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Some Toxicological Effects of Phosphate Esters on Rainbow Trout and Bluegill Sutham Sitthichaikasem Iowa State University

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Some Toxicological Effects of Phosphate Esters on Rainbow Trout and Bluegill Sutham Sitthichaikasem Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1978 Some toxicological effects of phosphate esters on rainbow trout and bluegill Sutham Sitthichaikasem Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Sitthichaikasem, Sutham, "Some toxicological effects of phosphate esters on rainbow trout and bluegill " (1978). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 6473. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/6473 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor. Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HPIO 8HR 79132*6 SITTHlChAIXASEM, SUTHAM SO%E TÛXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PhO$PnATE ESTERS ON RAlNdD-' TROuT BLUEGILL. IOWA STATE UMVESSITY, 197g Universir/ MicroRlrns International 300 N ZEEB ROAO, AMN ARBOR, MI «SIOE Some toxicological effects of phosphate esters on rainbow trout and bluegill by Sutham Sitthichaikasem A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Animal Ecology Major: Fisheries Biology Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. IiY Charge of Major work Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Departmen Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Gn^uate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1978 1i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 Objectives 3 Acute toxicity study 3 Partial chronic study 3 Uptake, accumulation and elimination study 4 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 Chemicals and their Toxicity 5 Triaryl and alkyl aryl phosphate esters 5 Alkyl phosphate ester 7 Toxicity 7 Toxicity Test Method 10 Acute toxicity test 10 Chronic toxicity test 11 Flow-through system 13 Uptake, Accumulation and Elimination Study 14 ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY 17 Materials and Methods 17 Equipment 17 Dilution water 24 Test temperature 25 Test fish 25 Acclimation 25 Toxicant 26 Test procedure 27 Test concentration 28 Biological data 29 Statistical analysis 30 Results 31 General visual observations 31 Short-term acute toxicity 33 Long-term acute toxicity 43 Growth study from the long-term acute exposure 52 ii i Page PARTIAL CHRONIC STUDY 56 Literature Review 57 Materials and Methods 59 Experimental design and conditions 59 Test procedure 60 Test concentration 61 Biological data 61 Pathological analysis 62 Biochemical analyses 63 Residue analysis 67 Statistical analyses 67 Results 68 General visual observation 68 Pathology 73 Mortality 74 Growth 79 Biochemistry 89 UPTAKE ACCUMULATION AND ELIMINATION STUDY 127 Materials and Methods 127 Experimental design, conditions and procedures 127 Water analysis 129 Total body residue analysis 130 Statistical analysis 131 Results 132 Water concentration 132 Total body residues in daphnids 133 Body residues in bluegills 133 DISCUSSION 150 Application of Toxicological Techniques to Water Pollution Problems in Relation to Fishery Management in Thailand 159 REFERENCES 164 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 172a iv Page APPENDIX A: METHOD OF DILUTER CALIBRATION AND CALCULATION OF STOCK SOLUTION CONCENTRATION 173 Oiluter Calibration 173 Calculation of Stock Solution Concentration 174 Modification of the Calibration Method 175 APPENDIX B: CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER FROM THE AQUARIA IN THE FLOW-THROUGH TESTS 182 Pydraul 50E 182 Tri phenyl Phosphate 185 APPENDIX C: CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WELL WATER AT THE COLUMBIA NATIONAL FISHERIES RESEARCH LABORATORY 186 APPENDIX D; THE METHOD OF WATER SAMPLE ANALYSIS FOR PYDRAUL 50E AND TRIPHENYL PHOSPHATE 187 APPENDIX E: NUMBERS OF