DOCSLIB.ORG

Notes on the Saponins in the Plants of the Family Hydrocharitaceae

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Notes on the Saponins in the Plants of the Family Hydrocharitaceae Botanica Pacifica. A journal of plant science and conservation. 2019. 8(1): 57–61 DOI: 10.17581/bp.2019.08101 Notes on the saponins in the plants of the family Hydrocharitaceae Yana I. Kotelnaya1, Еlena А. Alekhina1*, Аndrey N. Efremov1, Yana V. Bolotova2, Мariya V. Guselnikova3, Svetlana A. Nikolaenko4 & Cezary Toma5 Yana I. Kotelnaya1 ABSTRACT e-mail: [email protected] According to the available literature data, the absence of saponins and sapogenins Еlena А. Alekhina1 in the composition could be typical for the representatives of the Hydrocharita- e-mail: [email protected] ceae family. However, in the study of the component composition, the screening Аndrey N. Efremov1 test for saponins gave a positive result. In this regard, studies have been carried e-mail: [email protected] out to determine the content of saponins (in terms of glycyrrhizic acid) in the phyo t mass of some species of the Hydrocharitaceae family (Egeria densa, Elodea Yana V. Bolotova2 ca na den sis, Hydrilla verticillata, Нydrocharis morsus-ranae, H. dubia, Najas marina, Stratiotes e-mail: [email protected] aloi des, Vallisneria americana) from different regions of Eurasia. The highest amount Мariya V. Guselnikova3 of saponins is contained in the phytomass Hydrocharis dubia (5.1±0.3 %), H. morsus- e-mail: [email protected] ranae (3.6±0.5 %) and Stratiotes aloides (3.4±0.3 %), the smallest in Elodea canadensis (1.2±0.2 %). According to the content of saponins (in terms of glycyrrhi zic acid), Svetlana A. Nikolaenko4 the studied plants of the family Hydrocharitaceae could be divided into two groups: e-mail: [email protected] with the largest (more than 3 %), interesting as the raw material base, and the small- Cezary Toma5 est (less than 3 %). On model species, seasonal changes in the content of saponins e-mail: [email protected] are confirmed, the content is statistically significantly diffe rent by 1.3 times. Keywords: Hydrocharitaceae, glycyrrhizic acid, triterpenoid saponins, composition, phytochemistry 1 Omsk State Pedagogical University, 644099, Omsk, Russia РЕЗЮМЕ 2 Amur branch of the Botanical Garden- Котельная Я. И., Алехина Е. А., Ефремов А. Н., Болотова Я. В., Гу сель­ Institute FEB RAS, Blagoveshchensk, никова М. В., Николаенко С., Тома Ц. Сапонины растений семейст ва Russia Hydrocharitaceae. Согласно имеющимся литературным данным, для пред- 3 Surgut State Pedagogical University, ставителей семейства Hydrocharitaceae характерно отсутствие в их составе Surgut, Russia са по ни нов и сапогенинов. Однако, при исследовании компонентного со- 4 Institute of the problems of Northern става скрининг-тест на сапонины дал положительный результат. В связи с development SB RAS, Tyumen, Russia этим были выполнены исследования по определению содержания сапони- 5 нов (по глицирризиновой кислоте) в фитомассе некоторых видов растений Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, семейства (Egeria densa, Elodea canadensis, Hydrilla verticillata, Нydrocharis morsus- Poland ranae, H. dubia, Najas marina, Stratiotes aloides, Vallisneria americana), полученных из различных районов Евразии. Установлено, что наибольшее количество са- * corresponding author понинов содержится в фитомассе Нydrocharis dubia (5,1±0,3 %), H. morsus-ranae (3,6±0.5 %) и Stratiotes aloides (3.4±0.3 %), наименьшее − в Elodea canadensis (1,2± 0,2 %). Исследованные растения семейства Hydrocharitaceae по содержанию Manuscript received: 17.05.2018 са понинов (в пересчете на глицирризиновую кислоту) можно разделить на Review completed: 15.01.2019 Accepted for publication: 17.01.2019 две группы: с наибольшим (более 3 %) – интересные с точки зрения сырь- Published online: 21.01.2019 е вой базы, и наименьшим (менее 3 %). На модельных видах подтвержде- ны се зонные изменения содержания сапонинов, содержание статистически значимо