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1 Irony in Xi Xi’s “A Woman Like Me”: A Semiotics Perspective Lany Kristono Satya Wacana Christian University Abstract Taking most probably the 1980s Hong Kong as its setting, “A Woman Like Me” depicts the modern Hong Kong and its people‟s quite modern life style. Unlike in the Oriental tradition, in which a woman should play their traditional roles, the story is opened by a description of a career woman sitting alone in a cafe, waiting for her boyfriend and is ended by the woman seeing her boyfriend carrying a large bouquet of flowers, walking into the café. A café and a bouquet of flowers as an expression of love are definitely not parts of the Oriental culture. However, a deeper look into the woman‟s thoughts reflects a very Oriental tradition beneath the superficial western life- style, which is often associated with modernity. Since café, flowers, and the woman‟s job signify a much bigger meaning which refer to the people‟s culture and bedrock belief, this paper would employ semiotics to reveal a possible meaning delivered by the story. Key words: café, flower, mortuary make-up artist, cadaver Introduction “A Woman Like Me” has interested me in several ways. First, it depicts the life of a mortuary make-up artist, a rare profession which, I believe, is not one most people dream to be. Even, I doubt if this is considered a profession in some, if not many, societies. Second, it is a monolog narrated by the female protagonist, who is also the beautician for cadaver, herself; thus, facilitating a first-hand vivid and elaborate portrayal and a thorough understanding of the life of one having such a job. Moreover, it pictures the beautician pondering on her relationship with a man. Such a relationship often arouses curiosity, let alone when it is related to an unusual profession. The story also arouses curiosity because it is narrated from a café, where the protagonist is waiting for her boyfriend. A rendezvous in a café implies a modern 2 lifestyle, which is enhanced by the girl coming to the café herself before her boyfriend does. This is contrast to the Oriental tradition, in which a girl should be picked up by her date. Therefore, the setting should be a big, modern city in a recent era. Since the story was written in 1982, the time setting is most probably the early 1980s, which fits the reality that Hong Kong developed to a modern city-state under MacLehose‟s administration in 1971-1982 (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1341601/ Lord-MacLehose-of-Beoch.html). The story ends as Xia, holding a bouquet of flowers, is entering the café. As Xia goes to the café to meet his girlfriend, the flowers should be an expression of love. In contrast to Xia‟s beaming face, the girl feels very sad. This leads to questions. First, what ironies are depicted in the story and what they mean. Since flowers are an object and a café, which can be a place, is also a building and; thus, an object, this study would employ semiotics to answer the research questions. The Study of Signs Simply defined as “the study of signs”, semiotics examines “the role of signs as part of social life” (Chandler, n.d.:1). Since it considers reality a system of signs, Chandler adds, semiotics helps those studying it to be more aware of reality as a constructed fact as well as their and other people‟s roles in the construction. Saussure in Allen (2000:8) explains a sign as a combination of a signified (concept) and a signifier (sound-image) instead of a word‟s reference to an object. In Saussure‟s understanding, the meaning of a sign is determined by its similarity to and difference from other signs (Allen, 2008:10). Peirce (2008:24) introduces three kinds signs; i.e. symbol, icon, and index. A symbolic sign is conventional. However, its meaning must be learned because it does not resemble the signifier. In an iconic symbol, the signifier imitates or resembles the signified; whereas in an indexical sign the signifier is not arbitrary but logically related to the signified (qtd. in Berger, n.d.). Peirce believes that sign should be considered in its connection with the object and the interpretant or the idea begotten by the sign (Surdulescu, 2002.). Quoting Heinrich Plett, Surdulescu (2002:2) explains that a text has an arbitrary nature and is 3 based on social conventions. In semiotics perspective, a text has a signifier, a signified or the meaning related to the signifier, and a referent which is the reality the signified points to. Referent may be in the forms of abstract concepts, current, historical or imaginary events. Connotation and Denotation Connotation refers to the cultural meaning attached to a term, image, figure in a text, even