La Diffusion Du Tourisme Chinois En France

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La Diffusion Du Tourisme Chinois En France THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE D'ANGERS ECOLE DOCTORALE N° 604 Sociétés, Temps, Territoires Discipline : Géographie Par Marine L’HOSTIS La diffusion du tourisme chinois en France Influence des représentations et du capital spatial (Volume I) Thèse présentée et soutenue à Angers, le 10 décembre 2020 Unité de recherche : ESO Angers, UMR CNRS 6590 Thèse N° :190324 Rapporteurs avant soutenance : Isabelle Sacareau Professeure, Université Bordeaux Montaigne Jean-Christophe Gay Professeur, Université Côte d’Azur Composition du Jury : Président : Philippe Duhamel Professeur, Université d’Angers Examinateurs : Guillaume Giroir Professeur, Université d’Orléans Dir. de thèse : Philippe Violier Professeur, Université d’Angers Co-dir. de thèse : Benjamin Taunay Maître de Conférence, Ambassade de France au Koweït 1 ENGAGEMENT DE NON PLAGIAT Je, soussigné(e) Marine L’Hostis ................................................ déclare être pleinement conscient(e) que le plagiat de documents ou d’une partie d’un document publiée sur toutes formes de support, y compris l’internet, constitue une violation des droits d’auteur ainsi qu’une fraude caractérisée. En conséquence, je m’engage à citer toutes les sources que j’ai utilisées pour écrire ce rapport ou mémoire. signé par l'étudiant(e) le 22 / 10 / 2020 2 3 À ma famille 4 5 Remerciements Ces remerciements sont l’occasion de jeter un regard rétrospectif sur les sept ans qui viennent de s’écouler. Au terme de ces années de recherches, nombreuses sont les rencontres qui ont jalonné mon parcours et qui ont apporté un concours direct ou indirect, au travail que je présente ici. Mes remerciements vont en premier lieu à Philippe Violier et à Benjamin Taunay, qui furent mes professeurs avant d’être mes directeurs de thèse. Je les remercie pour la confiance qu’ils m’ont témoignée en m’accordant l’autonomie dont j’avais besoin, tout en assurant une présence bienveillante et en se montrant disponibles à chaque fois que je les ai sollicités. L’accompagnement dont j’ai bénéficié auprès d’eux ne s’est pas limité à ma démarche scientifique, mais s’est appliqué à l’ensemble de mes premiers pas de chercheuse. Je remercie Philippe Violier pour son investissement dans mon travail, pour ses encouragements qui m’ont insufflé l’énergie nécessaire à ce projet de longue haleine, et pour la pertinence de ses conseils, que je relaie auprès d’autres camarades doctorants. Je lui suis également très reconnaissante de m’avoir confié des charges d’enseignement en tant que vacataire et ATER. Ces heures de cours m’ont non seulement permis de financer mes recherches, mais m’ont aussi apporté une expérience professionnelle très précieuse. Benjamin a quant à lui représenté un modèle très inspirant pour moi. Je le remercie de m’avoir fait bénéficier de sa profonde connaissance de la société chinoise et de m’avoir mis le pied à l’étrier tant s’agissant de la diffusion de mes travaux, que de la démarche scientifique elle-même. Cette thèse n’aurait sans doute pas vu le jour s’il ne m’avait pas communiqué son goût pour la recherche en encadrant mon mémoire de master. Le cheminement intellectuel de tout doctorant se nourrit également de discussions avec d’autres chercheurs. Ces occasions de faire avancer ma réflexion mais aussi de me familiariser avec le monde de la recherche m’ont été offertes au sein de l’UFR ESTHUA et du laboratoire ESO Angers, par des échanges avec Yves Dolais qui m’a fait profiter de ses lumières sur la politique chinoise en plus de m’avoir ouvert les portes du master Monde Chinois. Ma reconnaissance va également à Philippe Duhamel dont les encouragements et l’optimisme m’ont aidée à surmonter certains moments de doutes, et qui a accepté de présider mon jury de soutenance. Je remercie par ailleurs Christophe Guibert de m’avoir invitée à siéger au sein du conseil scientifique de l’UFR, et Sandra Camus d’avoir suivi mon travail dès ses débuts, et de m’avoir associée à l’organisation de la Journée des doctorants de l’ESTHUA. C’est à l’occasion d’un de ces séminaires que j’ai eu l’occasion d’échanger avec Céline Barthon, dont les éclairages ont été très féconds lors de la rédaction de ma thèse. J’exprime également ma gratitude à Sigrid Giffon, pour le temps qu’elle a consacré à m’initier aux arcanes de QGIS et je n’oublie pas les conversations avec Clémence Ratel et Clément Marie dit Chirot, qui m’ont fait profiter de leur expérience d’anciens doctorants. Enfin, je remercie les autres doctorants de l’ESTHUA et d’ESO avec lesquels j’ai eu l’occasion de sympathiser, en adressant une pensée particulière à Guillaume Paysant pour la formation sur QGIS et à Sijie Chen et Ying Li dont les points de vue ont considérablement enrichi l’analyse de mes données. Je tiens également à remercier l’UFR ESTHUA d’avoir financé ma participation à deux colloques internationaux. 