отличается в 1,3 раза. Ключевые слова: Hydrocharitaceae, глицирризиновая кислота, тритерпеновые са- по нины, содержание, фитохимия Traditionally, high molecular glycosides of plant origin Saponins affect the permeability of plant cells, in small of steroid or triterpene nature are classified as sapo nins with concentrations accelerate the germination of seeds, the high surface activity (Kurkin 2004). Steroid sa po nins are growth and development of plants, and in large ones in- usually derived from spirostan or furostan and synthesized hi bit, performing the function of plant growth hormones from cholesterol (Challinor & De Voss 2013, Watson & (Mu ra viev et al. 2002). Plant saponins exert cardiotonic, Dallwitz 2008). Triterpene saponins are synthe sized from neu ro trophic, hypotensive, tonic, hypocholesterolemic and squalene and contain 30 carbon atoms (Mu ra viev et al. antisclerotic, diuretic, corticotropic, adaptogenic, sedative, 2002). A typical representative of triterpene sapo nins is ani t ulcer genic and mild laxative effects on human subjects glycyrrhizic acid (20β-carboxy-11-oxo-30-noro lean-12-ene- (Ho stettmann & Marston 1995). The most rich in saponins 3β-yl-2-O-β-D-glucopyranuronosyl-α-D-glu co py ra nos i du- plants are Beta vulgaris L. – 5.8 %, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. – 22.2– ronic acid) (Mahato et al. 1992, Minina & Kauhova 2004). 32.3 %, Polygala spp. – 8–10 %, Primula spp. – 5–10 %, Quil laja ©Botanical Garden-Institute FEB RAS. 2019 57 Kotelnaya et al. saponaria Molina – 9–10 %, Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Or tgies – The indi ca tion of the nature of saponins was carried out 10 %, etc. (Güçlü-Ustündağ & Mazza 2007, Mir et al. 2016). on the basis of the foamability reaction (Kurkin 2004). According to the published data, the species of the A sample for foa ma bility (Phontan-Kandel’s method) fa mi ly Hydrocharitaceae Juss. are characterized by the ab- was carried out in a measuring test tubes, which made it sence of saponins and sapogenins in the composition (An- possible to establish the height of a stable foam. The results gio sperm 2008, Cook 1992, 1998, Dahlgren et al 1985, Wat- are presented in Table 2. The obtained results indicate the son & Dallwitz 2008). It is known that there are diterpenes presence of the sa po nins of triterpene nature in the plants in Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle and steroids (sterols) of the family Hydro cha ritaceae; while the height of a stable in Val lisneria americana Michx. Elodea canadensis Planch. foam is 1.5–5.0 times lower in comparison with the control. and Val lisneria americana contain triterpenoids, mainly Gravimetric, titrimetric and photometric methods are derivatives of alisol as well (Budantsev 2014). In general, wi dely used in the specification of saponins in plant ma te- the representatives of the order Alismatatles Dumortier, to rials (Kovalev et al. 2003, Minina & Kauhova 2004). Most which the family of Hydrocharitaceae belong, contain no of ten, color-imetric and spectrophotometric methods of sa po nins, although there are species containing diterpenes ana lysis are used to quantify saponins (Kovalev et al. 2003). and some steroids (Budantsev 2014). Steroid saponins in Since saponins absorb light in the range of 260–280 nm, the Alismatatles are known only in the representatives of di rect spectrophotometric methods of quantitative analysis the family Tofieldiaceae Takhtajan (Angiosperm 2017) and are applicable to them (Minina & Kauhova 2004). The me- Alis ma ta ceae Vent. (Wiart 2012). thod itself is quite simple and highly accurate, the difficulty However, in the study of the composition of the some of specification saponins lies only in the laboriousness of spe cies of the family Hydrocharitaceae, the screening test ex trac ting substances from the phytomass. showed a positive result for the presence of saponins (Pal For the quantitative analysis at the stage of sample pro- & Nimse 2006, Prabha & Rajkumar 2015, Mary Kensa & ces sing, the plants were dried to an air-dry state, powdered Neelamegam 2015, Kotelnaya & Alekhina 2016). In this and riddled through a sieve with a hole size of 0.25 mm, regard, the purpose of our study was to specify the content after which a chemical analysis was carried out. The precise of saponins (in terms of glycyrrhizic acid) in the phytomass test portion of the raw material was extrac ted with a 3 % of plants of species belonging to Hydrocharitaceae. acetone solution of nitric acid and hot acetone , followed by Some representetives of the family are used in tra di tio- the precipitation of glycyrrhizic acid with a concentrated nal medicine in the countries of Southeast Asia, India and solution of ammonia. The resulting pre ci pi tation was China, for example Hydrocharis dubia (Blume) Ba cker, Ottelia quantitatively dissolved in distilled water (Avramenko alismoides (L.) Pers., Blyxa echinosperma (C.B.Clarke) Hook.f. et al. 2015). The quantitative analysis of the content of as digestive tonic (Sakong et al. 2011). Ottelia alismoides is saponins (in terms of glycyrrhizic acid) was carried out by also used to treat asthma, urinating difficulty, hydrops, skin spectrophotometric method using a spectrophotometer diseases and burns, and has an antituberculosis effect (Li et “SF-56” (Russia) according to the methodology described al. 1995, Chen et al. 2012). Hydrilla verticillata as a mean to in the state pharmacopeia of the Russian Federation (The im prove digestion and gastrointestinal function, circulation, state 2015). The optical density of the saponin solution was neurological health, to body resistance and increase en du- re cor ded at a wavelength of 258 nm in cuvettes with an op- rance (Pal & Nimse 2006). Stratiotes aloides L. is used for ti cal layer thickness
Load more

Recommended publications
  • FULL LIST of WINNERS the 8Th International Children's Art Contest
    FULL LIST of WINNERS The 8th International Children's Art Contest "Anton Chekhov and Heroes of his Works" GRAND PRIZE Margarita Vitinchuk, aged 15 Novocherkassk, Rostov Oblast, Russia for “The Lucky One” Age Group: 14-17 years olds 1st place awards: Anna Lavrinenko, aged 14 Novocherkassk, Rostov Oblast, Russia for “Ward No. 6” Xenia Grishina, aged 16 Gatchina, Leningrad Oblast, Russia for “Chameleon” Hei Yiu Lo, aged 17 Hongkong for “The Wedding” Anastasia Valchuk, aged 14 Prokhladniy, Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Russia for “Ward Number 6” Yekaterina Kharagezova, aged 15 Novocherkassk, Rostov Oblast, Russia for “Portrait of Anton Chekhov” Yulia Kovalevskaya, aged 14 Prokhladniy, Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Russia for “Oversalted” Valeria Medvedeva, aged 15 Serov, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia for “Melancholy” Maria Pelikhova, aged 15 Penza, Russia for “Ward Number 6” 1 2nd place awards: Anna Pratsyuk, aged 15 Omsk, Russia for “Fat and Thin” Maria Markevich, aged 14 Gomel, Byelorussia for “An Important Conversation” Yekaterina Kovaleva, aged 15 Omsk, Russia for “The Man in the Case” Anastasia Dolgova, aged 15 Prokhladniy, Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Russia for “Happiness” Tatiana Stepanova, aged 16 Novocherkassk, Rostov Oblast, Russia for “Kids” Katya Goncharova, aged 14 Gatchina, Leningrad Oblast, Russia for “Chekhov Reading Out His Stories” Yiu Yan Poon, aged 16 Hongkong for “Woman’s World” 3rd place awards: Alexander Ovsienko, aged 14 Taganrog, Russia for “A Hunting Accident” Yelena Kapina, aged 14 Penza, Russia for “About Love” Yelizaveta Serbina, aged 14 Prokhladniy, Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Russia for “Chameleon” Yekaterina Dolgopolova, aged 16 Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia for “The Black Monk” Yelena Tyutneva, aged 15 Sayansk, Irkutsk Oblast, Russia for “Fedyushka and Kashtanka” Daria Novikova, aged 14 Smolensk, Russia for “The Man in a Case” 2 Masha Chizhova, aged 15 Gatchina, Russia for “Ward No.
