…… ...

Nokia] [Source:

Lecture 9 Lecture Chair Mobile of Business & Multilateral Security Telekom Deutsche Goethe University Frankfurt a. M. Johann Wolfgang Mobile Business I (WS 2015/16) Mobile Kai Rannenberg Dr. Prof.

Mobile Devices Mobile …… ... 2

Mobile Devices Devices Mobile Overview Display Display I/O for Means Accumulators Memory, andProcessors, Storage

§ § § §

Components of Mobile Devices Mobile of Components Introduction Introduction Categorisation Mobile of Devices

§ § §

…… ... 3

Mobile Device Device Mobile Mobile Terminal vs. vs. Terminal Mobile emphasises the fact that that fact the emphasises is a small, handheld handheld is a small, device represents the end of a a the end of device represents

Mobile Mobile Device

Mobile Terminal Terminal Mobile A communications link the or edge node of network. a communications the mobile the mobile computing device.

§ § …… ... 4

Windhorst Xelibri Yulong ZTE Philips Sagem Sendo Siemens Sony TCL Communication Telepong Telit Telme Toshiba Trium

§ § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § (including some historic ones) Device Manufacturers and Brands Brands and Manufacturers Device

Mobile Mobile Nokia Panasonic Microsoft NEC HTC HTC LG Electronics Blackberry Bosch Ericsson Audiovox Benefon BenQ Alcatel Apple

§ § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § …… ... 5

6.3 5.7 5.5 16.7 21.9 13.5 30.4 100.0

1Q05 1Q05 Market by Vendor by - to End Users Users End to others In 1.000 Units In 1.000 Units Ü 9,905.8 24,479.8 54,960.1 11,464.2 30,143.3 10,209.5 39,829.5 180,992.2 1Q05 1Q05 units Q1-2015 vs. Q1-2005 7.2 4.3 4.2 4.0 3.1 2.7 40.1 21.3 13.1 100.0 Based on [Gartner2015] and [Gartner2006] Share (%) Share

1Q15 1Q15 Market others Ü 97,986 60,177 33,002 19,637 19,280 18,590 14,189 12,600 184,799.9 460,261.7 1Q15 1Q15 units Worldwide Sales TOTAL in 1Q15 both and Motorola by phones mobile include sales of Lenovo for results * *The Others BenQ Mobile Com. TCL Communication TCL ZTE Huawei LG Electronics (former LG) (former LG Electronics Lenovo*/Motorola Microsoft (former Nokia) Nokia) (former Microsoft Samsung Apple Company …… ... 6

3.3 3.9 3.2 2.1 2.7 3.1 1.7 9.6

11.1 34.8 24.5 100.0 by Vendor Vendor by to End Users Users End to 1Q14 1Q14 Market (%) Share

Based on [Gartner2015] Q1-2015 vs. Q1-2014 Q1-2015 vs. Q1-2014 7,791 9,634 In 1.000 Units Units In 1.000 11,956 13,845 43,062 49,689 14,882 17,292 14,574

110,046 156,195.0 448,966.1 1Q14 Units

3.1 2.7 1.8 7.2 4.3 4.2 4.0 3.2 35.2 21.3 13.1 100.0 1Q15 1Q15 Market (%) Share

8,158 Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales 14,189 12,600 97,986 60,177 33,002 19,637 19,280 18,590 14,740

161,901.9 460,261.7 Units 1Q15

Total

(former (former

Micromax Others TCL Communication ZTE LG Electronics Lenovo* Huawei Samsung Apple Microsoft Nokia) Company …… ... 7

] 3.2 4.9 2.3 1.9 2.9 2.3 2.4 5.0 33.6 17.7 23.8 100.0 by Vendor Vendor by Share (%) Share Gartner2013a In 1.000 Units Units In 1.000 [ 2011 Market

