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Universidade De Coimbra UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS E TECNOLOGIA Estudos de Etnobotânica e Botânica Económica no Alentejo Luís Manuel Mendonça de Carvalho 2006 UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS E TECNOLOGIA Estudos de Etnobotânica e Botânica Económica no Alentejo Luís Manuel Mendonça de Carvalho Dissertação de Doutoramento em Biologia - Sistemática e Morfologia, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra, sob orientação da Professora Doutora Maria Teresa Fernandes de Almeida 2006 Luís Manuel Mendonça de Carvalho UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS E TECNOLOGIA 2006 Estudos de Etnobotânica e Botânica Económica no Alentejo A vida tranquila e a sabedoria conservam-se ao abrigo do desgaste e garantem a sua duração. Por muito longe que os deuses habitem no Éter, eles vêem as obras dos mortais. As Bacantes (Coro) Eurípides I II iis qui me amant, et in terra et in caelo Francisca Ana António Ana Maria Teófilo Maria Águeda III IV Agradecimentos À Professora Doutora Maria Teresa Fernandes de Almeida Aos Informantes que nos permitiram registar os seus conhecimentos etnobotânicos À Francisca Maria Ao Professor Doutor Diego Rivera Núñez, Universidade de Murcia À Professora Doutora Margarita Costa Tenorio, Universidade Complutense de Madrid À Professora Doutora Alpina Begossi, Universidade Estadual de Campinas Este estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo Programa PRODEP (Medida 5, Acção 5.3) V VI Sinopse As actuais circunstâncias económicas e sociais conduzem o conhecimento de matriz etnobotânica a um inexorável processo de extinção, porque são os cidadãos mais idosos os seus depositários. Com a sua eventual perda, associada ao fim das práticas agrícolas tradicionais, desaparecerão informações protocientíficas acumuladas ao longo de séculos. O objectivo primordial deste estudo foi o de valorizar esses conhecimentos e contribuir para a sua conservação, dentro de uma estratégia ecológica de gestão dos recursos naturais. O estudo foi desenvolvido com comunidades rurais do Concelho de Beja durante três anos (2003-2005). Realizaram-se entrevistas a 54 informantes, maioritariamente mulheres, com idades superiores a 60 anos, e registaram-se os conhecimentos etnobotânicos vivos e de memória viva. A informação recolhida, apresenta-se de acordo com o modelo enunciado no Economic Botany Data Collection Standard (Cook, 1995) e está distribuída por treze classes de uso. Registaram-se 1032 usos específicos, referentes a 166 espécies, 125 géneros e 53 famílias. A classe de uso com maior número de citações foi a classe 11 (usos medicinais), com 471 usos. Os resultados indicaram-nos que 58% das plantas estudadas possui entre 1 e 5 usos específicos. As espécies com maior valor social, aquelas que os informantes identificaram culturalmente com a sua região, foram: Coriandrum sativum, Cynara cardunculus, Mentha pulegium, Olea europaea, Quercus rotundifolia, Quercus suber, Triticum aestivum, Triticum turgidum e Vitis vinifera. O índice de etnobotanicidade foi 25%; quando consideradas apenas as plantas medicinais foi 16%. Palavras chave: Etnobotânica, Botânica Económica, Beja, Economic Botany Data Collection Standard, Índices Etnobotânicos. VII VIII Synopsis In the modern world, ethnobotanical knowledge is on the edge of extinction because only old people living in rural areas use it. Its eventual loss, bounded with the end of traditional farms, will erase proto-scientific information gathered over hundreds of years. The main purpose of this work was to increase awareness to this issue and at the same time record the knowledge for future use within a new, rational and ecological management of our natural resources. The study was made in the rural communities of Beja county for three years (2003-2005). We made semi-structured and informal interviews to 54 informants, mainly women, age over 60 years old, and we recorded the living and the living memory knowledge. The information was recorded following the Economic Botany Data Collection Standard (Cook, 1995) and it is clustered in thirteen levels of use. We recorded 1032 uses from 166 plant species and 125 genera included in 53 families. The level with the highest number of citations was Level 11 (medicinal) - 471 uses recorded. The results show that 58% of the plants have between 1 to 5 specific uses. The species with the highest social value, those which the informants used to define their cultural heritage, were: Coriandrum sativum, Cynara cardunculus, Mentha pulegium, Olea europaea, Quercus rotundifolia, Quercus suber, Triticum