    [Show full text]
  • The Russian Language Summer School 4-25 JULY, 2019 Welcome to Dostoevsky Omsk State University
    The Russian Language Summer School 4-25 JULY, 2019 Welcome to Dostoevsky Omsk State University ROOMS: The teachers will conduct Russian lessons in the following rooms: Prof. Konstantin Shestakov 201A Prof. Ekaterina Ekimova 106 Prof. Olga Zajtseva 121 Prof. Marina Kharlamova 226 Prof. Lubov Zinkovskaya 221 Culture classes are held in room 201A. HOMEWORK: Your teachers will assign homework to you and you will receive feedback on each lesson. CERTIFICATE: You will receive Certificate (7 ECTS) at the end of the course only if you attend at least 80% of the course! In case you are feeling under the weather and cannot attend the class, please inform your teacher, classmates or someone at the International Relations Office. THE OPENING CEREMONY THE CLOSING CEREMONY will be held on July 4, 2019, it will start will be held on July 25, 2019 at 11:30am. at 10:30am. There you will get to know There you will receive 7 ECTS certificates of organizers and professors take a completion, present powerpoints on topic “My placement test so that you can be assigned Omsk”, and play interactive game called to a group according to your Russian “Sights of Omsk city”. The ceremony language level and play ice-breaking concludes with a tea party. games. The ceremony concludes with a tea party. RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE LESSONS WEEK 1 (July 5-12) Time July 5, July 8, July 9, July 10, July 12, July 12, 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 09:00- Russian Russian Russian Russian Russian Russian 10:30 lesson lesson lesson lesson lesson lesson 10:40- Russian Russian Russian
    [Show full text]
  • 47030-002: Lishui River, Jinshan River
    Resettlement Plan May 2015 People’s Republic of China: Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Prepared by Shangli Project management office of the Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Urban and Rural Infrastructure Improvement Project for the Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 15 May 2015) Currency unit – yuan (CNY) CNY1.00 = $0.1613 $1.00 = CNY6.2012 ABBREVIATIONS AAOV – average annual output value ADB – Asian Development Bank ADG – Anyuan District Government AHs – affected households APs – affected persons DMS – detailed measurement survey DRC – Development and Reform Committee FGD – female group discussion FSR – feasibility study report HD – house demolition HH – household IA – implementation agency JMG – Jiangxi Municipal Government LA – land acquisition LLFs – land-loss farmers LCG – Luxi County Government M&E – monitoring and evaluation MLS – minimum living security O&M – operation and maintenance PMO – Project Management Office PMG – Pingxiang Municipal Government PMTB – Pingxiang Municipal Transportation Bureau RP – resettlement plan SCG – Shangli County Government WWTP – wastewater treatment plant NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. This resettlement plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
    [Show full text]
  • Damright! WWF’S Dams Initiative
