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Human Resource Development Sector Report

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Human Resource
Development

S e c t o r R e p o r t

July 2021

Copyright © 2021 Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office (DMEO), NITI Aayog, Government of India

All rights reserved. This report or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of DMEO, NITI Aayog, Government of India.

All information, ideas, views, opinions, estimates, advice, suggestions, recommendations (hereinafter 'content') in this publication should neither be understood as professional advice in any manner nor interpreted as policies, objectives, opinions or suggestions of the Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office (DMEO), NITI Aayog. Readers are advised to use their discretion and seek professional advice before taking any action or decision, based on the contents of this publication. The content in this publication has been obtained or derived from sources believed by DMEO to be reliable but DMEO does not represent this information to be accurate or complete. DMEO does not assume any responsibility and disclaim any liability for any loss, damages, caused due to any reason whatsoever, towards any person (natural or legal) who uses this publication.

Analysis by KPMG Advisory services Private Limited Survey Partner Hansa Research Group Private Limited

www.dmeo.gov.in www.niti.gov.in

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Preface

The Government of India (GoI) spends close to Rs. 14 lakh crores annually on development activities, through nearly 750 schemes implemented by Union Ministries. To improve the effectiveness and efficiency of public finance, and the quality of service-delivery to citizens, all schemes have been mandated to undergo third party evaluations, to provide an evidentiary foundation for scheme continuation from 2021-22 to 2025-26. In 2019, the Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office (DMEO), NITI Aayog was assigned the task of evaluating 28 Umbrella Centrally Sponsored Schemes (UCSS), which are schemes/programmes funded jointly by the Centre and the States and implemented by the States. This historic exercise, undertaken between April 2019 and February 2021, evaluated 125 Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS), under 10 Sectors, together covering close to 30% of the GoI’s development expenditure, amounting to approximately Rs. 3 lakh crore (USD 43 billion) per annum.

In order to fulfil this mandate to the highest standard possible, to optimize both the robustness and the uptake of the evidence generated, DMEO adopted a nationally representative mixed methods evaluation methodology and a consultative review process for the reports. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis of secondary literature, analysis was done at three levels: the sector, the umbrella CSS and the scheme itself. The studies thus produced then underwent a review process involving consultations with NITI Aayog subject matter divisions, concerned Ministries and Departments, and external experts.

The present report is an outcome of this evaluation study and presents an analysis of the Human Resource Development Sector based on primary and secondary data collection. In this Report, we seek to cover the education sector in India, identifying the intended and actual contribution of GoI schemes to sector outcomes. This includes areas for more focused effort to achieve national priorities/SDGs. It also identifies opportunities for convergence of the schemes within the sector to other developmental programmes of the Central and the State Governments as well as with private sector, corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts, international, multilateral and bilateral aid, etc.

We hope that this Report will further our understanding of the Human Resource Development Sector and help us move towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and the National Development Agenda, to promote the well-being of all sovereign citizens of India.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to express our gratitude to Dr. Rajiv Kumar, Vice-Chairman NITI Aayog, and Shri Amitabh Kant, Chief Executive Officer, who have been the driving force, first in entrusting this important responsibility to the Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office (DMEO) and subsequently as mentors throughout the study, in providing all necessary support and guidance for the completion of the project. We also express our gratitude to the Ministry of Finance for recognizing the crucial need for evidence in the deliberations and decisions pertaining scheme budget allocations.

Our invaluable partners in this exercise have been the Department of School Education & Literacy and Department of Higher Education, with all its officials, without whose cooperation this evaluation would not have been possible. We are grateful to them for providing us access to available data, for patiently sharing their expertise through Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), and for providing their vital comments on the draft reports during various stages of the study.

In our federal structure, equally important partners in this endeavour have been the State Governments of Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Odisha, Puducherry, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh, and their Chief Secretaries. Officials across the State governments have extended their gracious cooperation to the study, for which we are deeply thankful.

