4. Map of homicide concentrations within Westminster LSOA 84 5. Police Ethnicity Identification Code 85 6. Combined analysis of victim data - 1.4.2000-31.3.2010 86 7. Combined analysis of accused persons data - 1.4.2000-31.3.2010 87 5 List of tables Table 1 Analysis of ethnicity of victims
    [Show full text]
  • Caroline Pidgeon AM November 2015
    Caroline Pidgeon AM November 2015 Contents Page Foreword by Caroline Pidgeon AM 2 The current picture 3 The Metropolitan Police approach 9 The Mayor’s response 14 Government policy 16 A Way Forward 18 Conclusion 22 Recommendations 23 Endnotes 24 1 Foreword I started noticing a worrying trend in knife crime offence figures in 2014; offences had increased by 51% in a six month period yet the percentage of knife crimes getting solved in London was at its lowest rate in five years. I began to ask questions at City Hall about the issue. At the time I was dismissed by the Metropolitan Police Commissioner, Sir Bernard Hogan-Howe who told me the problem was “seasonal”. Less than a year later violence against the person offences have risen by 26% 1in the capital and in September it was reported that knife crime had risen by 18% across the capital2. Over the last six months I have been meeting with people, researching and scoping this report and we’ve seen a General Election and a new government formed. General Elections are a time when politicians campaign on issues that they think matter to people. I noticed with sadness that this time most politicians seemed to think that crime was not one of these issues. I beg to differ. In London during the six-week general election period, 26 March – 8 May, there were 789 victims of serious youth violence, 1,231 victims of knife crime and 441 victims of knife crime with injury. That’s the equivalent of 40 reported victims of knife crime a day, every day over that six week period across the capital.
    [Show full text]
  • A Safer City for All Londoners. Police and Crime Plan
    A Safer City for All Londoners POLICE AND CRIME PLAN 2017-2021 COPYRIGHT Greater London Authority March 2017 Published by Greater London Authority City Hall The Queen’s Walk London SE1 2AA london.gov.uk enquiries 020 7983 4100 minicom 020 7983 4458 POLICE AND CRIME PLAN 2017-2021 3 Contents Foreword from the Mayor 5 Introduction from the Deputy Mayor 9 The city we serve 13 A better police service for London 23 A better Criminal Justice Service for London 61 Our priorities 79 How MOPAC will deliver this plan 136 POLICE AND CRIME PLAN 2017-2021 5 POLICE AND CRIME PLAN 2017-2021 5 We also have to improve the vital – Foreword from the but often less visible – parts of policing that protect the most vulnerable people. Mayor of London There have been increases in some of the most harmful and horrific types of Safety is my highest priority as crime, such as domestic abuse, child Mayor of London and the foundation of sexual exploitation and rape. These London’s success as a great place to live, crimes need specialist police officers work, visit and do business. who are able to identify and protect the most vulnerable people, and who have Thanks to the skill, dedication and the skills to investigate complex offences hard work of our police service, our and to support victims. As the reports Criminal Justice Service and other of these offences increase, we have to partner organisations, London is one of make sure we have the right resources in the safest cities in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Crime in England and Wales 2003/2004
    Home Of fice Statistical Bulletin Home Office Statistical Bulletin 10/04 The Research, Development and Statistics Directorate exists Crime in England and Wales 2003/2004 to improve policy making, decision taking and practice Tricia Dodd, Sian Nicholas, David Povey, Alison Walker in support of the Home Office purpose and aims, to provide the public and Parliament with information necessary for informed debate and to publish information for future use. Statistical Bulletins are produced by the Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. For further copies contact: Communication & Development Unit Room 264, Home Office, 50 Queen Anne’s Gate, London SW1H 9AT. Crime in Tel: 020 7273 2084 England Fax 020 7222 0211 [email protected] and W ales 2003/2004 © Crown Copyright 2004 ISSN 1358-510X July 2004 10/04 Jon Simmons and T ricia Dodd PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/067b80/ Crime in England and Wales 2003/2004 Tricia Dodd, Sian Nicholas, David Povey, Alison Walker ISSN 1358-510X July 2004 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/067b80/ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication has been prepared by the Measuring and Analysing Crime Programme within RDS (Crime Reduction and Community Safety Group). This volume is the collective work of a number of staff in addition to the separate chapter authors: Jonathan Allen, Olivia Christophersen, Judith Cotton, Matthew Hunt, Jason Lal, Maria Tortoriello. Special thanks are due to Heather Salisbury and Paul Taylor who co-ordinated the production of the volume. Thank you to other colleagues in the Home Office who have provided advice. We also very much appreciated the support and comments given to us during the preparation of the report by Jon Simmons (Assistant Director, RDS) and Paul Wiles (Director of RDS).