aestivum, Triticum turgidum, and Vitis vinifera. The ethnobotanical index was 25% and the ethnobotanical index concerning medicinal plants only was 16%. Key words: Ethnobotany, Economic Botany, Beja, Economic Botany Data Collection Standard, Ethnobotanical Indexes. IX X Índice Geral Dedicatória III Agradecimentos V Sinopse VII Synopsis IX 1. Selecção da Área de Estudo 1 2. Objectivos do Estudo 5 3. Justificação do Estudo 9 4. Fundamentos do Estudo 15 4.1. Conhecimento Botânico Tradicional 17 4.2. Etnobotânica 20 4.2.1. Sinopse Histórica 21 4.2.2. Evolução Epistemológica 24 4.2.3. Novos Fundamentos e Antigas Práticas 27 4.2.4. Etnobotânica e Recursos Farmacológicos 29 4.2.4.1. Reserpina 31 4.2.4.2. Digitalina 32 4.2.4.3. Ácido Salicílico 33 4.2.4.4. Curare 34 4.2.5. Etnobotânica e Novos Recursos Alimentares 35 4.2.6. Conhecimento Etnobiológico Tradicional 36 4.2.7. Etnobotânica e Cultura Material (Artefactos Tradicionais) 37 4.2.8. Etnobotânica e Alimentação Animal 38 4.2.9. Etnobotânica e Agroecossitemas 39 4.2.10. Etnobotânica e Economia Rural 41 4.2.11. Etnobotânica e Arqueologia 41 4.2.12. Etnoecologia 42 4.2.13. Etnobotânica e Planificação do Desenvolvimento Rural 43 4.2.14. Sócio-etnobotânica 45 4.2.15. Etnobotânica e Direitos Cívicos 46 4.2.16. Etnobotânica versus Fitoantropologia 47 4.2.17. Etnobotânica no Mundo 47 XI 4.2.18. Etnobotânica na Europa 48 4.2.19. Etnobotânica na Península Ibérica 49 4.2.19.1. Etnobotânica em Espanha 49 4.2.19.2. Etnobotânica em Portugal 50 4.2.20. Etnobotânica na Formação Académica 50 4.2.21. Organizações Internacionais (Etnobiologia) 52 4.2.22. Etnobotânica Aplicada (Caso-Estudo Plants & People) 53 4.2.23. Redes de Conhecimento Etnobotânico 54 4.2.24. Etnobotânica e Cultura Científica 55 4.2.25. Futuro da Etnobotânica 55 4.3. Botânica Económica 57 4.3.1. Botânica Económica no Período Colonial 58 4.3.2. Botânica Económica no Período Pós-Colonial 60 4.3.3. Origem e Domesticação das Plantas Cultivadas 61 4.3.4. Interesse Económico das Plantas Cultivadas 64 4.3.5. Conservação do Germoplasma Vegetal 65 4.3.5.1. O Banco Português de Germoplasma Vegetal 67 4.3.5.2. O Banco de Germoplasma Wakehurst Place 68 4.3.6. Centros Internacionais de Estudos de Botânica Económica 70 4.3.6.1. Centre for Economic Botany (U.K.) 70 4.3.6.2. Institute of Economic Botany (USA) 71 4.3.7. Economic Botany Journal (Caso-Estudo) 72 4.3.8. Museus de Botânica Económica e de Etnobotânica 75 4.3.8.1. Museu de Botânica Económica (Kew) 76 4.3.8.2. Museus Botânicos em Portugal 78 4.3.8.2.1. Museu Botânico de Coimbra 78 4.3.8.2.2. Museu Botânico de Lisboa 78 4.3.8.2.3. Museu Botânico de Beja 79 4.3.8.2.4. Museu Agrícola Tropical 80 5. Metodologia 81 5.1. Princípios Gerais 83 5.2. Investigação Bibliográfica 84 5.3. Informação Etnobotânica 85 5.3.1. Selecção dos Informantes 85 XII 5.3.2. A Informação 88 5.3.2.1. Fundamentos Teóricos da Entrevista 88 5.3.2.2. As Questões 89 5.3.2.3. Tipos de Questões 91 5.3.2.4. Tipos de Entrevista 91 5.3.2.4.1. Entrevista Informal 92 5.3.2.4.2. Entrevista Não Estruturada 92 5.3.2.4.3. Entrevista Semi-Estruturada 92 5.3.2.4.4. Entrevista Estruturada 93 5.3.2.5. Técnicas de Inquérito 93 5.3.2.5.1. Visitas a Mercados / Festas Tradicionais 93 5.3.2.5.2. Participação / Observação Directa 94 5.3.2.5.3. Entrevista no Campo 94 5.3.2.5.4. Entrevista com Plantas 94 5.3.2.5.5. Entrevista em Grupos 95 5.3.2.6. Locais das Entrevistas 96 5.3.2.7. Tempo das Entrevistas 96 5.3.2.8. Suporte dos Registos 96 5.3.2.9. Validade da Informação 97 5.3.2.10. O Guião 99 5.3.2.10.1. Os Informantes 99 5.3.2.10.2. As Plantas 100 5.3.2.11. O “Economic Botany Data Collection Standard” 101 5.3.2.12. Identificação Taxonómica 108 5.4. Análise Quantitativa da Informação 109 5.4.1. Métodos de Análise Quantitativa 109 5.4.1.1. Consenso Entre Informantes 109 5.4.1.2. Atribuição Subjectiva 109 5.4.1.3. Usos Totais 109 5.4.2. Índices de Diversidade 110 6. Caracterização Biofísica e Agrícola da Área de Estudo 113 6.1. Território 115 6.1.1. Geomorfologia 117 6.1.2. Edafologia 119 XIII 6.1.3. Hidrologia 120 6.1.4. Climatologia 120 6.1.4.1. Temperatura 121 6.1.4.2. Precipitação 122 6.1.4.3. Vento 123 6.2. Biogeografia 124 6.3. Agricultura 127 6.3.1. Agricultura no Alentejo 128 6.3.2. Silvicultura no Alentejo 128 6.3.3. Agricultura no Concelho de Beja 129 7. Caracterização Socioeconómica e Histórica da Área de Estudo 133 7.1. Parâmetros Socioeconómicos 135 7.1.1. População 135 7.1.2. Qualidade de Vida 136 7.1.2.1. Indicadores de Saúde 137 7.1.2.2. Abastecimento de Água 138 7.1.2.3. Distribuição de Energia Eléctrica 138 7.1.2.4. Recolha dos Resíduos Sólidos 139 7.1.2.5.
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