Next, we must thank our external experts, Ms. Vrinda Sarup, Former Secretary, Ministry of Education, Prof. Furqan Qamar, Former VC, University of Rajasthan & Central University of Himachal Pradesh and Prof. Kartik Muralidharan, Professor, UC San Diego for helping refine and rationalize the report through their insightful comments, corrections and feedback. From the fundamentals of the sector to the latest developments, they helped ensure that the report was as comprehensive, cogent and technically robust as possible, within the short timeframes available.

M/s KPMG Advisory Services Private Ltd., the consultant firm, has done a remarkable job, particularly given the significant challenges of scale, time and resources presented by this project. Adding to the constraints, the global pandemic and the COVID-19 lockdown did not stop them from delivering top quality work. Particular appreciation is due to Mr. Madhavan Vilvarayanallur, Partner, Prof. Padma Sarangapani, Team Leader and their core team viz., Mr. Narayanan Ramaswamy, Deputy Team Leader, Ms. Neena Jha, Education Expert, Ms. Preeti Sitaram, Economist, Ms. Ruchi Singhal, M&E Expert and the support team viz., Ms. Shriti Singh, Project Manager, Ms. Poornima Kharbanda, Team Member, Ms. Rashi Trivedi, Team Member, Ms. Gayathri Raman, Team Member, Mr. Sankalp Akshay, Team Member, Mr. Saket Jain, Team Member, Ms. Subadra Kalyanaraman, Team Member, Ms. Kavita Rajagopalan, Team Member, Mr., Mayank Lodha, Team Member and Ms. Mahalakshmy Gopalswamy, Team Member and the field partner for the study - Hansa Research Group Pvt. Ltd.

At NITI Aayog, this exercise would not have gotten off the ground without the consistent support of the Procurement Management Committee and Bid Evaluation Committee, particularly Mr. Sonjoy Saha, Adviser (PPP/PAMD), Mr. Alok Kumar, Ex-Adviser (Admin) and Ms. Sanchita Shukla, Director, Internal Finance Division. Staffs at the NITI Aayog HRD vertical, particularly Mr. Alok Kumar, Ex-Adviser, Dr. Prem Singh, Adviser, Mr. Ashish Kumar, Director and Mr. Harshit Mishra, Senior Research Officer have also been instrumental in seeing this project to fruition. The Internal Finance Division further merits special mention here for their extensive efforts.

DMEO team has been at the core of the studies - in this sector specifically, Ms. Gunjan Saini, Ms. Surabhi Seth, Ms. Vatsala Aggarwal, Ms. Ayesha Ajaz and Mr. P J Radhakrishnan worked on every

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last detail of this herculean endeavour, under the guidance of Mr. Alok Mishra, Deputy Director General. Across packages, Deputy Director General Mr. Ashutosh Jain also oversaw coordination, standardization and monitoring of the study design, analysis and implementation processes. They were supported by the Evaluations Core Team: Dr. Shweta Sharma, Mr. Anand Trivedi, Ms. Sanjana Manaktala, Ms. Vatsala Aggarwal, Mr. O.P. Thakur and Mr. Jayanta Patel. The DMEO administration and accounts officers, including Mr. D. Bandopadhyay, Mr. Munish Singhal, Mr. D.S. Sajwan, Mr. Manoj Kumar and others provided vital support on documentation, approvals, payments etc.

In accordance with the massive scope and scale of the exercise, this report owes its successful completion to the dedicated efforts of a wide variety of stakeholders.

