Place, Race, and the Politics of Identity in the Geography of Garinagu Baündada Doris Garcia Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Place, Race, and the Politics of Identity in the Geography of Garinagu Baündada Doris Garcia Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2014 Place, Race, and the Politics of Identity in the Geography of Garinagu Baündada Doris Garcia Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Garcia, Doris, "Place, Race, and the Politics of Identity in the Geography of Garinagu Baündada" (2014). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 3744. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3744 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. PLACE, RACE, AND THE POLITICS OF IDENTITY IN THE GEOGRAPHY OF GARINAGU BAÜNDADA A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography & Anthropology by Doris Garcia B.A., City College of New York, 2002 M.S., Central Connecticut State University, 2006 December 2014 Belize Caribbean Sea Islas de la Bahía Colón Atlántida Guatemala Cortés Yoro Gracias a Dios Santa Bárbara Copán Olancho Comayagua Lempira Ocotepeque Francisco Morazán Intibucá La Paz El Paraíso El Salvador Valle Nicaragua Choluteca P a c i f i c O c e a n Miles 0 50 100 Map of Honduras in Central America Prepared by: Paul Karolczyk and Doris Garcia ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I extend my most profound gratitude to several people who contributed to the completion of this dissertation and my evolution as a scholar. To begin, I want to thank the Garifuna activists who trusted me to record and tell their personal stories of struggle against injustice. Their accounts have been invaluable to my understanding of the spaces of oppression they straddle. I am grateful to Dr. Joyce M. Jackson, my committee chair, for her support and guidance throughout the years, and for sharing with me her passion for ethnographic fieldwork and appreciation for black culture. I thank Dana Sanders for her readiness and willingness to assist me in organizing my pathway to academic success. I am beholden to Dr. Evelyn Newman Phillips of the Anthropology Department at Central Connecticut State University for her critical discussions with me about Garinagu’s ethnogenesis. I thank my mother for giving me life, the strength of the ancestors, and Ana Suarez for caring. Most of all, I am indebted to my husband Paul Karolczyk, who together with me made the decision to pursue a doctorate degree and face the challenges that come with graduate studies and for introducing me to new ideas. His love, support, and commitment kept me focused. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................1 Research Background ....................................................................................................................1 Purpose of Study ............................................................................................................................2 Research Statement .......................................................................................................................4 Chapter Outline .............................................................................................................................6 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................13 The Significance of Place ............................................................................................................13 Race and Place .............................................................................................................................26 The Politics of Identity ...............................................................................................................30 Situating Work within Existing Literature ..................................................................................32 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................41 Research Design ..........................................................................................................................41 Theoretical Issues ........................................................................................................................52 Field Experience ..........................................................................................................................59 CHAPTER 4 THE FORMATION OF GARINAGU ORGANIZATIONS ...................................67 Early Struggles and Influences ....................................................................................................67 CONDECOGA’s Origins and Perspectives ................................................................................76 Happy Land and the New Organizations .....................................................................................83 ODECO’s Formation and Practices .............................................................................................96 Collectivism or Individualism? .................................................................................................105 The Garifuna Nation ..................................................................................................................114 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................120 CHAPTER 5 THE GEOGRAPHY OF RACE IN GARIFUNA EXPERIENCE ........................122 Constructing a New Place .........................................................................................................122 The Development of the Banana Plantation ..............................................................................126 The Geography of Difference ....................................................................................................133 The Anti-black