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Carrier Mediated Target Drug Delivery Systems International Journal of Pharmacy Teaching & Practices 2013, Vol.4, Issue 3, 701-709. Carrier Mediated Target Drug Delivery Systems: A Novel Approach - (An Overview) * 1 1 2 3 Shweta Pandey , Niraj , M.M. Gupta , Manish Jamini Department of Pharmaceutics, Jaipur College of Pharmacy, Jaipur, Rajasthan-302022, India INTRODUCTION Review Article 1 1 2 At present, no available drug delivery system behave Please cite this paper as: Shweta Pandey , Niraj , M.M. Gupta , ideally achieving all the lofty goals, but sincere Manish Jamini 3. Carrier Mediated Target Drug Delivery Systems: A attempts have been made to achieve them through Novel Approach -(An Overview). IJPTP, 2013, 4(3), 701-709. novel approaches in drug delivery. A number of Corresponding Author: novel drug delivery system has emerged encompassing various routes of administration, to SHWETA PANDEY achieve controlled and targeted drug delivery1. E -mail: [email protected] Targeted drug delivery is a method of delivering Mob no. - 8058750122 medication to a patient in a manner that increases Research scholar, M.Pharm Pharmaceutics, Jaipur college of pharmacy Jaipur (Raj.) – 302022, India the concentration of the medication in some parts of 2 the body relative to others . A number of drug delivery systems are currently under investigation to Abstract circumvent the limitation commonly found in conventional dosage forms and improve the Conventional dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, gels etc. potential of the respective drug. On the other hand, immediately provide drug delivery and it cause fluctuation of there has been a focus on the microenvironment of the cells and their interaction with these new drug level in blood. So for maintaining drug concentration 3 within therapeutic effective range and to deliver drug at dosage forms . Phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) specific site now a days target drug delivery system is one of were first described decades ago by Bangham et al. the most considerable novel approach towards drug delivery It has been shown that phospholipids spontaneously form closed structures when they are hydrated in system. Targeted drug delivery seeks to concentrate the 4 medication in the tissues of interest while reducing the relative aqueous solutions . On the basis of the ability of concentration of the medication in the remaining tissues thus liposomes to interact with cells and/or blood improving therapeutic index and bioavailability at site specific- components, at least two types of liposomes delivery . This improves efficacy of the drug while reducing currently can be designed including: (i) non- side effects. New drug delivery systems include lipidic, surface interactive sterically stabilized (long-circulating) liposomes (LCL) and; (ii) highly interactive cationic active agents, proteic and polymeric technologies to provide 5 new sustained drug delivery with better body distribution, liposomes . The main objective of drug delivery drug protection from the harsh ex-ternal environment and systems is to deliver a drug effectively, specifically to avoidance of drug clearance. Now a days various carrier the site of action and to achieve greater efficacy and minimise the toxic effects compared to conventional systems such as liposomes, niosomes, aquasomes, 6 pharmacosomes, dendrimers, nanoparticles, microspheres, drugs . There are now liposomal formulations of solid lipid nanoparticles, resealed erythrocytes etc. are used in conventional drugs that have received clinical target drug delivery system which provide site specific drug approval and many others in clinical trials that bring delivery. Target drug delivery system is used in various benefits of reduced toxicity and enhanced efficacy for the treatment of cancer and other life- diseases where it is very difficult for a drug molecule to reach 7 its destination in the complex cellular network of an organism. threatening diseases . One of the most prolific areas of liposome applications is in biochemical Key words: Novel drug delivery system, Targeted drug delivery investigations of conformation and function of system, Various carriers, Application. membrane proteins. These are the so-called reconstitution studies and purified membrane proteins, such as ion pumps ( sodiumpotassium-, or calcium-ATPases), or glucose transport proteins are reconstituted in their active form into liposomes and then studied8. Drug loading can be achieved either 701 International Journal of Pharmacy Teaching & Practices 2013, Vol.4, Issue 3, 701-709. passively (i.e. the drug is encapsulated during liposome specifically controlled during synthesis24. formation) or actively (i.e. after liposome formation)9. Major Microspheres received much attention not only for component of niosomes is