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Kahramanmaraş Sütçü Imam Üniversitesi KSÜ Tarim ve Doğa Derg 21(2):239-245, 2018 KSU J. Agric Nat 21(2):239-245, 2018 Arum nickelii Schott ve Monotipik Arisarum vulgare O.Targ.-Tozz Türleri Üzerinde Morfolojik ve Anatomik Bir Araştırma Yurdanur AKYOL1 , Kadriye YETİŞEN2 , Okan KOCABAŞ2 , Canan ÖZDEMİR2 1Hasan Türek Anadolu Lisesi, 2Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, Manisa : [email protected] ÖZET DOI:10.18016/ksudobil.297060 Bu çalışmada Araceae familyasından olan Arum nickelii Schott (Yılan yastığı) ve Arisarum vulgare O.Targ.-Tozz (Yılancıkotu) Makale Tarihçesi türlerinin anatomi ve morfolojileri araştırılmıştır. İncelenen türler Geliş : 11.03.2017 spatanın birleşik olup olmaması bakımından birbirinden ayrılır. Kabul : 15.05.2017 Anatomik çalışmalarda parafin metodu kullanılarak hazırlanan kök, skap ve yapraklar safranin-fast green ikili boyama serisinde Anahtar Kelimeler boyanmıştır. Anatomik olarak tipik monokotil özellikleri gösteren Araceae, bitkilerin diğer Araceae türlerinden ayırt edici bazı özelliklere sahip Arum nickelii, olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu farklılıklar orijinal çizim ve fotoğraflarla Arisarum vulgare, gösterilmiştir. anatomi, morfoloji Araştırma Makalesi Morphological and Anatomical Studies on Arum nickelii Schott and Arisarum vulgare O.Targ.-Tozz Species ABSTRACT Article History In this study, aimed to investigate the morphology and anatomy of Received: 11.03.2017 Arum nickelii Schott (Yılan yastığı) and Arisarum vulgare O.Targ.- Accepted: 15.05.2017 Tozz (Yılancıkotu) belong to Araceae family. The plants are separated from each other according to whether spathe is united or Keywords divided. Anatomical sections were prepared using paraffin method Araceae, and painted by double staining series safranin-fast green. It is Arum nickelii, observed that, plants containing typically features of monocotyl Arisarum vulgare, have distinguish features from other types of Araceae. These anatomy, differences are illustrated with original drawings and photographs. morphology Research Article To Cited :Akyol Y, Yetişen K, Kocabaş O, Özdemir C 2018. Arum nickelii Schott ve Monotipik Arisarum vulgare O.Targ.-Tozz Türleri Üzerinde Morfolojik ve Anatomik Bir Araştırma. KSÜ Tarim ve Doğa Derg 21(2):239-245, DOI:10.18016/ksudobil.297060. GİRİŞ Ülkemizde yayılış gösteren Araceae familyasına ait Yumrulu ya da rizomlu, genellikle tüysüz çok yıllık olan bitkilerin yumrularının protein içerikleri ve bitkilerden oluşan Araceae familyası Dünya genelinde zehirlilik etkilerinin araştırıldığı çalışmalar 3000’den fazla tür içermektedir. Araceae familyasının mevcuttur (Alpınar, 1985; Alpınar ve ark., 1996). doğal olarak Türkiye’de yayılış gösteren Arum L., Arisarum vulgare’nin içerdiği fenolik bileşikler Dracunculus Miller, Arisarum Miller, Biarum Schott, bakımından antioksidant özellikli tıbbi bir bitki Lemna L., Spirodela Schleiden ve Eminium(Blume) olduğu Kadri ve ark. (2013) tarafından ortaya Schott cinsleri bulunmaktadır (Davis, 1984; Davis ve atılmıştır. Kandemir (2008) Arum cinsine ait türlerin ark., 1988; Anonim, 2017). Arum cinsi Türkiye’de 17 halk tıbbında kullanıldığını rapor etmiştir. Ayrıca takson ile