Practices of a Non-State Mediated Payment for Ecosystem Service Pilot Project, Mae Sa Watershed, Northern Thailand

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Practices of a Non-State Mediated Payment for Ecosystem Service Pilot Project, Mae Sa Watershed, Northern Thailand PRACTICES OF A NON-STATE MEDIATED PAYMENT FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICE PILOT PROJECT, MAE SA WATERSHED, NORTHERN THAILAND EZA KING MASTER OF ARTS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE GRADUATE SCHOOL CHIANG MAI UNIVERSITY DECEMBER 2017 PRACTICES OF A NON-STATE MEDIATED PAYMENT FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES PILOT PROJECT IN MAE SA WATERSHED, NORTHERN THAILAND EZA KING A THESIS SUBMITTED TO CHIANG MAI UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE GRADUATE SCHOOL, CHIANG MAI UNIVERSITY NOVEMBER 2017 a To those who see complexity in the calamities of this planet and still continuously turn towards compassionate and humble thought, speech and action; that all the creatures of existence might be healthy, at peace and free. b ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I’m extremely grateful to all of the people that participated in this thesis research and supported me personally and professionally throughout the process. First, I would like to acknowledge the efforts, guidance and inspiration of Asst. Prof. Dr. Chusak Wittayapak as my thesis advisor. He has been patient and supportive, and directed me in developing a research project I would not have conceptualized or completed without him. I would also like to acknowledge my Advisory Committee, Dr. Arratee Ayuttacorn and Dr. Surin Onprom for the valuable feedback and resources that they provided. I’d like to acknowledge the entire teaching staff at the Regional Center for Social Science and Sustainable Development (RCSD) for their individual and collective contributions to my learning, experiences and development while studying at Chiang Mai University. This includes Dr. Alexandra Denes, Asst. Prof. Dr. Amporn Jirattikorn, Prof. Dr. Anan Ganjanapan, Dr. Apinya Fuengfusakul, Dr. Chayan Vaddhanaphuti, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamaree Chiengthong, Dr. Mukdawan Sakboon, Dr. Prasit Leepreecha, Robert A. Farnan, Dr. Shirley Worland, Prof. Victor King, Asst. Prof. Dr. Wasan Panyagaew, Prof. Dr. Yos Santasombat. My years as a student here have been illuminating, challenging, and ultimately beyond my expectations. I sincerely hope that I will make them proud to have been my teachers. The staff at RCSD have also been consistently kind and encouraging towards me. They have gone ‘above and beyond’ on many occasions to ensure my success and to inform me of beneficial opportunities. I am very grateful for their knowledge, skill and support. I would like to acknowledge the New Directions in Environmental Governance Project at York University in Toronto, Canada, for the opportunity to participate in their research project. I’m grateful for their financial support of my research and for the platform they have created for knowledge exchange. The focus of the NDEG project heavily influenced my own research and as did the feedback and guidance of Dr. Peter Vandergeest and Dr. Vanessa Lamb. c I’m grateful to all of the people that offered their time, opinions and stories to support this research. Of particular note are the staff of LEAF Thailand, Chawapich ‘Did’ Vaidhayakarn and Somsak Soonthornnawaphat, who were generous with their time and knowledge and even continued to support this research long after their role with LEAF Thailand had finished. The Headman of Pong Khrai Village, Mr. Sathit, was extremely accommodating of not only my research interests but also of requests to meet with my advisors and to facilitate multiple visits to the remote planting site. None of the interviews I conducted in Pong Khrai would have been possible without the assistance of my translator, Ms. Ice. Her interest and understanding of my research goals made her much more than a fantastic translator. She was a trusted advisor, cultural interpreter and regular source of humor and snacks. My peers at the university were also invaluable in the support, the humor and the personal insights that they offered throughout our time studying together. I feel extremely fortunate for the experience of studying with such a diverse, knowledgeable and engaged peer group. Though I chose to live and study a great distance from my friends