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Reproductive Morphology Way to Success 11th Bio-Botany Reproductive Morphology Way to success UNIT – II CHAPTER - 4 REPRODUCTIVE MORPHOLOGY Important points to remember: 1. Flowers have been a universal cultural object for millennia. Exchange of flowers marks respect, affection, happiness, and love. 2. Flower helps a plant to reproduce its own kind. Inflorescence is a group of flowers arising from a branched or unbranched axis with a definite pattern. 3. Based on position of inflorescences, it may be classified into 3 major types. They are, 1. Terminal Inflorescence 2. Axillary Inflorescence 3. Cauliflorous Inflorescence 4. Based on branching pattern & other characters, we can classify 4 types of Inflorescence. They are , 1. Racemose (or) Indeterminate 2.Cymose (or) Determinate 3. Mixed inflorescence 4. Special inflorescence 5. The central axis of the inflorescence (peduncle) possesses terminal bud which is capable of growing continuously, old flowers are at the base and younger flowers and buds are towards the apex is called Racemose inflorescence. 6. Racemose is divided into 3 types based on growth pattern of main axis. They are, 1. Main axis elongated 2. Main axis shortened . Main axis flattened 7. Main axis elongated can be further divided into , a) Simple raceme b) Spike, c) Spikelet, d) Catkin, e) Spadix and f) Panicle. 8. 1. Main axis shortened is divided into 2 types. They are, a) Corymb and b) Umbel. 2. Main axis flattened (or) Globose is divided into Head inflorescence. 9. The head inflorescence is otherwise known as capitulum. It is found in the member of Asteraceae and Rubiaceae. 10. Central axis stops growing and ends in a flower, further growth is by means of axillary buds. Old flowers present at apex and young flowers at base is called Cymose inflorescence. 11. Cymose inflorescence is divided into the following. 1. Simple cyme (solitary) 2. Monochasial Cyme (uniparous) – (i) Helicoid (ii) Scorpiod 3. Simple dichasium (Biparous) 4. Compound dichasium 12. Mixed type of Inflorescences in which both racemose and cymose patterns of development occur in a mixed manner. It is of the following two types. 1. Thyrsus 2. Verticil or Verticillaster 13. The inflorescences do not show any of the development pattern types are classified under special type of inflorescence. They are divided into 3 types. 1. Cyathium 2. Hypanthodium 3. Coenanthium 14. The flower is a modified condensed reproductive shoot. The growth of the flower shoot is determinate. The flower is a significant diagnostic feature of angiosperms. 15. In a flower, there are 2 whorls accessory and essential. Accessory whorl consists of calyx and corolla and essential whorl comprises of androecium and gynoecium. 16. 1. Complete Flower - Flower is said to be Complete when it contains all four whorls. 2. Incomplete Flower - It is devoid of one or more whorls. [email protected] - 31 - www.waytosuccess.org 11th Bio-Botany Reproductive Morphology Way to success 17. Perfect or bisexual Flower (monoclinous): When a flower contains both androecium and gynoecium is called perfect flower. 18. Imperfect or unisexual (diclinous): When the flower contains only one of the essential whorls is called Imperfect flower. It is of two types. 1. Staminate flowers - Flowers only with androecium. 2. Pistillate flowers - Flowers with only gynoecium 19. 1. Hermaphroditic: All the flowers of the plant are bisexual. 2. Monoecious (mono-one; oikos-house): Both male and female flowers are present in the same plant. 20. 1. Dioecious (di-two: oikos-house): Male and Female flowers are present on separate plants. 2. Polygamous: The condition in which bisexual and unisexual (staminate/pistillate) flowers occur in a same plant is called polygamous. 21. A flower is symmetrical when it is divided into equal halves in any plane running through the center. Flower symmetry is an important structural adaptation related to pollination systems. 1. Actinomorphic (or) radial or polysymmetric – E.g. Hibiscus, Datura, water lily. 2. Zygomorphic (bilateral symmetry) or monosymmetric – E.g. Pisum, Bean. 3. Asymmetric (amorphic) – E.g. Canna indica 22. The position of perianth (sepals, petals, tepals) parts relative to one another is called perianth arrangement. It is of 3 types. 1. Cyclic or whorled 2. Acyclic or spiral 3. Spirocyclic or hemicyclic 23. Cycly: It explains the number of whorls of floral parts. Perianth cycly is the number of whorls of perianth (sepals, petals) parts. It is of 6 types. 1. Uniseriate 2. Biseriate (dicyclic) 3. Multiseriate 4. Dichlamydeous 5. Homochlamydeous 6. Achlamydeous 24. Number of floral parts per whorl is called merosity. Perianth merosity is the number of perianth parts per whorl. 25. Calyx protects the flower in bud stage. Outermost whorl of flower is calyx. Unit of calyx is sepal. It is normally green in colour. 26. Corolla is the most attractive part in majority of the flowers and is usually brightly coloured) Corolla helps to display the flower and attracts the pollinators. 