2011 Units 43,266.9 89,263.2 56,881.8 86,370.9 40,663.4 34,037.5 51,541.9 40,269.1 595886.9 315,052.2 422,478.3 2012 vs. 2011 – A Decline? 2011 – A vs. 2012 1,775,712.0

1.8 7.5 3.9 3.3 2.7 2.1 2.0 1.9 33.6 22.0 19.1 100.0 Share (%) Share 2012 Market

Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales to End Users Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales to End Users 2012 Units [Statista2014] 67,344.4 58,015.9 47,288.3 37,176.6 34,210.3 33,916.3 32,121.8 587399.6 384,631.2 333,938.0 130,133.2 1,746,175.6

Cf. TOTAL Units sold in 2013: 1,820,200.0 Units sold TOTAL Cf. Others TOTAL Motorola Motorola HTC Huawei Technologies Technologies Huawei Communication TCL Research In Motion Nokia Nokia Apple ZTE LG Electronics Company Samsung …… ... 8

9% 5% 6% 21% 14% 46% 100% Share (%) Share by Vendor Vendor by to End Users Users End to 2Q15 2Q15 Market [Statista2015] 72,9 47,5 29,6 16,2 19,1 Units 341,4 156,1 2Q15 2Q15 Q3-2015 vs. Q2-2015 Q3-2015 vs. Q2-2015 In 1.000 Units In 1.000 Units 7% 5% 5% 24% 14% 45% 100% Share (%) Share 3Q15 3Q15 Market 48 19 84,5 26,5 18,3 Units Worldwide Sales 355,2 159,1 3Q15 3Q15 Xiaomi* Others TOTAL Huawei* Lenovo* Samsung Apple Company …… ... 9

by Vendor Vendor by 6.1 6.6 4.3 to End Users Users End to 12.2 44.6 26.2 100.0 Share (%) Share 2Q14 2Q14 Market In 1.000 Units In 1.000 Units Q2-2015 vs. Q2-2014 Q2-2015 vs. Q2-2014

Units 2Q14 76,129.2 35,345.3 17,657.7 19,081.2 12,540.8 129,630.2 290,384.4

7.8 5.0 4.9 45.9 21.9 14.6 100.0 Share (%) Share 2Q15 2Q15 Market Worldwide Smartphone Sales

Units 2Q15 16,405.9 16,064.9 72,072.5 48,085.5 25,825.8 151,221.7 329,676.4

*The results for Lenovo include sales of mobile phones by Lenovo and Motorola both in 2Q15 and 2Q14. in 2Q15 both and Motorola by Lenovo phones mobile include sales of Lenovo for results *The Source: [Gartner2015a]

Total Xiaomi Others Huawei Lenovo* Samsung Apple Company …… ... 10

[Gartner2013b] [Gartner2013b] in Q2-2013 in Q2-2013 Worldwide Smartphone Sales Worldwide Smartphone Sales

“ accounted for 51.8 percent “Smartphones accounted 51.8 for percent sales surpassing feature phone sales for time.” the first of mobile phone sales in the second quarter 2013, of resulting in smartphone

§ …… ...

11 Evolution of Mobile Devices Multimedia applications (MP3, radio, radio, (MP3, applications Multimedia to execute 3rd party Possibility Sensors (microphone, camera, GPS, …) Data Services (Internet connectivity) Short Message Service (SMS) (IVR) Response Interactive Voice capabilities telephony General video, TV, etc.) TV, video,

• • • • • • • Development of device capabilities

§ Complexity Complexity

…… ...