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Table of Contents

Preface...................................................................................................................................................................................2 Acknowledgements .........................................................................................................................................................4 List of Figures.....................................................................................................................................................................8 List of Tables.......................................................................................................................................................................9 List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................................10 Education Sector............................................................................................................................................................15

1.1. Overview of school education ....................................................................................................................16 1.2. Key goals and policies shaping school education...............................................................................19 1.3. Key trends in school education..................................................................................................................20

2. Higher Education .................................................................................................................................................42
2.1. Overview of higher education ....................................................................................................................42 2.2. Key goals and policies shaping higher education...............................................................................46 2.3. Key trends in higher education..................................................................................................................48

3. Teacher Education...............................................................................................................................................56
3.1. Overview of teacher education ..................................................................................................................56 3.2. Key goals and policies shaping teacher education.............................................................................58 3.3. Key trends in teacher education................................................................................................................60

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List of Figures

Figure 1: Stages of education along with primary ownership of management by the Government ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 17

Figure 2: Size of K12 Education sector in India, INR Billion........................................................................ 17 Figure 3: Components of budget of Department of School Education and Literacy, INR Cr.......... 18 Figure 4: Goals and Targets for education sector in Transformational Phase as per India@ 75 Strategy.............................................................................................................................................................................. 19

Figure 5: GER for all levels of Education- Source: U-DISE Report Cards................................................ 22 Figure 6: GER vs NER across all levels of education ....................................................................................... 24 Figure 7: Transition Rate in Elementary and Secondary Education ........................................................ 25 Figure 8: Drop-Out Rate in Elementary and Secondary Education .......................................................... 26 Figure 9: Mean years of Schooling vs Per Capita income.............................................................................. 27 Figure 10: GER of Girls in school education ....................................................................................................... 33 Figure 11: Overview of regulatory bodies in higher education ................................................................. 42 Figure 12: Y-o-Y enrolment of students in Higher Education in India, Lakh........................................ 43 Figure 13: Budgetary components of Department of Higher Education................................................ 44 Figure 14: Key higher education scheme/initiatives announced in the last 5-6 years .................... 45 Figure 15: Colleges per Lakh Population and Average Enrolment Density in Colleges ................... 49 Figure 16: Relative performance of the states on SC Higher Education GER in 2019 ...................... 50 Figure 17: Relative performance of the states on ST Higher Education GER in 2019 ...................... 50 Figure 18: Year wise employability percentage since 2014........................................................................ 52 Figure 19: Enrolment trend in Teacher Education stream in recent years, in Lakhs ....................... 57 Figure 20: Secondary Teacher Vacancies Figure 21: Elementary Teacher Vacancies...................... 64 Figure 22: Higher Secondary Teacher Vacancies............................................................................................. 64

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List of Tables

Table 1: Schools by Management Category, 2017-18..................................................................................... 16 Table 2: Goals and Targets for education sector in Transformational Phase under Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)........................................................................................................................................ 19

Table 3: Transition Rates (2017-18)..................................................................................................................... 25 Table 4: Average Annual Dropout Rate for Boys and Girls .......................................................................... 26 Table 5: Enrolment density across schools of all management ................................................................. 28 Table 6: Break up of standalone schools in India along with minimum share of enrolment......... 28 Table 7: Gender Parity Index (GPI) by Education Levels, 2018-19 .......................................................... 32 Table 8: Average Performance of Students in NAS 2017.............................................................................. 35 Table 9: Average Score in National Achievement Survey (NAS) for Class 10 ...................................... 36 Table 10: Status of infrastructural facilities in Elementary Govt. schools as per RTE...................... 37 Table 11: Status of infrastructure in Govt. and Govt. aided schools in Secondary and Higher Secondary Education ................................................................................................................................................... 38

Table 12: Share of Govt and Govt Aided Institutes and Enrolment in Govt and Govt Aided Institutes ........................................................................................................................................................................... 43

Table 13: Comparison of 18-23 Year Population and College Density in 2018-19............................ 48 Table 14: Change in GER among SC, ST, women............................................................................................... 49 Table 15: Comparison of the research output of India with respect to the global benchmarks .. 52 Table 16: Comparison of the research output of India with respect to the global benchmarks .. 53 Table 17: Status of Indian Higher Education Institutes on Global rankings ......................................... 54 Table 18: Key teacher education initiatives announced in last 5-6 years.............................................. 58