Sentiment and a New Cultural Identity ............................................................139 Perceptions of Race ...................................................................................................................146 The Garinagu in the United States .............................................................................................154 Impact on Contemporary Discourse ..........................................................................................162 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................169 CHAPTER 6 SOCIAL PRACTICES AND MOBILITY IN THE BRONX ...............................171 A Brief History of the Bronx .....................................................................................................171 The Garinagu in the Bronx ........................................................................................................174 iv Economic Integration ................................................................................................................177 The Garinagu in New Orleans ...................................................................................................186 The Myth of Belonging .............................................................................................................190 “Civic Participation” .................................................................................................................203 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................215 CHAPTER 7 THE MAKING OF A LANDLESS SOCIETY .....................................................216 Honduras: Geography and Land Tenancy .................................................................................216 The Early Formation of a New National Economy ...................................................................222 Political Reorganization ............................................................................................................227 Article 107 Amendment and its Consequences .........................................................................231 Modernization and the Agricultural Sector/Law of Municipalities ..........................................245 Pressure Groups .........................................................................................................................255
Recommended publications
  • Beyond Bricks and Mortar
    BEYOND BRICKS AND MORTAR Rethinking Sites of Cultural History Report of a Symposium held at Riverside Church in New York City on October 1, 2018 First Edition, 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv CREDITS v Section 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Section 2: DETERMINING AND DEFINING CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE 2 Section 2I: Introduction 2 Section 2II: Criteria and Challenges 2 Section 2II(a): What Are the Criteria? 2 Section 2II(b): Challenges 3 Section 2II(c): History Is Not Always in the Past 3 Section 2II(d): Real Estate Versus Heritage Conservation 4 Section 2II(e): ‘Deep, Deep Research’ 4 Section 2III: Differing Standards in Recognition and Protection 4 Section 2III(a): NYC Is Not Like New York State 5 Section 2III(b): A Brush With Broadway 5 Section 2III(c): Only One Per Customer 6 Section 2III(d): Not Just a Federal Rowhouse – Julius’ 6 Section 2III(e): Where the Public First Heard the Telephone 6 Section 2IV: Preserving Intangible Culture 7 Section 2IV(a): Cultural Preservation and the Architecture of Environments 7 Section 2IV(b): Hidden in Plain Sight 8 Section 2IV(c): Not Just American, Chinese-American 8 Section 2IV(d): Blurring the Divide 9 Section 2IV(e): The Beijing Example 9 Section 2IV(f): Building Bridges 9 Section 2V: Discussion 10 Section 2V(a): ‘What Is Necessary to Be Preserved?’ 10 Section 2V(b): On the Question of Permanence 11 Section 2V(c): How to Build New in Old Neighborhoods 11 Section 2V(d): ‘Important to Listen to the Needs of the People’ 12 Section 2V(e): Can Proscriptive Rules Work? 12 Section 2V(f): ‘Conversation Between
    [Show full text]
  • Ctif News International Association of Fire & Rescue
    CTIF Extra News October 2015 NEWS C T I F INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FIRE & RESCUE Extra Deadly Fire Roars through Romanian Nightclub killing at least 27 people From New York Times OCT. 30, 2015 “Fire tore through a nightclub in Romania on Friday night during a rock concert that promised a dazzling pyrotechnic show, killing at least 27 people and spreading confusion and panic throughout a central neighborhood of Bucharest, the capital, The Associated Press reported. At least 180 people were injured in the fire at the Colectiv nightclub, according to The Associated Press”. 1 CTIF Extra News October 2015 CTIF starts project to support the increase of safety in entertainment facilities “Information about the large fires always draws a lot of interest. This is especially true in the case when fire cause casualties what is unfortunately happening too often. According to available data, fire at Bucharest nightclub killed at least 27 people while another 180 were injured after pyrotechnic display sparked blaze during the rock concert. The media report that there were 300 to 400 people in the club when a fireworks display around the stage set nearby objects alights. It is difficult to judge what has really happened but as it seems there was a problem with evacuation routes, number of occupants and also people didn’t know whether the flame was a part of the scenario or not. Collected data and testimonials remind us on similar fires and events that happened previously. One of the first that came to the memory is the Station Night Club fire that happened 12 years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Letter from the Government of Honduras on Actions Taken