Google Google ©

12

Microoptical Microoptical © Examples 2013 2010 2007

2001

New York Times Times York New ©

2006

IBM IBM © Evolution of Mobile Devices 2005 1973

…… ... 13 Size Size Mobile Devices Devices Mobile

Everybody

Everybody Everybody ? … devices. devices. smaller wants

§ § …… ... 14

2015 7,645 55,032 320,964 261,657 1,946,456 2,591,753 In 1.000 Units In 1.000 Units

2014 5,381 32,251 276,221 256,308 [Gartner2013c, 2013d, 2014] [Gartner2013c, 1,862,766 2,432,927

2013 2,981 21,517 296,131 206,807 1,806,964 2,334,400

- by Segment - 2014 View 2012 9,787 341,273 120,203 1,746,177 2,217,440 Worldwide Device Shipments Worldwide Device Shipments

Thin, light, )

Ultramobiles

Worldwide device shipments and projections by segment show Worldwide a shift in consumer preferences: preferences: in consumer a shift The reason may be an increasing on focus energy efficiency and weight.

TOTAL Mobile PhoneMobile Other (Hybrid and Clamshell) slate or hybrid,or slate e.g. Chromebooks Tablet PC (Desk-based and Notebook) ( Ultramobile Device Type Device § § …… ... 15

89 244 233 322 566 2,062 2017 2,628 68 228 243 311 539 [Gartner2015b] [Gartner2015b] 2,007 2016 In 1.000 Units In 1.000 Units 2,546 49 251 214 300 514 1,94 2015 2,454 37 277 226 314 540 1,879 2014 2,419 by Segment – 2015 View Worldwide Device Shipments Worldwide Device Shipments category includes devices such as, iPad, iPad mini, Tab S 10.5, Nexus Tab mini, Samsung Galaxy iPad category includes devices such as, iPad, category includes devices such as Microsoft's Windows 8 x86 products and Apple's Apple's 8 Intel x86 products and category includes devices such Windows as Microsoft's Device Type DeviceType

(Premium)

Ultramobile

Worldwide device shipments and projections by segment show Worldwide a shift in consumer preferences: preferences: in consumer a shift

The reason may be an increasing on focus energy efficiency and weight. Ultramobile (Tablets and Clamshells) (Tablets Ultramobile Mobile Phones Phones Mobile Ultramobiles (Tablets and Clamshells) and Clamshells) (Tablets Ultramobiles Ultramobiles (Premium) (Premium) Ultramobiles Traditional PCs (Desk-Based and Notebook)

The 8. Tab Iconia Acer 7 and Note: The The Note: Air. MacBook Total Devices Market Computing Devices Market

PC Market

§

§

…… news.phonebloks.com] [Source: ... 16

Mobile Devices Devices Mobile Based on [Tage2013, Heise15] Based on [Tage2013, [www.fairphone.com/about/] [www.fairphone.com/about/] “Fair” and ecologically friendly “Fair” and ecologically friendly out of stock from the first batch of Fairphones sold in 2013. sold Fairphones batch of the first from in 2014. sale on Fairphones of batch the second from [Wiki2013] [Wiki2013]

Over 15,000 phones ordered in January ship 2015, new orders December in start to Delivery 25,000 35,000 Origin of Originraw of materials (political aspects) repair and easy components of Lifespan Type of Typeraw of materials (ecological aspects) 2016 (durability aspects) (durability ”

§ § § § § § § not possible to produce a 100% fair phone yet, a 100%produce to not possible fair phone yet,

Fairphone 2 2 Fairphone Fairphone 1 1 Fairphone Strict observation of: Grounded in the idea to develop and market market and develop idea to in the Grounded produced with minimal harm to people and planet. and planet. people to minimal harm with produced smartphone hardware and software designed and “

§ § § §

industry. awareness amongand consumers in the mobile but bybut endaiming this toward seeks raise to It is It is …… ...

17

Mobile Devices Devices Mobile Overview

Display Display I/O for Means Accumulators Memory, andProcessors, Storage

§ § § §

Components of Mobile Devices Mobile of Components Introduction Introduction Categorisation Mobile of Devices

§ § §

…… ...

18 Mobile Devices Devices Mobile Overview Size of Sizethe of device Security features Functional completeness (Is the functionality comparable to a desktop PC/Laptop?) PC/Laptop?) desktop a to comparable

§ § §

Application aspects Technical characteristics

§ § Categorisation is possible by:

§ …… ...