    DamRight! WWF’s Dams Initiative An Investor’s Guide to Dams DamRight! WWF’s Dams Initiative An Investor’s Guide to Dams Contents: Foreword by WWF Executive summary An investor’s checklist 1 Introduction 1.1 The benefits and costs of dams 1.2 The World Commission on Dams 1.3 Trends in dams finance 1.4 Aim of the guide 2 When is it appropriate to invest in dams? 2.1 Needs assessments 2.2 Alternative ways of providing services - assessing options Contents2.3 Ongoing review 3 Financial pitfalls to avoid when investing in dams 3.1 Exaggerated projections of benefits 3.2 Time and cost overruns 34 - 35 3.3 Inaccurate assessment of displaced peoples and inundated lands 32 - 33 3.4 Geological instability and dam failure 30 - 31 3.5 Displaced business spin-off 3.6 Sovereign risk and corruption 28 - 29 3.7 Maintenance and decommissioning costs 26 - 27 3.8 Cost recovery and dam beneficiaries 3.9 Inadequate insurance cover 24 - 25 4 Impact mitigation and avoidance 22 - 23 5 More information 6 References 20 - 21 7 Glossary 18 - 19 Annexes 16 - 17 Annex-1: Case study: Bakun dam, Malaysia 14 - 15 Annex-2: Mitigating environmental impacts 12 - 13 Cover image: 10 - 11 Itaipu dam – The biggest 8 - 9 dam in the world, located on the Paraná River 6 - 7 between Brazil and 4 - 5 Paraguay. 2 - 3 M GUNTHER, WWF-CANON DamRight! WWF’s Dams Initiative Foreword Dams are among the most destructive developments that impact on rivers and ecosystems, threatening both wildlife and people.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposals for Amending the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network
    ESCAP/AHWG/2019/3/Corr.1 Distr.: General 11 September 2019 Chinese, English and Russian only Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Working Group on the Asian Highway 8th meeting Bangkok, 18 and 19 September 2019 Item 6 of the provisional agenda* Consideration of proposals for amending the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network Proposals for amending the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network Corrigendum Annex Amendments to annex I to the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network 1. Amendment proposal from the Government of China In the table, replace AH1, AH5 and AH6 with the following AH1 Tokyo – Fukuoka – ferry – Busan – Gyeongju – Daegu – Daejon – Seoul – Munsan – Gaesung – Pyongyang – Sinuiju – Dandong – Shenyang – Beijing – Shijiazhuang – Zhengzhou – Xinyang – Wuhan – Changsha – Xiangtan – Guangzhou (– Shenzhen) – Nanning – Youyiguan – Huu Nghi – Dong Dang – Ha Noi – Vinh – Dong Ha – Hue – Da Nang – Hoi An – Nha Trang – Bien Hoa (– Vung Tau) – Ho Chi Minh City – Moc Bai – Bavet – Phnom Penh – Poipet – Aranyaprathet – Kabin Buri – Hin Kong – Bang Pa-in (– Bangkok) – Nakhon Sawan – Tak – Mae Sot – Myawadi – Payagyi (– Yangon) – Meiktila – Mandalay – Tamu – Moreh – Imphal – Kohima – Dimapur – Nagaon – Jorabat (– Guwahati) – Shillong – Dawki – Tamabil – Sylhet – Katchpur – Dhaka – Jessore – Benapol – Bongaon – Kolkata – Barhi – Kanpur – Agra – New Delhi – Attari – Wahgah – Lahore – Rawalpindi (– Islamabad) – Hassanabdal – Peshawar – Torkham – Kabul – Kandahar – Dilaram
    [Show full text]
  • Inland Fisheries Resource Enhancement and Conservation in Asia Xi RAP PUBLICATION 2010/22
    RAP PUBLICATION 2010/22 Inland fisheries resource enhancement and conservation in Asia xi RAP PUBLICATION 2010/22 INLAND FISHERIES RESOURCE ENHANCEMENT AND CONSERVATION IN ASIA Edited by Miao Weimin Sena De Silva Brian Davy FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Bangkok, 2010 i The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. ISBN 978-92-5-106751-2 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: Chief Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch Communication Division FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: [email protected] © FAO 2010 For copies please write to: Aquaculture Officer FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Maliwan Mansion, 39 Phra Athit Road Bangkok 10200 THAILAND Tel: (+66) 2 697 4119 Fax: (+66) 2 697 4445 E-mail: [email protected] For bibliographic purposes, please reference this publication as: Miao W., Silva S.D., Davy B.