27. Undifferentiated Calyx and Corolla in a flower is called Perianth. Each member is called tepal. 28. Aestivation: Arrangement of sepals and petals in the flower bud is called aestivation. It is divided into 1. Valvate, 2. Twisted, 3. Imbricate 4. Quincuncial and 5. Vexillary 29. Androecium: Androecium is the third whorl of flower is the male reproductive part of the flower. It is composed of stamens (microsporophylls). 30. Gynoecium or pistil is the female reproductive part of the flower. A pistil consists of ovary, style and stigma. 31. 1. Staminode: Sterile stamens are called Staminodes. E.g. Cassia 2. Pistillode: A reduced sterile pistil. Example: ray floret of head infloresencein Helianthus. 32. Hypanthium: (staminal disk); a fleshy, elevated often nectariferous cup like thalamus. 33. A floral formula is a simple way to explain the salient features of a flower. 34. The floral diagram is a representation of the cross section of the flower. It represents floral whorls arranged as viewed from above. 35. Fruits are the products of pollination and fertilization. The fruit is a fertilized and ripened ovary, the seed is a fertilized and ripened ovule. [email protected] - 32 - www.waytosuccess.org 11th Bio-Botany Reproductive Morphology Way to success 36. Fruits are classified into various types: I. 1. True fruit 2. False fruit 3. Parthenocarpic fruit II. 1. Simple fruit 2. Aggregate fruit 3. Multiple fruit 37. The fruits are derived from a single ovary of a flower. Example: Mango, Tomato. 38. Aggregate fruits develop from a single flower having an apocarpous pistil. Each of the free carpel is develops into a simple fruitlet. A collection of simple fruitlets makes an aggregate fruit. E.g. Magnolia 39. A Multiple or composite fruit develops from the whole inflorescence along with its peduncle on which they are borne. Example: Jack fruit, Ficus 40. The seed is a fertilized mature ovule which possess an embryonic plant, usually stores food material and has a protective coat. 41. I. Based on the number of cotyledons present two types of seeds are recognized. 1. Dicotyledonous seed 2. Monocotyledonous seed II. Based on the presence or absence of the endosperm the seed is of two types. 1. Albuminous or Endospermous seed 2. Ex-albuminous or non-endospermous seed TEXTUAL QUESTIONS 1. Vexillary aestivation is characteristic of the family a) Fabaceae b) Asteraceae c) Solanaceae d) Brassicaceae 2. Gynoecium with united carples is termed as a) Apocarpous b) Multicarpellary c) Syncarpous d) None of the above 3. Aggregate fruit develops from a) Multicarpellary, apocarpous ovary b) Multicarpellary, syncarpous ovary c) Multicarpellary ovary d) Whole inflorescence 4. In an inflorescence where flower sare borne laterally in an acropetal succession the position of the youngest floral bud shall be a) Proximal b) Distal c) Intercalary d) Anywhere 5. A true fruit is the one where a) Only ovary of the flower develops into fruit b) Ovary and calyx of the flower develops into fruit c) Ovary, calyx and thalamus of the flower develops into fruit. d) All floral whorls of the flower develops into fruit. ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS 6. The example of terminal inflorescence a) Nerium oleander b) Hibiscus rosa-sinensis c) Theobroma cocoa d) Couropita guianensis 7. What type of inflorescence seen in Theobroma cocoa? a) Terminal b) Axillary c) Cauliflorous d) None of them 8. It is an unbranched indeterminate inflorescence with sessile flowers. a) Simple raceme b) Spike c) Panicle d) Corymb 9. A pair of inflorescence bracts called __________ is present at the base of the spikelet. a) Capitulum b) Pedicle c) glumes d) Peduncle 10. Each sessile flower in spikelet has lemma, and Palea. They are a) Bract and bracteole b) bracteole and bract c) bisexual and unisexual d) unisexual and bisexual 11. Spathe is a brightly coloured or hard bract seen in the following inflorescence a) Head b) Umbel c) Spike d) Spadix [email protected] - 33 - www.waytosuccess.org 11th Bio-Botany Reproductive Morphology Way to success 12. The other name of Compound Raceme or ‘Raceme of racemes’. a) Simple raceme b) Panicle c) Corymb d) Spike 13. The Example of Compound Umbel inflorescence a) Daucas carota b) Coriandrum sativum c) Memecylon edule d) All of them 14. Head inflorescence is a characteristic inflorescence of the family a) Fabaceae b) Poaceae c) Solanaceae d) Asteraceae 15. Homogamous head inflorescence in Vernonia has a) Disc florets b) male flower c) both of them d) None of them 16. Heterogamous head inflorescence is seen in a) Helianthus b) Tridax c) both of them d) Sonchus 17. The other name of Monochasial cyme a) Biparous b) multiparous c) uniparous d) None of them 18. Polychasial cyme is seen in a) Heliotropium b) Nerium c) Jasminum d) Clerodendron 19. This inflorescence is called as “Raceme of cymes” a) Scorpiod cyme b) Cyathium c) Coenanthium d) Thyrsus 20. In this inflorescence nectar is present in involucre a) Cyathium b) Verticil c) Coenanthium d) Simple raceme 21.
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