19

Technical Characteristics Categorisation Mobile of Devices

Memory security, file security, access control control access security, file security, Memory Security module support, secure I/O, andprogram Devices with external communication Devices with external security modules Devices with external memory Independent devices devices Independent system integrity

§ § § § § §

Operating system − Characteristics Hardware independence independence Hardware

§ § …… ... 20 Application Aspects 1 Categorisation Mobile of Devices

Feature Sets Information / Reaction size device to due Limitations Data integrity, amount communication, of and costs Battery consumption, amountof data, and size of memory memory

§ § § § §

Completeness of the functionality for the end- for the functionality of Completeness Lifespan of an application an application of Lifespan user user

§ § …… ...

21 Application Aspects 2 Aspects Application Categorisation Mobile of Devices

Access control, authentication Data integrity, encryption Digital signatures „Pocket-sized“ „Pocket-sized“ „Tablet-sized” „Laptop-sized“ Small / integrated devices

§ § § § § § §

Access to the security module Device size size Device

§ § …… ...

22

low [Burckhardt2001] [Burckhardt2001] high Laptop Laptop variable Use Cases Use Based on low Tablet short/ medium rather low ? low very high Mobile Phone Phone Mobile

Different requirements for different different for requirements Different kinds of devices: devices: of kinds

Frequency Frequency of cases use

usage usage per task Duration of of Duration day Number of of Number „Switch-ons“ per § …… ...

23

Mobile Devices Devices Mobile Overview Display Display I/O for Means Accumulators Memory, andProcessors, Storage

§ § § § Components of Mobile Devices Mobile of Components Introduction Introduction Categorisation Mobile of Devices

§ § §

…… ...

24

Certificates

Keys,

User Interface Browser / Browser Operating Interpreter Application Smart Card Mobile Device

NFC

Near Field Communication (NFC) Field Communication Near

Security

Radio OS OS − Functional Architecture Interface Browser / Browser Operating System Operating Interpreter Application

Link Radio Based on [Posegga2001] Based on [Posegga2001]

PAN:

Bluetooth, , Infrared, … Infrared,

System (GPS) System Global Positioning Positioning Global …… ...

25 Size of aSize of mobile Device (e.g. display in the watch, head-mounted-displays) Separation components of

Output Facilities (e.g. display) Input Facilities (e.g. keyboard)

Ü § § The size of a mobile device is considerably determined by its: by its: determined considerably

§ …… ...

26 Mobile Devices Devices Mobile Overview

Display Display I/O for Means Accumulators Memory, andProcessors, Storage

§ § § §

Components of Mobile Devices Mobile of Components Introduction Introduction Categorisation Mobile of Devices

§ § §

…… ...

27

colours colours colours colours 640 x 480 65.536 TFT Touch 320 x 240 65.536 TFT Touch 640 x 480 65.536 TFT Touch 960 x 640 colours 16.7m Display Display Graphic 96 x 65 Color 176 x 208 4.096 TFT Touch Touch TFT Touch 2048 x 1536 colours 16.7m LCD, LED-backlit capacitive 16m , colours Accumulators

) mAh mAh mAh mAh mAh mAh Capacity Capacity (in Li-Polymer; 1.100 mAh Li-Ion; 850 Li-Polymer; 1.620 Li-Polymer; 1.350 Li-Ion; 2200 Li-Polymer; 1420 Li-Polymer; Li-Polymer; 7,340 mAh 1,715 Li-Polymer; mAh Fi ‑ 360 120 480 300 240 420 (3G) - 840 (2G) 840 - Talk time (in min)

(10 hours withWiFi) hours (10 300 300 240 260 200 408 web using 3G data network network data 3G using web Up to 9 hours of surfing the the surfing of hours 9 to Up Talk time: Up to 14 hours on 3G on hours 14 to Up time: Talk 10 hours on LTE, up to 11 hours on Wi on hours 11 to up LTE, on hours 10 Internet use: Up to 10 hours on 3G, up to to up 3G, on hours 10 to Up use: Internet Standby time (in h)

4 II Ameo

iPhone Vario

(2015) Apple iPhone 6S 6S iPhone Apple Apple iPad Air 2 2 Air iPad Apple (2014)

(2010) Apple

(2007) T-Mobile (2006) MDA MDA MDA pro pro MDA (2005)

(2004) Nokia N-Gage (2001) Nokia 6310 Nokia Mobile phone phone Mobile …… ...