ACCUMULATIVE DEAD AND MORIBUND (IN PARENTHESES) FISH IN THE STATIC ACUTE TOXICITY TESTS WITH 10 FISH PER TEST CONCENTRATION AT THE TEST TEMPERATURE OF 12°C FOR RAINBOW TROUT AND OF 22°C FOR BLUEGILL 189 Pydraul 50E 189 Rainbow trout sac-fry 189 Rainbow trout fingerling 189 Bluegill 189 Tri phenyl Phosphate 189 Rainbow trout sac-fry 189 Rainbow trout fingerling 190 Diphenyl Nonylphenyl Phosphate 190 Rainbow trout sac-fry 190 Rainbow trout fingerling 190 Diphenyl Cumylphenyl Phosphate 190 Rainbow trout sac-fry 190 Rainbow trout fingerling 191 V Page Tn"s(2,3-dibromopropyl) Phosphate 191 Rainbow trout sac-fry 191 Rainbow trout fingerling 191 Bluegill 191 Tri-p-cresyl Phosphate 192 Bluegill 192 APPENDIX F: NUMBERS OF ACCUMULATIVE DEAD AND MORIBUND (IN PARENTHESES) FISH IN THE FLOW-THROUGH ACUTE TOXICITY TESTS WITH 30 FISH PER TEST CONCENTRATION AT THE TEST TEMPERATURE OF 12°C FOR RAINBOW TROUT 193 Pydraul 50E 193 Rainbow trout sac-fry 193 Rainbow trout fingerling 194 Tri phenyl Phosphate 195 Rainbow trout sac-fry 195 Rainbow trout fingerling 196 APPENDIX G: THE FLOW-THROUGH ACUTE TOXICITY ANALYZED BY THE METHOD OF LITCHFIELD AND WILCOXON (1949) OF PYDRAUL 50E AND TRI PHENYL PHOSPHATE TO RAINBOW TROUT 198 APPENDIX H: NUMBERS OF RAINBOW TROUT COLLECTED FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY IN THE PARTIAL CHRONIC STUDY OF PYDRAUL 50E 203 APPENDIX I: NUMBERS AND TOTAL WEIGHTS IN GM (IN PARENTHESES) OF RAINBOW TROUT COLLECTED FOR RESIDUE ANALYSIS IN THE PARTIAL CHRONIC STUDY OF PYDRAUL 50E 204 APPENDIX J: NUMBERS OF RAINBOW TROUT COLLECTED FOR PATHOLOGICAL STUDY IN THE PARTIAL CHRONIC STUDY OF PYDRAUL 50E 207 APPENDIX K: HISTOLOGICAL METHODS USED IN PREPARING SPECIMENS FOR PATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION 203 APPENDIX L: NOMINAL TOTAL NUMBERS OF RAINBOW TROUT LEFT IN THE AQUARIA AFTER THE SAMPLING SCHEDULE TIME PERIOD IN THE PARTIAL CHRONIC STUDY OF PYDRAUL 50E 209 vi Page APPENDIX M: CUMULATIVE MORTALITY OF RAINBOW TROUT EXPOSED TO 2 TO 192 wg/i PYDRAUL 50E IN THE COMBINED GROWTH CHAMBERS (GC) AND RESIDUE CHAMBERS (RC) IN THE PARTIAL CHRONIC STUDY 210 Low Concentration Diluter: Exposure Period 210 High Concentration Diluter: Exposure Period 212 High Concentration Diluter: Elimination Period 213 APPENDIX N: MEAN LENGTH IN MM, STANDARD DEVIATION (IN PARENTHESES) AND SAMPLE SIZE OF RAINBOW TROUT FROM THE 2 GROWTH CHAMBERS EXPOSED TO 2 TO 192 yg/l PYDRAUL 50E IN THE PARTIAL CHRONIC STUDY 214 APPENDIX 0: MEAN LENGTH IN MM, STANDARD DEVIATION IN PARENTHESES AND SAMPLE SIZE OF RAINBOW TROUT IN COMBINED GROWTH CHAMBER (GC) AND RESIDUE CHAMBER (RC) EXPOSED TO 2 TO 192 yg/1 PYDRAUL 50E IN THE PARTIAL CHRONIC STUDY 218 APPENDIX P: MEAN WEIGHT IN G, STANDARD DEVIATION (IN PARENTHESES) AND SAMPLE SIZE OF RAINBOW TROUT IN RESIDUE CHAMBER EXPOSED TO 2 TO 192 ug/l PYDRAUL 50E IN THE PARTIAL CHRONIC STUDY 222 APPENDIX Q: THE PHYSIO-CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WHOLE RAINBOW TROUT FRY CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED TO 2 TO 192 ug/l PYDRAUL 50E FOR 15 DAYS IN THE PARTIAL CHRONIC STUDY 224 APPENDIX R: THE BACKBONE PHYSIO-CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RAINBOW TROUT FRY CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED TO 2 TO 15 yg/1 PYDRAUL 50E FOR 90 DAYS AND TO 24 to 192 ug/l PYDRAUL 50E FOR 30 DAYS IN THE PARTIAL CHRONIC STUDY 229 APPENDIX S: THE BACKBONE PHYSIO-CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RAINBOW TROUT FRY EXPOSED TO CLEAN WATER FOR 30 DAYS AFTER BEING EXPOSED TO 2 TO 15 ug/l PYDRAUL 50E FOR 90 DAYS IN THE PARTIAL CHRONIC STUDY 240 APPENDIX T: THE BACKBONE PHYSIO-CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RAINBOW TROUT FRY EXPOSED TO CLEAN WATER FOR 30 DAYS AFTER BEING EXPOSED TO 24 TO 192 ug/l PYDRAUL 50E FOR 30 DAYS IN THE PARTIAL CHRONIC STUDY 244 VIi Page APPENDIX U: WATER CONCENTRATIONS
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