    Appendix 13 – Letter from the Government of Honduras on actions taken OFFICIAL LETTER No.1077-DGPE/DSM-10 Tegucigalpa, June 4, 2010 Excellency, It is my honor to present my compliments and to say that the purpose of this letter in follow- up to the two notes sent to the international community in April 2010 is to express our desire for genuine understanding of the situation in our country and that the international community be suitably and correctly informed of the efforts of the Government of Honduras to implement a real process of national unity and reconciliation. I should begin by drawing attention to the fact that our president, Mr. Porfirio Lobo Sosa, has set about the task of leading the country with the strength afforded him by the legitimacy of a transparent election extensively observed by the international community, in which the majority of the people of Honduras clearly, lawfully, and unmistakably expressed their will in the search for peace, stability, and restored unity. This electoral process, called by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal under the administration of former President Zelaya Rosales, was preceded by the primary elections in which all legally registered political parties chose their candidates to the National Congress, Municipalities, and the Presidency of the Republic, a process monitored by international observers—including those from the Organization of American States (OAS)—who noted the transparency and success thereof. I am at pains to draw your attention to the fact that Article 51 of the Constitution of Honduras defines the Supreme Electoral Tribunal as an autonomous and independent entity responsible for the convocation, organization, direction, and supervision of electoral processes.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Cerambycidae from Honduras
    Contribuciones del Zamorano a Latinoamérica en sus Setenta años Simón E. Malo1 Resumen. La contribución más importante del Zamorano a la región ha sido en educación agrícola de Aprender Haciendo. Sus graduados son hoy conocidos por su espirito empresarial. Además, sobresalen como profesores, científicos y en el sector público ha habido cientos de ministros de agricultura. En segundo plano, la institución es conocida por haber traído cientos de especies y variedades superiores de plantas para la industria agrícola. Como antiguo explorador de plantas para el gobierno de los Estados Unidos, Wilson Popenoe tenía la experiencia apropiada para tener la visión de lo que seria importante en el futuro de la región. El mejor ejemplo es quizás la palma africana que con su aceite comestible es hoy un enorme renglón en la exportación de muchos países. Palabras clave: Educación agrícola de Aprender Haciendo, introducción de especies, variedades superiores. Zamorano's Contributions to Latin America in its Seventy Years Abstract. The most significant contribution of Zamorano to the region has been in agricultural education thru learning by doing, and youth professional building, including character formation. Zamorano graduates are today known for their enterprising spirit and passion for doing a job well done. The number of graduates filling key positions in the agricultural industry, teaching and research, as well as the public sector in the region is impressive. The second most important contribution has been the introduction of superior species of plants to the agriculture of the region. As a former plant explorer for the USDA, Wilson Popenoe was ideally qualified for this work based on his experience, contacts, and his vision of what would be important in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • For Immediate Release Contact: Rasheedah Ali (404) 574-6724 [email protected]
    For Immediate Release Contact: Rasheedah Ali (404) 574-6724 [email protected] On the Road with ¡SALUD! Los Angeles, May 16: Actor Danny Glover and Dr Linda Rosenstock, Dean of UCLA’s School of Public Health, welcomed a full house on May 14th at the new Billy Wilder Theater in Los Angeles for the city’s premiere of ¡SALUD! The award-winning feature documentary exploring Cuba’s contribution to global health is distributed by MEDICC (Medical Education Cooperation with Cuba). In her engaging opening remarks, Dr Rosenstock spoke of the film’s importance and presented the evening’s hosts, who in addition to Glover included Gore Vidal, Oliver Stone, Sarah Pillsbury, Andy Spahn, Stephen Rivers, Marjorie Tabankin, and California Assemblywoman Karen Bass. “¡SALUD!”, noted Glover, “calls up the power of imagination to change our lives ourselves, and it speaks to what Dr (Martin Luther) King called the need for a new moral imperative, a set of values to guide us.” Assemblywoman Bass, the film’s Director Connie Field, and Executive Producer Gail Reed joined in a lively post-screening exchange with the audience. Bass, also a MEDICC board member, noted that 15 Californians are among the 90 US medical students now training in Cuba, who have pledged to practice in underserved communities after graduation. “Our job,” she said, “is to help them make good on that promise.” On to DC, New Orleans, and Atlanta… Dr Mirta Roses, Director of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), presented ¡SALUD! at PAHO headquarters in Washington, DC on April 26th. According to Dr Roses: “¡SALUD! brings us the story of what one country—a poor one in terms of GDP—has launched in primary health care and the massive training of human resources for health, a program of solidarity and technical cooperation among countries.” She called human resources central to the strategy of strengthening health systems and meeting the Millennium Development Goals.