28

Mobile Devices Devices Mobile Overview Display Display I/O for Means Accumulators Memory, andProcessors, Storage

§ § § §

Components of Mobile Devices Mobile of Components Introduction Introduction Categorisation Mobile of Devices

§ § §

…… ...

29 Picture source: “Voltage Control” source: “Voltage Picture Application ( Store) by darek.xan Processors

Lower bound is the voltage needed to switch Quadratic relationship between voltage and a transistor a transistor consumption power

§ §

triggered by changes the of energy supply Processor's core voltage (1995:Processor's 3.5 V; 2000: 1.35 V; Higher clock frequency (but frequency scaling Larger on-die-caches (cache memory) built into 2013: 1.0 V) the CPU (“on die”) to reduce memory access time access memory reduce die”) to (“on the CPU typically comes at the pricehigher of voltage!)

§ § § §

Power ManagementPower Less heat loss heat loss Less Power consumption decrease Performance increase

Ü §

§ § …… ...

30

?? ?? ?? 274 MIPS 2.000 < 14.000 > 20.000

Processors

: 1000) 104 206 800 Mhz 1.500 1,800 2.000 3.600 iPad Triple-core) (Dual Core) (Dual Core) ( ( Overview of Mobile Devices

-Core CoreDuo ARM7 Apple A9 Apple Apple A4 Apple Processor Apple A8X Apple Quad Intel Core i7 Intel Core Intel Intel StrongARM Processor 4, iPhone

(2010)

Apple iPhone 6S Apple iPhone (2015) Apple 2 (2014) Air iPad (2006) Notebook (2010) (2004) HTC/T-Mobile (2002) MDA Apple iPad Notebook Device Device Nokia N-Gage Logo Logo

…… ...

31

Memory Microdrives Microdrives Random Access Memory (RAM) cards Memory Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

§ § § §

Storage on the client General trade-off between storage on the vs. storageserver on the client

§ § …… ...

32

Mobile Devices Devices Mobile Overview Liquid-Crystal-Displays (LCD) Liquid-Crystal-Displays Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED)

§ § Means for I/O I/O for Means Display Display Accumulators Memory, andProcessors, Storage

§ § § §

Components of Mobile Devices Mobile of Components Categorisation Mobile of Devices Introduction Introduction

§

§ §

…… ...

33

Display Display Example: Dynasheet (Toshiba) Example: Dynasheet (Toshiba) 1cm, 200g, 2005 Liquid-Crystal-Displays (LCD) Liquid-Crystal-Displays Dual Scan Twisted Nematic Thin-film Transistor (TFT) (DSTN)

§ §

Examples: The LCD technology is widespread tiny of an array of “Consists information“ information“ segments (called pixels) that can present be manipulated to in the market. in the market.

§

§ § …… ...

34 Display Display Liquid-Crystal-Displays (LCD) Liquid-Crystal-Displays

Active (transistoreach for ) LCD displays with passive control have a relatively relatively a have control with passive LCD displays Passive matrix picture elements. picture elements. high latency (generally more than 100 ms). This implies a blurred image with frequently changing

§

§ §

TFT-Displays (Thin Film Transistor) DSTN-Display (Dual Scan Twisted Nematic)

§ § …… ... 35

Resolution Display Display 256 none none 4.096 16.7m 16.7m 16.7m 16.7m 65.536 65.536 65.536 65.536 Colors Colors