and families, they have consistently encouraged me and celebrated each step that I took in this process. The strength of these roots allowed me to venture again into the unknown and to not turn back in the moments of discomfort. Before I close, I’d like to acknowledge the spirit of all the ancestors and all of the people unnamed and unseen that offered some sort of support along my journey. All the music makers and people who helped me with printing, copying keys, contributing to my well-being, learning Thai, fixing my scooter, offering me work opportunities or advice, calling or writing to check in. And of course, to the many, many souls that made it possible for me to eat, to live in a vibrant city and to sleep in a comfortable shelter. Finally, I’d like to thank my husband, Paolo Servadei. His companionship softens my steps, deepens my breath and amplifies the sounds, the colors, the smells, and the entire experience of being alive. I acknowledge with reverent gratitude the positive influence of his love and partnership on my participation in this world. Eza King d Thesis Title Practices of a Non-State Mediated Payment for Ecosystem Service Pilot Project, Mae Sa Watershed, Northern Thailand Author Mrs. Eza King Degree Master of Arts (Social Science) Advisory Committee Asst. Prof. Dr. Chusak Wittayapak Advisor Dr. Arratee Ayuttacorn Co-advisor ABSTRACT This research contributes to the understanding of the practices of payment for ecosystem service (PES) projects and their potential usefulness in restoring watershed forests in northern Thailand. The case study is a two-year pilot project in the Mae Sa watershed where a local bottled water company made payments to a nearby village for their efforts to restore a small plot of degraded watershed forest. From the assessment of project documents and government reports, along with formal interviews and informal conversations with the PES buyer and service providers, local forestry experts, third party mediators and their supervising non-governmental organization, the research outlines the operational process of the agreement and the mechanisms that were developed. The research looks beyond the survival rate of trees to analyze how a small-scale PES pilot project may have influenced existing dynamics of control in the contested landscape of northern Thai watershed forests. The progressive changes in local spatial power in terms of territoriality are examined, both before and after the introduction of the project. The findings show that the project may have simultaneously increased the legitimacy of local land users as forest managers, while also reinforcing the government’s e claim of ownership to the land. New expertise on how to negotiate a PES project and new forest restoration practices were adopted and gained legitimacy among local stakeholders. The realities of a PES project in the field differed in several ways from the PES concept. In this project, a clearly defined ecosystem service was not bought and sold and people did not participate due to expectation of economic incentives. This research suggests that concerns about the local water supply and fire prevention were more influential in motivating participation than financial gain. Local participants adapted the goals of PES to their local context and saw it as an opportunity to build alliances with neighboring villages and with local and state officials. f หัวข้อวิทยานิพนธ์ ปฏิบตั ิการของโครงการนาํ ร่องการจ่ายค่าตอบแทนบริการระบบนิเวศทีสือประสานโดย หน่วยงานนอกภาครัฐ ในพDืนทีลุ่มนDาํ แม่สา ภาคเหนือของประทศไทย ผู้เขียน นางอลิซาเบธ คิง ปริญญา ศิลปศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต (สังคมศาสตร์) คณะกรรมการทีปรึกษาวิทยานิพนธ์ 1. ผศ. ดร. ชูศกั ดRิ วทิ ยาภคั ทีปรึกษา 2. อ. ดร. อารตี อยุทธคร ทีปรึกษาร่วม บทคัดย่อ งานวิจัยนDีก่อใหเ้ กิดความเขา้ ใจต่อปฏิบตั ิการของโครงการจ่ายค่าตอบแทนการใหบ้ ริการของระบบนิเวศ (PES) และ ศกั ยภาพทีเอDือประโยชนใ์ นการรักษาป่าลุ่มนDาํ ในภาคเหนือของประเทศไทย งานวิจัยนDีเลือกกรณีศึกษาโครงการนาํ ร่องระยะสอง ปี ในบริเวณลุ่มนDาํ แม่สาทีบริษทั นDาํ บรรจุขวดในพDืนทีจ่ายค่าตอบแทนบริการระบบนิเวศใหแ้ ก่คนในหมู่บา้ นใกล้เคียงสําหรับ ความพยายามในการฟDืนฟูลุ่มนDาํ ในพDืนทีป่าเสือมโทรม โดยการรวบรวมเอกสารประเมินโครงการต่าง ๆ จากรายงานภาครัฐ จากการสมั ภาษณ์ทDงั อยา่ งเป็นทางการและจากการพดู คุยแบบไม่เป็นทางการกบั กลุ่มผซู้ Dือทีได้รับผลประโยชน์จากระบบนิเวศ และผู้จัดหาบริการ รวมทDงั ผรู้ ู้เรืองป่าชุมชนในทอ้ งถ;ิน ตัวผู้ประสานและองค์กรนอกภาครัฐทีให้คําปรึกษา งานวิจัยได้นําเสนอ กระบวนการในการดําเนินงาน ข้อตกลง และกลไกต่าง ๆ ทีได้ถูกพัฒนาขDึนจากโครงการจ่ายค่าตอบแทนบริการระบบนิเวศ งานวิจัยได้วิเคราะห์ตัวโครงการนาํ ร่องขนาดเลก็ ทีจ่ายค่าตอบแทนการใหบ้ ริการของระบบนิเวศ ไปมากกวา่ การพิจารณาจาก อัตรารอดของจํานวนต้นไม้ ทวา่ โครงการดงั กล่าวอาจส่งผลกระทบต่อพลวตั ของการควบคุมพDืนทีซ;ึงมีการช่วงชิงในบริเวณลุ่ม นDาํ ภาคเหนือของไทย งานวิจัยได้มองความกา้ วหนา้ ของการเปลียนแปลงของอาํ นาจทอ้ งถ;ินในการร่วมกาํ กบั ขอบเขตของคนใน ทอ้ งถ;ินทDงั ก่อนเร;ิมและหลงั การดาํ เนินโครงการ งานวิจัยพบวา่ ระหวา่ งการดาํ เนินโครงการทําให้คนในชุมชนมีสิทธิอํานาจชอบ ธรรมมากขDึนในการบริหารจดั การขอบเขตการใชพ้ Dืนทีป่า แต่ในขณะเดียวกนั รัฐกพ็ ยายามตอกยDาํ ความเป็นเจา้ ของพDืนที นอกจากนDีคนในชุมชนใช้ความเชียวชาญ ทักษะในการต่อรองกบั ตัวโครงการ รวมถึงปฏิบตั ิการในการฟDืนฟูป่าแบบใหม่ ๆ ถูก นํามาปรับใช้เพือเป็นการเพ;ิมความชอบธรรมใหแ้ ก่ผมู้ ีส่วนไดส้ ่วนเสียร่วมกนั ในชุมชน g ความเป็นจริงของโครงการในภาคสนามมีความแตกต่างออกไปจากแนวคิดการจ่ายค่าตอบแทนการใหบ้ ริการของ ระบบนิเวศ คําจาํ กดั ความทีกาํ หนดไว้ชัดสําหรับการบริการระบบนิเวศนDนั สาํ หรับโครงการนDีไม่ไดถ้ ูกนาํ
Recommended publications
  • December 2008
    cover_asia_report_2008_2:cover_asia_report_2007_2.qxd 28/11/2008 17:18 Page 1 Central Committee for Drug Lao National Commission for Drug Office of the Narcotics Abuse Control Control and Supervision Control Board Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 500, A-1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43 1) 26060-0, Fax: (+43 1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org Opium Poppy Cultivation in South East Asia Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION IN SOUTH EAST ASIA IN SOUTH EAST CULTIVATION OPIUM POPPY December 2008 Printed in Slovakia UNODC's Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme (ICMP) promotes the development and maintenance of a global network of illicit crop monitoring systems in the context of the illicit crop elimination objective set by the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on Drugs. ICMP provides overall coordination as well as direct technical support and supervision to UNODC supported illicit crop surveys at the country level. The implementation of UNODC's Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme in South East Asia was made possible thanks to financial contributions from the Government of Japan and from the United States. UNODC Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme – Survey Reports and other ICMP publications can be downloaded from: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop-monitoring/index.html The boundaries, names and designations used in all maps in this document do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. This document has not been formally edited. CONTENTS PART 1 REGIONAL OVERVIEW ..............................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of Muang-Fai Systems in Thailand and Vietnam1
    Dynamics of water tenure and management among Thai groups in highland Southeast Asia: A comparative study of muang-fai systems in 1 Thailand and Vietnam Andreas Neef, Peter Elstner and Jörg Hager The Uplands Program (SFB 564) – University of Hohenheim, Thailand Office c/o Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Community-based water management systems for irrigation have been extensively described for the lowlands of Thailand and Vietnam as participatory, sustainable and fairly equitable water allocation institutions. Much less is known about the structure and dynamics of the so- called muang-fai systems of different Thai groups in highland areas. Muang-fai irrigation systems of Thai communities in Thailand and Vietnam share the same long-standing tradition and consist of a sophisticated network of canals (muang) and weirs (fai). The impact of the markedly different political and economic developments in the past decades on community- based water management, however, has induced diverging trajectories of the systems in the two countries. The objectives of this paper are to present the complexity of water rights and to analyze the dynamics in tenure systems and the driving forces behind changes in water management. The study is based on in-depth surveys conducted between 2002 and 2005 in a Thai market- oriented village in Mae Rim district, Chiang Mai province, a subsistence-oriented Shan village in Pang Ma Pha district, Mae Hong Son province, both in Thailand, and a subsistence- oriented Black Thai village in Yen Chau district, Son La province of Vietnam.