to the text itself. In contrast, denotation refers to the literal meaning of a term, figure, text, or others. Therefore, connotation is related to the historic, symbolic, and emotional matters suggested a term of image or ones that "go along with" a term or image (Berger, n.d.) Intertextuality Modern theories perceive texts as having no independent meaning. Kristeva in Allen (2000:35) argues that a text does not originally come from the the author‟s mind. It is compiled from the prevailing texts. Bakhtin and Kristeva (Allen, 2000:36) elaborate that the larger social and cultural textuality constructing a text is inseparable from the text itself. As Barker (1994:256) states, writing texts is entering a larger-scale of ideological conversation so that this activity means responding, objecting, confirming, seeking supports, or assuming responses, etc. Therefore, embedded in any texts are “the ideological structures and struggles expressed in the society through discourse”. A text, according to Kristeva in Allen (2000:34) is not a finished work. It is aimed at encouraging readers to grasp meaning themselves. To do it, readers must trace textual relations to gather meaning from inside and outside texts; i.e. from its historical and social contexts. In result, reading is a process of moving between or among texts (Allen, 2005:1). Patriarchy is defined as a system characterized by men (father) (Murniati 2004:81). Matzner (n.d., par.1) states patriarchy is a social system, in which men dominate so that women occupy the subordinate position. Having the dominant 4 position, men exercise their power over women. Hall and Neitz (1993) defines power as a group or individual‟s ability to control other people or other parties‟ behaviour. A Semiotics-Perspective of “A Woman Like Me” In decoding “A Woman Like Me”, I find the text‟s basic narrative arranged on a binary opposition of an isolated, uncommunicative life vs. a normal, communicative one. However, this monolog is constituted of basically only one basic narrative; i.e.: I sat down, waiting for Xia This basic narrative can be divided into two parts; i.e. before and after Xia came. Before Xia came to accompany I to her workplace, they are happy couples sharing merry days. After Xia came, their joyous relationship will last in a walk of three hundred paces (Xi, 1998:162). Therefore, I select Xia‟s arrival, bringing a huge bouquet of flowers, as the prime signifier. The arrival functions as a wall separating the isolated, uncommunicative life I has due to her profession as a cosmetician for the dead and the normal, communicative one she is going to have with Xia. Xia‟s arrival signifies the impending end of their love relationship because as soon as he finds out that I actually beautifies the dead instead of brides-to-be, he will be scared and leave her—just like what Aunt Yifen‟s boyfriend did many years before (Xi, 1998:157-158). The very beautiful huge bouquet of flowers Xia brings, which symbolizes love, is ironically an index to their separation since flowers in I‟s profession symbolizes “eternal parting” (Xi, 1998:162). As the bouquet of flowers bears an irony, the text itself is full of ironies. Xia‟s taking I to her workplace signifies a progress in their relationship; instead it will end their love relationship. The bouquet signifies Xia‟s joy and enthusiasm to experience the new stage in their relationship, but his excitement and enthusiasm will be replaced by fright and apathy. Xia thinks I is a cosmetician for brides-to-be. In contrast, she beautifies cadavers. I is a cosmetologist, yet her face is so natural. The time after Xia came constitutes a very brief part of the text. Yet, it significantly mirrors I‟s hopelessness. Since Xia spotted her sitting in the shadowy corner of the coffee shop, I had not uttered any words in response to Xia‟s greeting her 5 „Happy Sunday‟ nor to his handing her the big bouquet of flowers. Instead, I thought she was just as dead as her sleeping friends (Xi, 1998:162). The linguistic signs in “A Woman Like Me” may be read based on its sintagmatic-paradigmatic codes; i.e. Syntagmatic Isolated, uncommunicative normal, communicative_______ Cadavers Xia Workplace: quiet, lonely, scary coffee shops: public, socializing, merry I‟s workplace = prison place to meet others make the dead appear humane make women like I dead smell of formaldehyde smell of perfume flowers = eternal parting flowers = love, joy, beauty paradigmatic Xi Xi‟s text juxtaposes cadavers to Xia. The cadavers enable I to live sufficiently and independently, yet it is an index of quietness, loneliness, and isolation. From today on you‟ll not have to worry about your livelihood.

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