Arisarum cinsi ise monotipik olup sadece Mayo ve ark. (1997)’nin Araceae familyasına ait türleri Arisarum vulgare türü ile temsil edilmektedir (Güner morfolojik, palinolojik, sistematik ve farmakolojik ve ark., 2012). açıdan inceledikleri bir çalışma mevcuttur. Arum ve Arisarum cinsine ait türlerin anatomisi ile ilgili çok az KSÜ Tarim ve Doğa Derg 21(2):239-245, 2018 Araştırma Makalesi/Research Article sayıda çalışma mevcuttur (Kandemir, 2008; Mayo ve vulgare türüne ait örnekler ise Haziran ayında Spil ark., 1997). Dağı Milli Parkı’ndan toplandı. Türlerin yayılış alanı Yapılan literatür taramaları sonucunda Arum nickelii Batı Anadolu’dur (Davis, 1984, Şekil 1). ve Arisarum vulgare türleri ile ilgili morfolojik ve Araziden toplanan taze bitki örneklerinin bir kısmı anatomik çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Özellikle Arum morfolojik çalışmalarda kullanıldı. Türlerin tayini türlerinin farklı ekolojik ortamlarda farklı özellikler “Flora of Turkey” adlı esere göre yapıldı (Davis ve ark., göstermesi bitki teşhisinde zorluklara neden 1984, 1988; Güner ve ark., 2000). Morfolojik olmaktadır. Bu bakımdan anatomik çalışmalardan incelemeleri yapılan örnekler preslenerek herbaryum elde edilen bulgular, türlerin teşhisinde ayırt edici materyali haline getirildi ve Manisa, Celal Bayar özellik olarak kullanılabilir. Türlerin anatomik Üniversitesi Herbaryumu’na konuldu. Taze bitki yapılarının ortaya konulması farmasotik alanındaki örneklerinin bir kısmı da anatomik incelemelerde çalışmalar için de kaynak oluşturacaktır. kullanılmak üzere % 70 ‘lik alkolde fikse edildi. Kök, skap ve yaprak enine kesitleri için parafin metodu MATERYAL ve METOT kullanıldı (Algan, 1981). Rotary mikrotom sayesinde 10-15 μ’luk enine kesitler alınıp safranin ve fast-green Bitki örnekleri, arazi çalışmalarında yayılış gösterdiği ile boyandı. Boyanan kesitler Leica marka kameralı doğal populasyonundan çiçeklenme mevsiminde mikroskop ile fotoğraflandırıldı. toplandı. Arum nickelii türüne ait örnekler Nisan ayında, B1 karesindeki İzmir ilinden, Arisarum Şekil 1. Arum nickelii (x) ve Arisarum vulgare (*) taksonlarının Türkiye’deki yayılışı Morfolojik çalışmalarda elde edilen bulgular şeklindeki üst kısma doğru aniden genişleyen şekilde, Davis’in Flora of Turkey adlı eserindeki bulgular ile topuz geniş yapılı genellikle koni şeklinde 3.5-10.5 cm karşılaştırıldı. Anatomik çalışmalarda elde edilen x 6-13 mm’dir. Yeşilimsi sarı ya da koyu kahverengi, bulgular ise Araceae familyasına ait türlerin yoğun beyaz kabarcıklıdır. Bitkinin yumrusu yatay, anatomileri ile karşılaştırılmıştır (Davis ve ark., 1984, yaprak sapları 25-45 cm uzunluktadır. Yaprak ayası 1988; Güner ve ark., 2000). geniş bir ok şeklinde, yaklaşık olarak 23 x 20 cm, koyu yeşil, soluk lekeli, geniş yan lobları bulunan dar ve BULGULAR ve TARTIŞMA sivri uçlu ve soluk damarlıdır. Skapa ise 13-15 cm Morfolojik Bulgular uzunluğundadır. Arum nickeli: Spatanın kenarları tabanda birbiri Arisarum vulgare: Spatanın (büyük brakte) kenarları üzerine binmiş olup birleşik değildir. Spata 15-29 x tabanda birleşik olup tüp şeklindedir. Spatanın üst 5.5-10 cm, içte yeşilimsi beyaz renkli, kalın ve etli olan kısmı koyu yeşil veya donuk morumsu kahverengidir. başak şeklindeki çiçek 9-17 