    [Show full text]
  • The Geneva Reports
    The Geneva Reports Risk and Insurance Research www.genevaassociation.org Extreme events and insurance: 2011 annus horribilis edited by Christophe Courbage and Walter R. Stahel No. 5 Marc h 2012 The Geneva Association (The International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics The Geneva Association is the leading international insurance think tank for strategically important insurance and risk management issues. The Geneva Association identifies fundamental trends and strategic issues where insurance plays a substantial role or which influence the insurance sector. Through the development of research programmes, regular publications and the organisation of international meetings, The Geneva Association serves as a catalyst for progress in the understanding of risk and insurance matters and acts as an information creator and disseminator. It is the leading voice of the largest insurance groups worldwide in the dialogue with international institutions. In parallel, it advances—in economic and cultural terms—the development and application of risk management and the understanding of uncertainty in the modern economy. The Geneva Association membership comprises a statutory maximum of 90 Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) from the world’s top insurance and reinsurance companies. It organises international expert networks and manages discussion platforms for senior insurance executives and specialists as well as policy-makers, regulators and multilateral organisations. The Geneva Association’s annual General Assembly is the most prestigious gathering of leading insurance CEOs worldwide. Established in 1973, The Geneva Association, officially the “International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics”, is based in Geneva, Switzerland and is a non-profit organisation funded by its members. Chairman: Dr Nikolaus von Bomhard, Chairman of the Board of Management, Munich Re, Munich.
    [Show full text]
  • The Archaeobotany of Khao Sam Kaeo and Phu Khao Thong: the Agriculture of Late Prehistoric Southern Thailand (Volume 1)
    The Archaeobotany of Khao Sam Kaeo and Phu Khao Thong: The Agriculture of Late Prehistoric Southern Thailand (Volume 1) Cristina Castillo Institute of Archaeology University College London Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of University College London 2013 Declaration I hereby declare that this dissertation consists of original work undertaken by the undersigned. Where other sources of information have been used, they have been acknowledged. Cristina Castillo October 2013 Institute of Archaeology, UCL 2 Abstract The Thai-Malay Peninsula lies at the heart of Southeast Asia. Geographically, the narrowest point is forty kilometres and forms a barrier against straightforward navigation from the Indian Ocean to the South China Sea and vice versa. This would have either led vessels to cabotage the southernmost part of the peninsula or portage across the peninsula to avoid circumnavigating. The peninsula made easy crossing points strategic locations commercially and politically. Early movements of people along exchange routes would have required areas for rest, ports, repair of boats and replenishment of goods. These feeder stations may have grown to become entrepôts and urban centres. This study investigates the archaeobotany of two sites in the Thai-Malay Peninsula, Khao Sam Kaeo and Phu Khao Thong. Khao Sam Kaeo is located on the east whereas Phu Khao Thong lies on the west of the peninsula and both date to the Late Prehistoric period (ca. 400-100 BC). Khao Sam Kaeo has been identified as the earliest urban site from the Late Prehistoric period in Southeast Asia engaged in trans-Asiatic exchange networks.