non-ionic surfactant which give it prolonged release, but also for targeting of an advantage of being more stable when compared to anticancer drugs to the tumour. In future by liposomes thus overcoming the problems associated with combining various other strategies, microspheres liposomes i.e. susceptibility to oxidation, high price and the will find the central place in novel drug delivery, difficulty in procuring high purity levels which influence size, particularly in diseased cell sorting, diagnostics, gene shape and stability10, 31. Niosomes enhances the efficacy of & genetic materials, safe, targeted and effective in drug, such as nimesulide, flurbiprofen, piroxicam, vivo delivery and supplements as miniature versions ketoconazole and bleomycin exhibit more bioavailability than of diseased organ and tissues in the body25. A new the free drug11. They are osmotically active and stable, as well research that addresses from simple organoleptic or as they increase the stability of entrapped drug. Handling and technological problems to more complex issues storage of surfactants requires no special conditions. They involving the targeting of specific tissues and organs improve oral bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs12. has emerged. With the aim to reduce dosing Nanotechnology (nanomaterials and nanoscale devices) for frequency, to improve the compliance of the existing diagnosis, treatment and monitoring diseases is a fast pharmacotherapy and to target viral reservoirs, the developing area of biomedical research. It is an amalgamation design of novel drug delivery systems is becoming of engineering science with pharmaceutical and medical complementary to new drug discovery26. The sciences13. Development of nanostructures such as liposomes, current focus in development of cancer therapies is nanocapsules, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, on targeted drug delivery to provide therapeutic dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, etc, for delivery of concentrations of anticancer agents at the site of Drugs14. US FDA has approved in the recent past an IV action and spare the normal tissues27. Recent administered 130nm albumin nanoparticles loaded with studies revealed that a new formulation of small Paclitaxal (Abraxane) for cancer therapy15. The major goals in sized (less than 100 nm) long circulating liposomes designing nanoparticles as a delivery system are to control appears to offer selective tumor localization. This particle size, surface properties and release of localization is probably related to long circulation pharmacologically active agents in order to achieve the site- time of liposome and to increase probability for specific action of the drug at the therapeutically optimal rate extravagation to the tumor vascular endothelium28. and dose regimen16. The SLNs are sub-micron colloidal carrier Nanoparticles serving in anticancer therapies may be which is composed of physiological lipid, dispersed in water or comprised, in whole or in part, of various lipids and in an aqueous surfactant solution17. SLNs as colloidal drug natural and synthetic polymers. Most commonly carrier combines the advantage of polymeric nanoparticles fat used synthetic polymers to prepare nanoparticles emulsions and liposomes18. Aquasomes are used for drug and for drug delivery are biodegradable29. Cardiovascular antigen delivery. Properties like protection and preservation of disease processes such as atherosclerosis, fragile biological molecules, conformational integrity, and restenosis, and inflammation are typically localized surface exposure made it as a successful carrier system for to discrete regions of the vasculature, affording bioactive molecules like peptide, protein, hormones, antigens great opportunity for targeted pharmacological and genes to specific sites19,30. It has been reported treatment. Liposomes are potentially advantageous haemoglobin loaded aquasomes using hydroxyapatite core as targeted drug carriers for such intravascular potential artificial oxygen carrying system20. Pharmacosomes applications30,31. Nanomedicines marked the field of are the colloidal dispersions of drugs bound medicine from nanobiotechnology, biological micro- covalently,electrostatically or by hydrogen bonds to electromechanical systems, microfluidics, phospholipids, and may exist as ultrafine vesicular, Micellar, or biosensors, drug delivery, microarrays to tissue hexagonal aggregates, depending on the chemical structure of microengineering. Since then nanoparticles has drug-lipid complex21. Erythrocytes have been the most overcome many challenges from blood brain barrier interesting carrier and have found to possess great potential in to targeting tumors. Where solid biodegradable drug targeting. Resealed erythrocytes are gaining more nanoparticles
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