    [Show full text]
  • Weed Risk Assessment for Hydrocleys Nymphoides (Alismataceae)
    United States Department of Weed Risk Assessment Agriculture for Hydrocleys nymphoides Animal and Plant Health (Alismataceae) Inspection Service March 4, 2021 Version 1 Top: Hydrocleys nymphoides population in Brazil (Popovkin, 2013); bottom: H. nymphoides in bloom in New Zealand (Auckland Regional Council, 2020) AGENCY CONTACT Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory (PERAL) Science and Technology Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 2760 Weed Risk Assessment for Hydrocleys nymphoides (Water poppy) Executive Summary The result of the weed risk assessment for Hydrocleys nymphoides is High Risk of spreading or causing harm in the United States. Hydrocleys nymphoides is a perennial aquatic herb that can be a weed of natural areas and a nuisance in drains and waterways. It is naturalized in seven counties in Florida and Texas and possibly one county in Louisiana, and it is a causal alien in Hawaii. The species has also been observed in Puerto Rico, where its status is unclear. It is on a watch list in Texas but is not regulated by any state. The plant produces seed in its native range but has only been observed to reproduce vegetatively in its exotic range. Small fragments can grow into new plants, and vegetative plantlets detach at the end of the growing season. The species is spreading in New Zealand and is under eradication there. It can be moved on boats and equipment and can also be introduced to new areas through aquarium dumping. The leaves can form dense mats on the water surface, which completely block light to submerged vegetation and deplete oxygen in the water.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of Tourism: the Case of Siberia and the Omsk Region
    Sergej Metelev / Svetlana Efimova (Eds.) The Development of Tourism: The Case of Siberia and the Omsk Region LIBERTAS - Europäisches Institut GmbH, Rangendingen (Germany), March 2016, 96 p.; ISBN 978-3-946119-77-7 (Print), 15,00 EUR; ISBN 978-3-946119-78-4 (pdf), 4,99 EUR; ISBN 978- 3-946119-79-1 (epub), 4,99 EUR; ISBN 978-3-946119-80-7 (MobiPocket), 4,99 EUR. Orders via all bookshops or [email protected]. Internet: www.libertas-institut.eu (Shop). eBook also available in all ebook shops. The Book Scientifically exact and well-founded, the Rector and the staff of the Russian Economic University, Omsk Branch, paint a “real vision”: the tourism development of Siberia and in particular the Omsk region. This book contains a vision - but a realistic one - which could be reached by some steps. Based on an internal brainstorming at this university and on a conference in April 2013, the tasks are described. The objective is the development of tourism - a job machine, and this in a region which offers more than one thinks. The contributors of the book offer to surf in the nature which is harsh, but beautiful in its own way. The variety of landscapes and climatic conditions provides the possibility to develop different types of tourisms, depending on the purpose of the travel. As such, the book covers such fields as rural business, event, cultural, educational, religious, recreational, active, medical-health and ecological tourisms. Contents Chapter 1: The Historical, Natural, and Ecological Heritage of the Omsk Region: The Bases of
    [Show full text]
  • Pistia Stratiotes
    EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN PLANT PROTECTION ORGANIZATION ORGANISATION EUROPEENNE ET MEDITERRANEENNE POUR LA PROTECTION DES PLANTES 17-23149 (V.2) Pest Risk assessment for Pistia stratiotes 2017 EPPO 21 Boulevard Richard Lenoir 75011 Paris www.eppo.int [email protected] This pest risk assessment scheme has been specifically amended from the EPPO Decision-Support Scheme for an Express Pest Risk Analysis document PM 5/5(1) to incorporate the minimum requirements for risk assessment when considering invasive alien plant species under the EU Regulation 1143/2014. Amendments and use are specific to the LIFE Project (LIFE15 PRE FR 001) ‘Mitigating the threat of invasive alien plants to the EU through pest risk analysis to support the Regulation 1143/2014’. Photo: P. stratiotes. Courtesy: Andreas Hussner EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN PLANT PROTECTION ORGANIZATION Pest risk assessment for P. stratiotes L. This PRA follows EPPO Standard PM5/5 Decision support scheme for an Express Pest Risk Analysis PRA area: EPPO region First draft prepared by: Andreas Hussner Location and date: Paris (FR), 2016-05-23/27 Composition of the Expert Working Group Chapman Daniel (Dr) Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bush Estate, Penicuik, Edinburgh , UK, [email protected] COETZEE Julie (Dr) Dept. of Botany, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, 6140 Grahamstown, South Africa, [email protected] Hill Martin (Dr) Dept. of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, 6140 Grahamstown, South Africa, [email protected] HUSSNER Andreas (Dr) Institut für Botanik, Universistaet
    [Show full text]
  • Flora of New Zealand Seed Plants
    FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND SEED PLANTS ALISMATACEAE K.A. FORD & P.D. CHAMPION Fascicle 7 – DECEMBER 2020 © Landcare Research New Zealand Limited 2020. Unless indicated otherwise for specific items, this copyright work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence Attribution if redistributing to the public without adaptation: "Source: Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research" Attribution if making an adaptation or derivative work: "Sourced from Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research" See Image Information for copyright and licence details for images. CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION Ford, Kerry A. (Kerry Alison) Flora of New Zealand : seed plants. Fascicle 7, Alismataceae / K.A. Ford and P.D. Champion. -- Lincoln, N.Z. : Manaaki Whenua Press, 2020. 1 online resource ISBN 978-0- 947525-67-5 (pdf) ISBN 978-0-478-34762-3 (set) 1.Alismataceae -- New Zealand – Identification. I. Champion, P.D. II. Title. III. Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd. UDC 582.536 (931) DC 584.720993 DOI: 10.7931/jwc3-zg41 This work should be cited as: Ford K.A. & Champion P.D. 2020: Alismataceae. In: Wilton, A.D. (ed.) Flora of New Zealand — Seed Plants. Fascicle 7. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln. http://dx.doi.org/10.7931/jwc3-zg41 Date submitted: 12 Jun 2019; Date accepted: 4 Jun 2020; Date published: 2 January 2021 Cover image: Alisma lanceolatum. Flower showing acute petal apices. Contents Introduction..............................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever (OHF)
    Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever (OHF) Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHF) is caused by Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV), a member of the virus family Flaviviridae. OHF was described between 1945 and 1947 in Omsk, Russia from patients with hemorrhagic fever. Rodents serve as the primary host for OHFV, which is transmitted to rodents from the bite of an infected tick. Common tick vectors include Dermacentor reticulatus, Dermacentor marginatus, Ixodes persulcatus and common rodents infected with OHFV include the muskrat (Ondatra zibethica), water vole (Arvicola terrestris), and narrow-skulled voles (Microtus gregalis). Muskrats are not native to the Omsk region but were introduced to the area and are now a common target for hunters and trappers. Like humans, muskrats fall ill and die when infected with the virus. OHF occurs in the western Siberia regions of Omsk, Novosibirsk, Kurgan and Tyumen. Transmission Humans can become infected through tick bites or through contact with the blood, feces, or urine of an infected, sick, or dead animal – most commonly, rodents. Occupational and recreational activities such as hunting or trapping may increase human risk of infection. Transmission may also occur with no direct tick or rodent exposure as OHFV appears to be extremely stable in different environments. It has been isolated from aquatic animals and water and there is even evidence that OHFV can be transmitted through the milk of infected goats or sheep to humans. No human to human transmission of OHFV has been documented but infections due to lab contamination have been described. Signs and Symptoms After an incubation period of 3-8 days, the symptoms of OHF begin suddenly with chills, fever, headache, and severe muscle pain with vomiting, gastrointestinal symptoms and bleeding problems occurring 3-4 days after initial symptom onset.
    [Show full text]
  • Consultancy Study on Socio-Economic-Political Trends in Pan-Pearl River Delta Region
    CONSULTANCY STUDY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC-POLITICAL TRENDS IN PAN-PEARL RIVER DELTA REGION FOURTH MONTHLY REPORT PART I COVERING FUJIAN, JIANGXI, HUNAN, AND HAINAN FEBRUARY 2005 CENTRAL POLICY UNIT HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION Socio-Economic-Political Trends in Pan-Pearl River Delta Region Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hainan (4th Monthly Report) 2 Socio-Economic-Political Trends in Pan-Pearl River Delta Region Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hainan (4th Monthly Report) Table of Contents I. Executive Summary ----------------------------------------------------------------- 5 II. Topical Analysis --------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 “Development of Pan-PRD Retail Industry: Opportunities and Challenges for Hong Kong” Part One: South-eastern Region Upgrading of Consumption Demand Transforms the Retail Sector ------ 10 Full Liberalisation of the Retail Sector in 2005 ----------------------------- 15 Leisure Spending Leads a New Consumption Wave in Fujian --------- 20 Competition is Fierce in Nanchang’s Retail Sector ---------------------- 24 Convention and Exhibition Economy Promoting the Development of Changsha’s Retail Market ---------------------------------------------------- 28 The Development Potential of Hainan’s Retail Sector Awaits Exploration --------------------------------------------------------------------- 33 (Appendix) Classification of China’s Retail Stores ------------------------------ 37 III. Trends & Updates on the Four South-eastern Provinces ----------------------- 39 Economic Development
    [Show full text]