    [Show full text]
  • Organised Crime, Criminality and the 'Gangster'
    Citation: Shore, H (2018) Organised Crime, Criminality and the ‘Gangster’. In: Murder and Mayhem: Crime in Twentieth Century Britain. Macmillan, Basingstoke, Hampshire. ISBN 9781137290434 Link to Leeds Beckett Repository record: https://eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/id/eprint/5520/ Document Version: Book Section (Accepted Version) Shore, H., Organised Crime, Criminality and the ‘Gangster’, in Kilday, A. and Nash, D. (eds.), Murder and Mayhem: Crime in Twentieth Century Britain, 2018, Macmillan Publishers Ltd, reproduced with permission of Macmillan Publishers Ltd. This extract is taken from the author’s original manuscript and has not been edited. The definitive, published, version of record is available here: https://www.macmillanihe.com/page/detail/Murder- and-Mayhem/?K=9781137290434 The aim of the Leeds Beckett Repository is to provide open access to our research, as required by funder policies and permitted by publishers and copyright law. The Leeds Beckett repository holds a wide range of publications, each of which has been checked for copyright and the relevant embargo period has been applied by the Research Services team. We operate on a standard take-down policy. If you are the author or publisher of an output and you would like it removed from the repository, please contact us and we will investigate on a case-by-case basis. Each thesis in the repository has been cleared where necessary by the author for third party copyright. If you would like a thesis to be removed from the repository or believe there is an issue with copyright, please contact us on [email protected] and we will investigate on a case-by-case basis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Metropolitan Police Act of 1829
    Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 55 Article 18 Issue 1 March Spring 1964 The etrM opolitan Police Act of 1829 J. L. Lyman Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation J. L. Lyman, The eM tropolitan Police Act of 1829, 55 J. Crim. L. Criminology & Police Sci. 141 (1964) This Criminology is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. POLICE SCIENCE THE METROPOLITAN POLICE ACT OF 1829: An Analysis of Certain Events Influencing the Passage and Character of the Metropolitan Police Act in England J. L. LYMAN J. L. Lyman, D. Pub. Adm. (Oxon.) is an Assistant Professor, Department of Social Science, Youngstown (Ohio) University. In addition to graduate study in history and political institutions at London University, Dr. Lyman spent time as an observer with the Metropolitan Police and various other English police units. In 1958 she lectured before the Ohio Chiefs of Police Association on the Organization and Administration of the Metropolitan Police, and has published articles in several other professional journals.-EDroR. The Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 introduced system had become ineffective. Tradition and the a centralized and unified system of police in concepts of tlhe new industrial capitalism delayed England. The Act constituted a revolution in both the recognition of, and the willingness to deal traditional methods of law enforcement.
    [Show full text]
  • Violence in London: What We Know and How to Respond
    Violence in London: what we know and how to respond A report commissioned by the Mayor of London’s Violence Reduction Unit Handan Wieshmann, Matthew Davies, Ollie Sugg, Sophie Davis and Simon Ruda The Behavioural Insights Team / Violence in London 2 Acknowledgements We would like to thank Dilhan Perera and Ben Szreter for their excellent research assistance; and Alex Sutherland, Hugo Harper and David Halpern for their feedback, which significantly improved this report. As a London based organisation, we are grateful to the Violence Reduction Unit for the opportunity to support its vital work. 3 The Behavioural Insights Team / Violence in London Contents 04 Executive Summary 11 1. Introduction 13 2. Understanding violence in London 13 2 .1 What do we know about violence in London? 23 2.2 What drives violence in London? 28 2.3 Why has violence increased in the last five years? 33 3. Responding to violence in London 33 3 .1 Stabilise and reduce violence 35 3.2 Drive a culture of iterative research and experimentation 47 4. What works to prevent violence: a rapid evidence review 49 4 .1 Approaches with promising evidence 54 4.2 Approaches with limited evidence that are worth pursuing 56 4.3 Approaches with mixed evidence 59 Appendix 61 Endnotes The Behavioural Insights Team / Violence in London 4 Executive Summary In the early hours of the first day of January 2019, a man was killed while working as a security guard at a New Year’s Eve party after he intervened to help a colleague involved in a struggle.
    [Show full text]