96 x 65 101 x 80 960 x 640 176 x 208 160 x 128 320 x 240 640 x 480 640 x 480 1024 x 768 2048 x 1536 2732 x 2048 Resolution Color Color Color Graphic Graphic TFT-Color TFT-Color Touch TFT Touch TFT Touch TFT Touch TFT Touch TFT Touch TFT Touch TFT Display Display

4 Pro Pro Ameo iPad iPhone Apple iPad 3 Apple iPad (2012) Apple (2015) MDA pro pro MDA (2005) T-Mobile (2007) Apple (2010) 2 Apple iPad (2010) Siemens S55 (2002) Nokia N-Gage (2004) Samsung E700 (2003) III MDA (2004) Mobile phone phone Mobile 6310 Nokia (2001) Logo Logo

…… ...

www.opto.com.tw 36

Display Display Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED)

180°viewing angle Complete layer is layer Complete Polymers can convert luminosity approx. bulb. 100W electric (0.5 thousandth part part (0.5 thousandth of one mm), light. nm than 500 thinner electric energy to

§ §

§

…… ... 37

Display Display Advantages OLED of

Space extra for components Devices can be thinner and lighter. Electric power consumption decreases and longer usage times No No background lighting is necessary become possible. possible. become

§ § § § OLED consistself lighting of polymer molecules:

§

…… ...

38

- - + + [Covion2006] Display Display Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED) Emitted light Light Emitting Polymer Device Light Emitting Polymer

Electrode Substrate

Electrode Electrode Film of LEP of Film Metallic Counter Counter Metallic

Thin Plastic Thin Plastic

Transparent …… ... 39 Display Display put are special special are Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED) Light Emitting Polymer Light Emitting are large molecules widely known as

A thin film of Light Emitting Polymers (LEPs)Light Emitting Polymers between two electrodes will ...glow plastic materials that convert electrical power electrical power that convert plastic materials into visible light. plastics. plastics.

§ §

§ …… ... 40

[Covion2006] Display Display visible light visible light Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED)

convert electrical power into into electrical power convert

Polymer Polymer Fluorescent Light Emitting UV-radiation is converted into visible light: UV-radiation This is related to the fluorescence of polymers where

power power

UV-radiation UV-radiation

electrical electrical

visible light: Light Emitting Polymers …… ... 41

[Covion2006] Display Display Transparent film protective Protective film Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED) LEP film film LEP

Because plastic materials are flexible

and robust even non-planar displays displays non-planar even and robust ... manufactured can be

§ …… ... 42

Lumia Types of OLED Types of OLED , HTC One A9, Samsung Z3, Microsoft Priv [OLED-I] [OLED-I] Mostly usedsimpler displays, for e.g. mp3 players, mobile Contains storage capacitor to maintain the pixel line state and resolution size on restrictions No costly More Usedhigher for quality screens, such as mobile phones Simpler electronics, no storage capacitor cost Lower Lower lifetime (due to the higher voltage needed) and resolution Limited size (Blackberry (Blackberry etc.) 950 XL, phone sub-displays, etc. sub-displays, etc. phone

§ § § § § § § § §

AMOLED (Active-Matrix OLED) PMOLED (Passive-Matrix OLED)

§ § Two mainTwo types (based on the driving electronics)

§ …… ...

43

Mobile Devices Devices Mobile Overview Device Input Device Personal Area Networks (PAN)

§ § Means for I/O I/O for Means Processors, Memory, andProcessors, Storage Display Accumulators

§ § § §

Components of Mobile Devices Mobile of Components Introduction Introduction Categorisation Mobile of Devices

§

§ §

…… ...

44

Input Input “Standardization Battles” sale of QWERTY tosale QWERTY E. Remington of & Sons Christopher Latham Sholes Copyright

1873 “Jamming” was a problem until 1979. aAs 1868 Excursion Excursion “standardization battles”: consequence, the ball-shaped head technique head technique the ball-shaped consequence, was invented. (goal: minimum key conflicts) QWERTY vs. QWERTY DSKDvorak‘s

§ §

§ § …… ...