    [Show full text]
  • Garveyism: a ’90S Perspective Francis E
    New Directions Volume 18 | Issue 2 Article 7 4-1-1991 Garveyism: A ’90s Perspective Francis E. Dorsey Follow this and additional works at: http://dh.howard.edu/newdirections Recommended Citation Dorsey, Francis E. (1991) "Garveyism: A ’90s Perspective," New Directions: Vol. 18: Iss. 2, Article 7. Available at: http://dh.howard.edu/newdirections/vol18/iss2/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Howard @ Howard University. It has been accepted for inclusion in New Directions by an authorized administrator of Digital Howard @ Howard University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GARVEYISM A ’90s Perspective By Francis E. Dorsey Pan African Congress in Manchester, orn on August 17, 1887 in England in 1945 in which the delegates Jamaica, Marcus Mosiah sought the right of all peoples to govern Garvey is universally recog­ themselves and freedom from imperialist nized as the father of Pan control whether political or economic. African Nationalism. After Garveyism has taught that political power observing first-hand the in­ without economic power is worthless. Bhumane suffering of his fellow Jamaicans at home and abroad, he embarked on a mis­ The UNIA sion of racial redemption. One of his The corner-stone of Garvey’s philosophical greatest assets was his ability to transcend values was the establishment of the Univer­ myopic nationalism. His “ Back to Africa” sal Negro Improvement Association, vision and his ‘ ‘Africa for the Africans at UNIA, in 1914, not only for the promulga­ home and abroad” geo-political perspec­ tion of economic independence of African tives, although well before their time, are peoples but also as an institution and all accepted and implemented today.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Term Development in Post-Disaster Intentional Communities in Honduras
    From Tragedy to Opportunity: Long-term Development in Post-Disaster Intentional Communities in Honduras A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Ryan Chelese Alaniz IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Ronald Aminzade June 2012 © Ryan Alaniz 2012 Acknowledgements Like all manuscripts of this length it took the patience, love, and encouragement of dozens of people and organizations. I would like to thank my parents for their support, numerous friends who provided feedback in informal conversations, my amazing editor and partner Jenny, my survey team, and the residents of Nueva Esperanza, La Joya, San Miguel Arcangel, Villa El Porvenir, La Roca, and especially Ciudad España and Divina for their openness in sharing their lives and experiences. Finally, I would like to thank Doug Hartmann, Pat McNamara, David Pellow, and Ross MacMillan for their generosity of time and wisdom. Most importantly I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor, Ron, who is an inspiration personally and professionally. I would also like to thank the following organizations and fellowship sponsors for their financial support: the University of Minnesota and the Department of Sociology, the Social Science Research Council, Fulbright, the Bilinski Foundation, the Public Entity Risk Institute, and the Diversity of Views and Experiences (DOVE) Fellowship. i Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to all those who have been displaced by a disaster and have struggled/continue to struggle to rebuild their lives. It is also dedicated to my son, Santiago. May you grow up with a desire to serve the most vulnerable.