cm, spatanın yarısı Tuberler yumurtamsıdır. Yapraklar uzun, mor benekli uzunluktadır. Dişi çiçek zonu yaklaşık 19-25 mm; alt ve dik saplıdır. Skap 15-17 cm, dik ve mor beneklere steril kısım 2-2.5 mm; erkek çiçek zonu 5-6 x 6.5-10 sahiptir, alt kısmı beyazımsı veya soluk yeşil ve koyu mm; üst steril zon 6-8.5 mm. Steril filamentler sarımsı- yeşil veya morumsu renkli olup, boyuna çizgilidir. beyaz, altta 6-7 mm, üstte yaklaşık 6 mm. Appendiks Meyve üzümsü yapıda olup küremsi şekildedir (Şekil (uzantı) saplı ve 7-12.5 cm uzunluğunda, sap topuz 2). 240 KSÜ Tarim ve Doğa Derg 21(2):239-245, 2018 Araştırma Makalesi/Research Article Şekil 2. Arum nickelii (A) ve Arisarum vulgare (B)’nin morfolojik yapıları; a: yaprak, b: petiyol, c: spadiks, d: spata, e: dişi çiçek zonu, f: alt steril zon, g: erkek çiçek zonu, h: üst steril zon, ı: appendiks (uzantı), k: yumru Anatomik Bulgular altında bir sıralı epidermis tabakası bulunur. Mezofil Arum nickeli: Kök enine kesitinin en dışında tek sıralı tabakasında tek sıralı palizat parankimasından sonra epidermis tabakası bulunmaktadır. Epidermisin sünger parankiması bulunur. Ayrıca bu tabakada dışında kutikula tabakası yer almaktadır. Korteks belirli aralıklarla geniş hücreler arası alanlar parankiması 10-13 hücre sıralı olup, endodermisi bulunmaktadır. Mezofilde rafit demetlerine oluşturan hücrelerin çeperlerinde kalınlaşma rastlanmıştır. İletim demetleri mezofil tabakasını orta gözlenmemiştir. Endodermisin hemen altında tek kısmında düzenli ve sık aralıklarla sıralanmışlardır. sıralı ince çeperli perisikl tabakası yer almaktadır. Yaprağın her iki yüzeyinde de stomalar yer almaktadır Kökte 7-8 ksilem kolu bulunmaktadır. Kesitin (Şekil 3E, F). merkezinde geniş çaplı birkaç metaksilem mevcuttur Arisarum vulgare: Kök enine kesitlerinde tek sıralı (Şekil 3 A, B). Skapa enine kesitine göre en dışta epidermisin altında düzensiz dizilmiş ve hücreler arası kutikula tabakası ayırt edilmektedir. Kutikula boşlukları bulunan korteks tabakası yer alır. Merkezi tabakasının altında tek sıralı ve hücreleri düzgün silindirin etrafı kaspari şeklinde çeperleri kalınlaşmış dikdörtgen şekilli olan epidermis tabakası endodermis ile örtülüdür. İçte 3-4 adet metaksilem ve bulunmaktadır. Epidermisin altında belirli aralıklarla 5 adet ksilem kolu bulunmaktadır (Şekil 4 A, B). Skap dizilmiş kollenkima hücreleri yer alır. Korteks enine kesitinde en dışta ince bir kutikula tabakası tabakası çeperleri ince, parankimatik ve hücreler arası bulunmaktadır. Kortekste epidermisin altında küme boşluklara sahip olmayan 4-5 hücre sırasından şeklinde kollenkimatik hücreler ve yer yer rafit oluşmaktadır. Küçük kollateral iletim demeti dairesel kristalleri bulunmaktadır. İletim demetleri 4 halka bir düzende 2 sıra halinde sıralıdır. İletim halinde sıralanmış olup öz bölgesindeki hücrelerin demetlerinde ksilem, floeme göre daha geniş bir alanı duvarları parçalanmıştır (Şekil 4 C, D, F). Yaprak kaplamaktadır. Gövdenin merkezinde çeperleri ince, enine kesitlerinde adaksiyal epidermis hücreleri hücreler arası boşluklara sahip normal parankima abaksiyal epidermis hücrelerinden geniştir. Mezofilde hücrelerinin doldurduğu öz bölgesi mevcuttur. Yaprak aerenkima boşlukları
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