    [Show full text]
  • Negotiating the Borderscape: Statelessness, Migration, and Livelihoods in Northern Thailand
    Flaim & Williams Proposal to PAA Negotiating the Borderscape: Statelessness, Migration, and Livelihoods in Northern Thailand This research will examine the impact of statelessness on migration patterns and livelihood outcomes among rural ethnicity communities in northern Thailand. Data are derived from an innovative and unique survey of over 300 highland minority villages located along the Burma border, an area characterized by extensive internal and international boundary making, both geographically and in terms of unequal provision of Thai citizenship. Employing multinomial logistic regression analysis to determine differential propensities to move given citizenship status as well as ethnicity, sex, marital status and other salient factors, the research will engage micro- level theories of migration as a household livelihood strategy with structural considerations of how state-mandated political categories of citizenship shape individual and family migration behavior. Findings will shed light on differential limitations of migration as a rural livelihood strategy as well as the growing importance—yet largely overlooked—consideration of legal status in studies of modern inequality. In analyzing the effect of statelessness on migration propensity and livelihood outcomes in the highland context of northern Thailand, the following sub-questions will be addressed: 1) Does statelessness have a direct and/or indirect effect on the propensity of highlanders to migrate? Specifically, (how) does legal status—from statelessness to citizenship—relate
    [Show full text]
  • Interbasin Transfers Within Thailand*: the Salween/Luam/Ping/Chao Phraya Projects
    Interbasin Transfers within Thailand*: the Salween/Luam/Ping/Chao Phraya projects An interbasin transfer is an engineering scheme that diverts some or all of the discharge from a discrete river basin (or from a sub-basin within a larger catchment) LQWRDVWUHDPGUDLQLQJDFRPSOHWHO\GLͿHUHQWEDVLQRU sub-basin, thereby agumenting the latters’ discharge by a volume equivalent to that diminished from the source catchment. The two main motivations for interbasin transfers are: LQK\GURSRZHUHQJLQHHULQJWRWDNHDGYDQWDJHRIWKH UHFHLYLQJVWUHDPV·WRSRJUDSK\WRVLJQLÀFDQWO\LQFUHDVH the hydrostatic head of the release from a reservoir in the original catchment, through a canal or tunnel to a generating facility in the receiving catchment that is much lower in relative elevation than would be practica- ble within the source basin. The result is a much higher energy yield, for a given dam+reservoir, with only a relatively minor increase in overall capital investment. 7KH6DOZHHQ 7KDQOZLQLQ%XUPHVH HVWXDU\DW0\DZODPD\Q0\DQPDUDQLPDWHGÁ\WKURXJK The Chao Phraya delta at Krungthep (Bangkok) The best example in our study area is the Nam Theun 2 project in the Lao PDR, which diverts some 300 cumecs of water from the Theun-Kading basin into the Xe Bang Fai (XBF) basin, via both excavated new canals and existing XBF tributaries. LQZDWHUUHVRXUFHVPDQDJHPHQWIRUEHWWHUPHHWLQJ both M&I and irrigation demands; where the existing EDVLQ·VDJJUHJDWHGLVFKDUJHLVLQVX΀FLHQWWRIXOÀO essential needs in dry-season or drought conditions. As seen in the instant case (the Salween-Chao Phraya proposal), the energy requirements of interbasin transfer schemes of this category —where the source catchment is at a lower elevation than the receiving basin may be Oblique space imagery and schematic speed-drDwing of Thanlwin/Salween-Luam-Ping/Chao Phraya interbasin transfer components TXLWHH[WUHPHEXWWKHFRVWEHQHÀWHFRQRPLFVRISXPSLQJ Coordinates: 17°4955N 97°4131E Yuam River From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Kongcharoen Nuthamon Phd
    Community Forest Management in Northern Thailand: Perspectives on Thai Legal Culture by Nuthamon Kongcharoen LL.B., Chulalongkorn University, 1990 LL.M., Chulalongkorn University, 1994 LL.M., Indiana University - Indianapolis, 2007 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Faculty of Law Nuthamon Kongcharoen, 2012 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Community Forest Management in Northern Thailand: Perspectives on Thai Legal Culture by Nuthamon Kongcharoen LL.B., Chulalongkorn University, 1990 LL.M., Chulalongkorn University, 1994 LL.M., Indiana University - Indianapolis, 2007 Supervisory Committee Dr. Andrew Harding (Faculty of Law) Co-Supervisor Dr. Philip Dearden (Department of Geography) Co-Supervisor Dr. Michael M’Gonigle (Faculty of Law) Committee Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Andrew Harding (Faculty of Law) Co-Supervisor Dr. Philip Dearden (Department of Geography) Co-Supervisor Dr. Michael M’Gonigle (Faculty of Law) Committee Member In northern Thailand, legal and social change creates dilemmas for forest conservation. On the one hand, Thailand suffers from severe deforestation and biodiversity degradation mainly as a result of human activities that overuse and encroach on forest areas. On the other hand, forestry law has, in turn, intruded on traditional communities that lived in and relied on the forest before modern state law diminished their lands and community rights. One of the potential solutions to this dilemma is community forest management (CFM), which acknowledges the forest stewardship of the communities who rely on the forest and helps them to become better forest protectors.
