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ARCHIVED - Archiving Content ARCHIVÉE - Contenu archivé Archived Content Contenu archivé Information identified as archived is provided for L’information dont il est indiqué qu’elle est archivée reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. It est fournie à des fins de référence, de recherche is not subject to the Government of Canada Web ou de tenue de documents. Elle n’est pas Standards and has not been altered or updated assujettie aux normes Web du gouvernement du since it was archived. Please contact us to request Canada et elle n’a pas été modifiée ou mise à jour a format other than those available. depuis son archivage. Pour obtenir cette information dans un autre format, veuillez communiquer avec nous. This document is archival in nature and is intended Le présent document a une valeur archivistique et for those who wish to consult archival documents fait partie des documents d’archives rendus made available from the collection of Public Safety disponibles par Sécurité publique Canada à ceux Canada. qui souhaitent consulter ces documents issus de sa collection. Some of these documents are available in only one official language. Translation, to be provided Certains de ces documents ne sont disponibles by Public Safety Canada, is available upon que dans une langue officielle. Sécurité publique request. Canada fournira une traduction sur demande. SERVING CANADIANS Research and Statistics Division JustResearch 2005 – Issue No. 13 www.canada.justice.gc.ca/en/ps/rs Contents Welcome Submission Guidelines for elcome to the Research and Statistics Division's most Prospective Authors 2 recent issue of JustResearch. In this issue, we are Recent and Upcoming Conferences 3 excited to be focusing on a topical and thought-provok- Connexions 4 W ing theme: Achieving Justice for Vulnerable Canadians. Research in Profile 5 Research has consistently demonstrated that some groups of peo- Miscarriages of Justice: The Impact ple are more likely to become involved in the justice system, par- of Wrongful Imprisonment 5 Trafficking in Persons in Canada: The ticularly as victims, including children, street youth, Aboriginal Need for Research 16 people, visible minorities, and low-income Canadians. Being able Structuring Judgments about Spousal to understand the distinct needs and experiences of vulnerable Violence Risk and Lethality: A groups in the justice system is an important step in developing Decision Support Tool for Criminal efforts to achieve more equitable social relationships and promote Justice Professionals 22 a fair, accessible, and efficient system of justice. Child Sexual Exploitation in Canada: Incidence, Sentencing and The articles in this edition of JustResearch shed light on a num- Recidivism 28 ber of significant issues concerning some of the more vulnerable Legal Problems and Vulnerable Groups in Canada 38 groups in Canadian society. Kathryn Campbell and Myriam Summary of the Multi-Site Survey of Denov provide insight into the experiences of the wrongfully Victims of Crime and Criminal Justice imprisoned in Canada based upon findings from their Professionals across Canada 45 groundbreaking research study. Kuan Li examines the important Research in Brief 54 issue of trafficking in persons and argues there is a pressing need Current & Upcoming Research for more Canadian research to fill significant gaps in the existing From the Research and Statistics Division 65 knowledge base. Randall Kropp, Stephen Hart, and Henrik Belfrage present the results of their evaluation into a new risk assessment tool designed to assist law enforcement officers in assessing the risk of future violence during domestic violence investigations. Jeff Latimer examines the responses of Canadian courts to cases of child sexual exploitation, as well as the recidi- vism rates of offenders who have been convicted of child-specific The opinions expressed herein are those of sexual offences. Albert Currie discusses recent data emerging the authors and not necessarily those of the from a national study into civil law problems and highlights the Department of Justice Canada. occurrence of such problems among vulnerable groups. Finally Research and Statistics Division Submission Guidelines for Prospective Authors SUBMISSIONS o submit an article to JustResearch, please send an electronic copy of the article via email to the Tfollowing address: Jeff Latimer Editor, JustResearch Research and Statistics Division Department of Justice Canada E-mail address: [email protected] CONTENT AND FOCUS The goal of JustResearch is to disseminate and integrate policy relevant research results across the Department of Justice Canada and within our readership. As such, articles should focus on issues related to the mandate and the broader policy