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List of Acronyms

  • AEC
  • Adult Education Centre

  • AIE
  • Alternative Innovative Education Component

All India Council for Technical Education All India Survey of Higher Education All India Senior School Certificate Examination All India Secondary School Examination Automated Monitoring System Automated Reporting and Management System Average Rate of Return Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme Annual Status of Education Report Annual Work Plan and Budget Block Coordinators
AICTE AISHE AISSCE AISSE AMS ARMS AROR ARWSP ASER AWP&B BS

  • BDO
  • Block Development Officer

  • BEO
  • Block Education Officer

BITE BRC
Block Institute of Teacher Education Block Resource Centre
BRGF BRICS BTC
Backward Regions Grants Fund Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa Basic Training Certificate
CABE CAGR CAG
Central Advisory Board of Education Compounded Annual Growth Rate Comptroller and Auditor General

  • Computer Aided Learning
  • CAL

CBCS CBSE CSF
Choice Based Credit System Central Board of Secondary Education Central Square Foundation

  • CCH
  • Cook Cum Helper

CEO-ZP CGA CGBA CGFEL CII
Chief Executive Officer-Zila Parishad Comptroller General of Accounts Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability Credit Guarantee Fund for Educational Loans Confederation of Indian Industry Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey Centre of Excellence
CNNS COE CONCOR CRC
Container Corporation of India Ltd. Cluster Resource Centre

  • CSS
  • Centrally Sponsored Scheme

CSR CSSTE CTE
Corporate Social Responsibility Centrally Sponsored Scheme on Teacher Education College of Teacher Education
CTET CUHS CWSN DBT
Central Teacher Eligibility Test Central University of Himalayan Studies Children with Special Needs Direct Benefit Transfer

  • DC
  • District Coordinators

DEIC DEO
District Early Intervention Centres District Education Officer

  • DIB
  • Development Impact bond

D. El. Ed. DIET DoSEL DPEP DPO
Diploma in Elementary Education District Institute of Education and Training Department of School Education and Literacy District Primary Education Program District Project Officer

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EBB ECCE ECD EdCIL EGS
Educationally Backward Blocks Early Childhood Care and Education Early Childhood Education Education Consultants of India Limited Education Guarantee Scheme Education Quality Upgradation and Inclusion Programme Environmental Studies
EQUIP EVS

  • FDI
  • Foreign Direct Investment

FGD FM&P FPO FY
Focus Group Discussions Financial Management and Procurement Farmer Producer Organization Financial Year
GAR GDP GER GERD GIAN GoI
Gross Access Ratio Gross Domestic Product Gross Enrolment Ratio Gross Expenditure on Research and Development Global Initiative for Academic Network Government of India

  • GP
  • Gram Panchayat

GPDP GPI
Gram Panchayat Development Plan Gender Parity Index
GSDP HEFA HEGC HEI
Gross State Domestic Product Higher Education Financing Agency Higher Education Grants Council Higher Educational Institutions

  • Household
  • HH

  • HR
  • Human Resource

HRD IASE ICDS ICSE ICT IDMI IEC IEDSS IIT
Human Resource Development Institute of Advanced Studies in Education Integrated Child Development Services Indian Certificate of Secondary Education Information and Communication Technology Infrastructure Development of Minority Institutions Information, Education and Communication Inclusive Education for Disabled at Secondary Stage Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Indian Institute of Information Technology Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Impacting Research Innovation and Technology Impactful Policy Research in Social Science Institution of Eminence
IIIT IISER IIEST IMPRINT IMPRESS IoE

  • INR
  • Indian Rupees

ISSE IT
Integrated Scheme for School Education Information Technology
IVRS JRM
Interactive Voice Response Joint Review Mission

  • JSS
  • Jan Shikshan Sansthans

KGVB KII
Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Key Informant Interview

  • K12
  • Kindergarten to Grade 12

KRP KVS LEP
Key Resource Person Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan Learning Enhancement Programmes

  • Learning Outcome Indicators
  • LOI

  • LPG
  • Liquified Petroleum Gas

  • LWE
  • Left Wing Effected Districts

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