    [Show full text]
  • Opium Poppy Cultivation in the Golden Triangle Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand October 2006
    Central Committee for Drug Lao National Commission for Drug Office of the Narcotics Abuse Control Control and Supervision Control Board Opium Poppy Cultivation in the Golden Triangle Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand October 2006 CONTENTS PREFACE........................................................................................................................................3 FACT SHEET - GOLDEN TRIANGLE OPIUM SURVEYS 2006 ...........................................5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................7 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................19 COPING WITH CHANGE IN THE GOLDEN TRIANGLE - THE IMPACT OF OPIUM POPPY ELIMINATION ON RURAL LIVELIHOODS...........................................................21 METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCES ....................................................................................22 CHANGES SINCE OPIUM REDUCTION.......................................................................................24 VULNERABILITIES: HOUSEHOLDS AT HIGH RISK OF POVERTY .......................................27 COPING STRATEGIES: HOW UPLAND FARMERS MAKE A LIVING IN THE POST-OPIUM POPPY ENVIRONMENT.................................................................................................................30 TARGETING VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS..............................................................................33 FUTURE RISKS AND CHALLENGES
    [Show full text]
  • Understory Vegetation in Planted Pine Forests Governs Bird Community Composition and Diversity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region Uzi Dagan and Ido Izhaki*
    Dagan and Izhaki Forest Ecosystems (2019) 6:29 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-019-0186-y RESEARCH Open Access Understory vegetation in planted pine forests governs bird community composition and diversity in the eastern Mediterranean region Uzi Dagan and Ido Izhaki* Abstract Background: Managed forests can become a seminatural habitat by allowing natural vegetation to establish under the tree canopy. The aim of this study was to examine how this natural understory vegetation in pine plantations affects bird community composition and diversity. We compared bird communities in three types of pine forest plantations that differed in the composition of their understory vegetation. Results: One thousand four hundred seventy-six birds of 33 species were observed in the three different forest habitats over two years. We found that the presence and composition of understory vegetation had a major role in determining bird community composition, richness, complexity and diversity. Conclusions: To ensure pine forest with high biodiversity in the eastern Mediterranean region, the understory needs to be rich in shrubs that are attractive to birds and other natural fauna. Keywords: Pine forest, Plantation, Understory, Vegetation, Birds, Community composition, Diversity, Habitat structure Background Although Israeli forests were originally planted for tim- General ber or fuelwood, they have never been used for these pur- Seven percent (98,600 ha) of the state of Israel is covered poses. These forests suffered from diseases and over by managed forests, whereas only 1.3% (18,500 ha) is density and since the 80’s the JNF (Jewish National Fund) natural woodlands (CBS - Statistical abstract of Israel forests are not used anymore for wood supply but treated 2014; JNF 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Thailand & Laos
    ` Northern Thailand & Laos “The very best South East Asia has to offer the adventure motorcyclist” Highlights Include: Luang Prabang | Golden Triangle | Mekong River | White Temple | Tribal Villages Start/Finish Location: Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand Why go to Laos? Imagine a country where your pulse relaxes, smiles are genuine and locals are still curious about you. A place where it’s easy to make a quick detour and find yourself well and truly off the traveller circuit, in a landscape straight out of a daydream: jagged limestone cliffs, brooding jungle and the snaking Mekong River. Welcome to Laos, home to as many as 132 ethnic groups and a history steeped in war, imperialism as mysticism. Paddy fields glimmering in the post monsoon light, Buddhist temples winking through morning mist as monks file past French colonial villas… Motorcycling in South East Asia can only be described as an Adventure of a Lifetime and is a perfect mix of excellent roads, spectacular scenery, culinary delights and most of all very warm and welcoming people. Derek: +353 (0) 87 2538472 email: [email protected] David: +353 (0) 87 2982173 email: [email protected] Web www.overlanders.ie ` Included: • All B&B accommodation in good quality hotels. • Motorcycle rental of Suzuki V-Strom 650 or similar. • All Fuel • Support Vehicle • Licensed Tour Company / Guides / Permits (requirement) • Two motorcycle tour guides (One local and one Overlanders) Excluded: • All Flights • Lunch & Evening Meals • Local attraction entry fees etc. • Anything not listed above. Start/Finish location: Chiang Mai, Thailand. Hotel TBC FAQ: 1. What riding gear: We suggest bringing full summer type/ventilated protective motorcycle riding gear with removal inner/outer waterproof layer.