direction of the Department of Justice Canada. Please consider the themes for upcoming issues (see below) in the preparation of your submissions. Authorship and institutional affiliation should be included with all submissions. LANGUAGE Articles may be submitted in either French or English. LENGTH Articles should be between 2000 to 4000 words (5-10 pages, single spaced) including references, tables and figures. STYLE All articles should be written in a clear, non-technical language appropriate for a broad audience. The use of headings and subheadings is strongly encouraged. The electronic copy being submitted should be in 11-point Times New Roman font, and the text should be single-spaced. No logos, headers, footers, or other embedded elements should be inserted in the electronic copy of the article. Tables and figures should be numbered consecutively and should be placed appropriately throughout the article. They should be submitted in Microsoft Word, Excel, Access, or PowerPoint, and the source files should be provided and be clearly identified. The style to be used for references, footnotes, and endnotes should follow the author-date system described in The Chicago Manual of Style.1 PUBLICATION Please note that we cannot guarantee all submissions will be published. All accepted articles will be edited for content, style, grammar and spelling. Any substantive changes will be sent to the author(s) for approval prior to publication. UPCOMING THEMES Issue Number 14: New and Emerging Justice Issues Submissions should be received by November 30, 2005. Issue Number 15: Aboriginal Justice Issues Submissions should be received by March 31, 2006. 1 University of Chicago Press, The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003). 2 www.canada.justice.gc.ca/en/ps/rs JustResearch Issue No. 13 WELCOME... Janet Graham summarises a multi-site survey of victims of crime and continued... criminal justice professionals conducted by PRA Inc. on behalf of the Department of Justice Canada. In addition to our profile articles, we are also pleased to provide several research briefs, including a statistical profile on vulnerable Canadians by CONTRIBUTORS Jacinthe Loubier, a statistical note on women in the legal profession by Fernando Mata, and a polling report on same-sex marriage by Allison Editorial Team Millar. And, as always, we have included a section on recent and upcom- Jeff Latimer ing research from the Research and Statistics Division. Jacinthe Loubier Happy Reading! Marguerite Jenner Stephen Mihorean Publications Officer Recent and Upcoming Conferences Theresa Momy 9th International Family Violence Research Conference July 10-13, 2005. Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA. Themes: Delinquency Prevention; Forensic Science; Health/Mental Health; Juvenile Justice; Law Enforcement; Missing and Exploited Children; Statistics; Victims of Crime http://www.unh.edu/frl/conferences/2005/ End Violence Against Women (EVAW) International Conference on Sexual Assault, Domestic Violence and Stalking October 3-5, 2005. Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Themes: Prosecuting Sexual Assault; National Standards for Sexual Assault Forensic Examinations; Trafficking; Stalking Technology; Juries and Gender Bias; Abuse of Vulnerable Adults and Mandated Reporting; Affects of Trauma on Memory; Communicating with Victims of Sexual FEEDBACK Assault; Sexual Assault of Minors http://www.evawinc.com/baltimore2005.html We invite your comments and The 30th Canadian Congress on Criminal Justice suggestions for future issues October 26-29, 2005. Calgary, Alberta. of JustResearch. We welcome Themes: Elder Abuse: An Evolving Correctional Outcome; Prevention of your ideas for upcoming Domestic Abuse: New Initiatives for an Old Problem; Silent Slaughter: themes and are happy to Turning our Backs on the Mentally Ill; Women and Girls: The World's accept original submissions Newest Disposable Consumer Products; Aboriginal Justice: Taking for publication. We may be Control and Responsibility; Violence Against Immigrant and Visible contacted at: Minority Women; Homelessness: Challenges and Frustrations in 2005; [email protected] Beyond Borders: Challenging the Plight of Sexually Exploited Children http://www.ccja-acjp.ca/cong2005/en/ www.canada.justice.gc.ca/en/ps/rs 3 Research and Statistics Division Connexions The National Clearinghouse on Family Violence On behalf of the Government of Canada and its Family Violence Initiative (FVI), the Public Health Agency of Canada operates the National Clearinghouse on Family Violence (NCFV). The NCFV is Canada's resource centre for information on violence within relationships of kinship, intimacy, dependency, or trust. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ncfv-cnivf/familyviolence The Office for Disabilities Issues