6 Ces remerciements sont par ailleurs l’occasion d’exprimer toute ma reconnaissance à la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme Ange Guépin, administrée par Arnauld Leclerc et Caroline Vialette. L’hébergement qui m’a été accordé a représenté un atout inestimable au cours de cette aventure. D’une part pour les ressources matérielles dont j’ai bénéficié, d’autre part pour l’ambiance très bienveillante et intellectuellement stimulante qui règne au sein de cette structure. Par-dessus tout, je retiens les amitiés très précieuses que j’y ai tissées. J’adresse particulièrement mes pensées à Julie, Carolina, Gaëtan, Chloé, François et Youngsil, que je remercie pour leur solidarité, pour la qualité de leurs conseils, pour tous les moments que nous avons partagés, et pour tous ceux qui restent à venir. Je remercie également les professeurs me faisant l’honneur de siéger à mon jury de soutenance et d’évaluer mon travail, Isabelle Sacareau, Jean-Chistophe Gay et Guillaume Giroir, qui a également suivi mon parcours en tant que membre de mon CSI. Bien évidemment, ce travail de thèse n’aurait jamais été possible sans accès au terrain. Aussi je tiens à remercier toutes les personnes qui, en acceptant de m’accorder leur aide, m’ont permis de cerner et comprendre le tourisme chinois en France. Je pense notamment à Anne Krebs, qui m’a prodigué de très précieux conseils et m’a fait bénéficier des meilleures conditions possibles pour conduire mon enquête au sein du musée du Louvre. Je remercie par ailleurs Emmanuelle Hézard Hervieux (CRT Bourgogne- Franche Comté), Catherine Anouilh (Office de tourisme métropolitain de Nice), Marc Bonnefoy, Yannick le Magadure et Suzanne Zürn Seiller (CRT PACA), Marie Wang Cagne (Rêves en Provence) et Bertrand Lyonnet (Ville d’Orléans) pour leur disponibilité et la richesse des entretiens qu’ils m’ont accordés. Je n’oublie pas mes interlocutrices franciliennes, qui je l’espère, se reconnaitront. Enfin, au cours de ces années de thèse, j’ai pu compter sur le soutien de mes proches, à commencer par mes parents auprès de qui j’ai toujours trouvé chaleur, réconfort soutien moral et financier, et qui ont accordé du temps à la relecture de mes écrits. Quand elle me disait de bien profiter de mes années d’école, ma mère ne soupçonnait sans doute pas que je la prendrais à ce point au mot ! Je remercie également mon frère et ma belle-sœur pour les repas de famille émaillés de rires, qui furent une véritable soupape de décompression pour moi. Merci à Nicolas qui m’a beaucoup soutenue pendant mes premières années de thèse, et mention spéciale à mes amis pour leur soutien moral et leurs relectures : Pauline, François Morin, Olivier, Julia (qui m’a aussi aidée avec QGIS), Florence, Julie et François Marani. Enfin, merci à mon Pickle, pour l’apaisement qu’il sait m’apporter dans les moments de stress et pour le sourire avec lequel il illumine mes journées. 7 Sommaire Remerciements ................................................................................................................................................................. 6 Sommaire ............................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Introduction générale ................................................................................................................................................ 10 Partie I. Construction du sujet .............................................................................................................................. 16 Introduction de la Partie I .................................................................................................................................. 18 Chapitre 1. État de l’art : Une connaissance du tourisme chinois imprégnée de stéréotypes et orientée par les enjeux économiques. ............................................................................................................... 20 Chapitre 2. Le tourisme chinois en France au prisme du concept de diffusion .............................. 60 Chapitre 3. Cadre méthodologique : à la rencontre des touristes chinois sur le terrain ............ 98 Conclusion de la Partie I ................................................................................................................................... 127 Partie II. La diffusion du tourisme chinois en France ..................................................................... 128 Introduction de la partie II .............................................................................................................................. 130 Chapitre 4. La forme actuelle de la diffusion du tourisme chinois en
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