    [Show full text]
  • 16 Northern Thailand Changing Smallholder Land Use Patterns
    16 Northern Thailand Changing Smallholder Land Use Patterns Plodprasop Suraswadi Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives Bangkok, Thailand David E. Thomas World Agroforestry Centre Chiang Mai, Thailand Komon Pragtong Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives Bangkok, Thailand Pornchai Preechapanya Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives Chiang Mai, Thailand Horst Weyerhaeuser World Agroforestry Centre Kunming, Yunnan, China he Alternatives to Slash and Burn (asb) research program in north- Tern Thailand seeks to understand land use change in the mountainous mainland Southeast Asia (mmsea) ecoregion and to develop technologies and policies that can improve land use management and human welfare in the region. The mmsea includes the large region of hill and mountain ter- rain that joins the Himalayan mountains in southwestern China and extends through northern portions of Myanmar, Thailand, and Laos, to Vietnam in the east (figure 16.1). Several major river systems flow through or have head- waters in this region, also long known for its diverse ethnic composition and complex mosaic patterns of traditional land use that include shifting cultiva- tion. Because this region also includes most of what remains of mainland Southeast Asia’s rapidly dwindling forest resources, it is the focus of increasing environmental concern related to the use and management of surface water and biodiversity and to global climate change. Improving natural resource management, reducing rural poverty, and understanding the important role of socioeconomic context in which resource use decisions are made are key asb objectives. More specifically, given strong and growing concern over watersheds and river systems that support major lowland populations, their rice bowl production areas, and urban and indus- trial centers, asb chose watersheds as its unit of observation in establishing 356 National Perspectives Figure 16.1 Mountainous mainland Southeast Asia and the asb Thailand benchmark site.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Property ... Highlands and Lowlands.Pdf
    VORKSHOP IN POLITIC V- THEORY AND POLICY ANAUVGiS §13 NORTH PA3K SJVJ01AWA UWIVERSJ Tf SkGOMrNQTOK* INDIANA 47408-3186 Common Property Resource f.£ret*sr *nz.£~ -<.?/? as a Solution to the Conflict between Highlands and Lowlands. by Waranoot Tungittiplakorn Department of Geography University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada" Introduction Current forest management practices in the highlands of northern Thailand have failed in two ways. First, the state is unable to maintain the health of the forest. Second, the state cannot ensure equitable resource distribution. As a result, forests have become a battlefield where access and control over resources is determined by power. If the power differences between competing groups were great, the weaker groups may be defeated unnoticed. But when the strengths are on par, the battle is heighten, or more often, the struggle is at a deadlock. The purpose of this paper is to examine the case of conflict over forest resources f between the highlanders and the lowlanders in northern Thailand. The author proposes a way to mitigate the conflict through the use of communal property management. The paper first reviews the existing resource management systems of the three main groups living in the northern watersheds: the Karen, Hmong and Northern Thai (Khon Muang). It then looks at a particular case of conflict and explores how a communal property approach may be used to alleviate the competition. Background of the Area " The field work of this study was done in 1992 when the author was a student at the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand. 2 Northern Thailand is an area inhabited by diverse ethnic groups.
    [Show full text]