45

Input Input “Standardization Battles”

Change hands of well balanced Frequent keys preferably with strong fingers Keys which are used most frequently are close to each other each other

§ § § What did go wrong?

Fact = We all use QWERTY. 1936 Dvorak’s Simplified Keyboard (DSK) Goals: De-facto standard, high competition

Ü § § § § …… ...

46

”. Input Input

“Standardization Battles” Lock-in, switching costs

What is the better standard? the better What is

Worse standard dominates a better standard a better dominates standard Worse

Further Further problems: “ QWERTY is anQWERTY example market for failure in the Ü presence of network effects. effects. network of presence Unfortunately, the case is not as easy! as not is the case Unfortunately,

Ü §

§

§ …… ...

47

DSK is Input Input

Ü (Poole 1997) (Poole “Standardization Battles” Methodological biases: test Two different persons of the QWERTY thekeyboard QWERTY appears be to fast enough for Chaos between 108 and 180 hits per minute - Many between 108 and 180 hits per minute Chaos … Critics: No official report but a falsely cited internal paper from an from paper cited internal but a falsely report official No do not need a 500 horse-power V8.“ need a 500 horse-power not do contrasting findings almost in allabout town you Ifdriving are users. you just officer = officer Lieutenant Commander August Dvorak! age and abilities

For more detailsFor see: [LiebowMargol1996]. Things are not as easy as they seem to be! Often cited US Navy Research Report1944 of more more efficient than QWERTY.

§ § § §

§

§

§ …… ...

48 Input Input Technologies

Speech recognition SWYPE SWYPE Recognition handwriting of Tegic T9 Octave QWERTY-Keyboard QWERTY-Keyboard -Graffiti

§ § § § § § §

mobile devices exist: Currently, the input following solutions for

Palm © Microsoft © Walk PC PC Walk © Microsoft © Palm

…… © ... 49

Input Input QWERTY-Keyboards QWERTY-Keyboards

…… ...

50

Input Input PALM Graffiti

Can be drawn blindly Can be drawn blindly Artificial script, based Handwriting touch-sensitive panel panel touch-sensitive with a stylus on a with a stylus on on upper-case characters recognition software

§ § §

…… ...

51

Input Input [T92006] Tegic Communications T9 . is a is keypresses

Tegic keys) 9 ext on T

Available in 27 languages Uses a dictionary of words, words, of a dictionary Uses Widely used by: LG, Samsung, T9 ( which is used to look up all the look which is used to possible corresponding words, of sequence the to Nokia, Siemens, Sony Ericsson, Sanyo developed by developed Communications. predictive text technology

§

§ §

§

…… ...

52

Octave Input Input

Characters can be input can be input Characters by either pen or pen or by either button.

§

…… ...

©Fiatly 53

Octave Input Input

” reset “

”

capital letters “

…… ... 54

SWYPE Input Input [http://swypeinc.com/ product.html]

First commercially available on Samsung Omnia Developed by Swype Inc. Word is Word guessed using error-correcting Input by sliding a finger stylus letteror from to II (on Windows Mobile 6.5), also available for for available 6.5), also Mobile Windows II (on Android algorithms and language model letter, lifting only between words

§ §

§ § …… ...

55

Samsung] [Source:

Wikipedia] [Source: Input Input Speech Recognition Speech Recognition

identity refers to

is said. said. is what voice recognition voice … Google Samsung S-Voice Control Voice Phone Windows Blackberry 10 Voice control Sound file is sent to a whereserver the actual recognition Text is sent back to smartphone Apple Siri Voice is recorded and compressed and compressed recorded is Voice initiation of phone calls phone of initiation message composition … process is performed is performed process

§ § § § § § § § § § § § May become important feature for smart watches watches smart for feature important May become term In contrast, Examples Nowadays usually provided as a cloud service service as a cloud usually provided Nowadays Originally directlyperformed on PDAs/smartphones Translation spoken of into words text Supports various applications, e.g. for of the speaker, not

§ § § § § § § …… ...

56

Mobile Devices Devices Mobile Overview Device Input Device Personal Area Networks (PAN)

§ § Means for I/O I/O for Means Processors, Memory, andProcessors, Storage Display Accumulators

§ § § §

Components of Mobile Devices Mobile of Components Introduction Introduction Categorisation Mobile of Devices

§

§ §

…… ...

57

ssociation (IrDA) Personal Area Network (PAN) A ata D : Connection devices of in short range, ed r

nfra I Bluetooth (NFC) Field Communication Near

§ § §

Replaces cable-connections: Purpose Personal Personal environment, short range for examplefor mobile device and printer.

§

§ § …… ...

58 Infrared /s /s kbit Personal Area Network (PAN) Connection between mobile and laptop and laptop between mobile Connection Wireless printing Remote consumer control for electronics, e.g. TVs Transmission of mobile business cards Sales data extraction cigarette from vending machines

§ § § § § Asynchronous, serial connections up to 115 (Serial Infrared) 4 or Mbit/s (Fast Infrared)

Exemplary applications: Protocol-family for various purposes purposes various for Protocol-family Point-to-Point Point-to-Point IrDA: Infrared Data Association (1993): (1993): Association Data Infrared IrDA: Standardized infrared-protocols

§

§ § § § § …… ...

59

Infrared Personal Area Network (PAN) If the infrared-ray misses the target Wireless Wireless Optical connection required Short interruptions the of optical connection, Sounding: Illumination-angle 15°- 30° Range up of to 10 meters lead to complete network-interruption. e.g. between laptop and mobile phone in trains,

§ § § § § §

Disadvantages: Attributes:

§

§ …… ...

60

Bluetooth Personal Area Network (PAN)

… Computer hardware Computer Software electronics Consumer

§ § § §

Broadly supported by related industries: No official standard, but de-facto-standard de-facto-standard but standard, official No etc. Toshiba, Intel, IBM, Nokia, Ericsson, Consortium: v4.2 (2014) improved speed, privacy, and connectivity Simple and cheap possibility to set up ad-hoc Frequency range 2.4 of GHz (support for the(support for Internet Things) of networks limited of range (up to 10 meters)

§

§ § §

§ § …… ...

61

Popular Bluetooth Applications Wireless communications between devices (Bluetooth-Headset)

Personal Area Network (PAN)

or Hi-Fi equipment)

(to earphones, headphones headphones earphones, (to Sound transmission …… ...

62 net)

Bluetooth Applications ó GSM

ó Personal Area Network (PAN) mobile or phone phone or mobile ó Expanded range (up to 10m) settingAllows up ad-hoc of networks instead point-to- of Increased bandwidth (up to 865.2KBit/s) 865.2KBit/s) bandwidth (up to Increased necessary between devices connection optical No point connections connections point

§ § § §

Weaknesses infrared of technology were overcome Applications similar to applications based on Ad-hoc connection different of networks (e.g. Setting up ad-hoc of networks spontaneous for data Connection of periphery-devices (headsets, (headsets, periphery-devices of Connection laptop infrared technology exchange keyboards, mice, etc.) keyboards,

§ §

§

§ § …… ...

63 Near Field Communication (NFC) Communication Field Near Personal Area Network (PAN) cm or less less 10 cm or

Peer-to-Peer Mode Reader/Writer Mode to (referred Mode Card Emulation two NFC devices, devices, NFC two an NFC device and an (unpowered) tag. as "Digital Wallet")

§ § § § §

Transfer rates between 106 kbit/s and 424 kbit/s Three major modes of NFC Range: NFC based on existing radio-frequency identification (RFID) Enables radio communication between standards

§ § §

§ § …… ...

64

Literature

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