    [Show full text]
  • Cuba's Latin American Medical School: Can Socially-Accountable
    Feature Cuba’s Latin American Medical School: Can Socially-Accountable Medical Education Make a Difference? Conner Gorry MA After graduating more than 12,000 doctors since its founding in acterized by curricula that transfer learning from the classroom to 1999, Cuba’s Latin American Medical School (ELAM, the Spanish the community while emphasizing equity, they formed a consor- acronym) is tackling one of its greatest challenges to date: how to tium in 2008 to begin strengthening their evidence base, voice track graduates from over 65 countries and measure their impact and infl uence. on health outcomes and policy in their local contexts? This Training for Health Equity Network (THEnet) provides a ELAM, with its main campus at a former naval academy on the framework for such socially-accountable medical schools to outskirts of Havana, extends scholarships to young people from share tools, data, and experience in an effort to promote the around the world—most of whom otherwise would not have the innovations needed to confront the global crisis in human means to become doctors. The ELAM curriculum is a six-year resources for health. The fi rst step to begin evaluating impact course of study designed to graduate physicians who will provide across such diverse contexts and cultures—THEnet schools relevant, quality care while fostering equity and improving indi- are found in Australia, Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas— vidual and population health outcomes.[1] ELAM’s framework for is learning where, how and with whom graduates from these recruiting, educating, and retaining students is intended to rein- schools are working.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Capitalism’
    Opinion The Real Roots of ‘Black Capitalism’ Nixon’s solution for racial ghettos was tax breaks and incentives, not economic justice. By Mehrsa Baradaran March 31, 2019 The tax bill President Trump signed into law in 2017 created an “opportunity zones” program, the details of which will soon be finalized. The program will provide tax cuts to investors to spur development in “economically distressed” areas. Republicans and Democrats stretching back to the Nixon administration have tried ideas like this and failed. These failures are well known, but few know the cynical and racist origins of these programs. The neighborhoods labeled “opportunity zones” are “distressed” because of forced racial segregation backed by federal law — redlining, racial covenants, racist zoning policies and when necessary, bombs and mob violence. These areas were black ghettos. So how did they come to be called “opportunity zones?” The answer lies in “black capitalism,” a forgotten aspect of Richard Nixon’s Southern Strategy. Mr. Nixon's solution for racial ghettos was not economic justice, but tax breaks and incentives. This deft political move allowed him to secure the support of 2 white Southerners and to oppose meaningful economic reforms proposed by black activists. You can see how clever that political diversion was by looking at the reforms that were not carried out. After the Civil Rights Act, black activists and their allies pushed the federal government for race-specific economic redress. The “whites only” signs were gone, but joblessness, dilapidated housing and intractable poverty remained. In 1967, blacks had one-fifth the wealth of white families. ADVERTISEMENT Yet a white majority opposed demands for reparations, integration and even equal resources for schools.
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Chicago the Creole Archipelago
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE CREOLE ARCHIPELAGO: COLONIZATION, EXPERIMENTATION, AND COMMUNITY IN THE SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN, C. 1700-1796 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY TESSA MURPHY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS MARCH 2016 Table of Contents List of Tables …iii List of Maps …iv Dissertation Abstract …v Acknowledgements …x PART I Introduction …1 1. Creating the Creole Archipelago: The Settlement of the Southern Caribbean, 1650-1760...20 PART II 2. Colonizing the Caribbean Frontier, 1763-1773 …71 3. Accommodating Local Knowledge: Experimentations and Concessions in the Southern Caribbean …115 4. Recreating the Creole Archipelago …164 PART III 5. The American Revolution and the Resurgence of the Creole Archipelago, 1774-1785 …210 6. The French Revolution and the Demise of the Creole Archipelago …251 Epilogue …290 Appendix A: Lands Leased to Existing Inhabitants of Dominica …301 Appendix B: Lands Leased to Existing Inhabitants of St. Vincent …310 A Note on Sources …316 Bibliography …319 ii List of Tables 1.1: Respective Populations of France’s Windward Island Colonies, 1671 & 1700 …32 1.2: Respective Populations of Martinique, Grenada, St. Lucia, Dominica, and St. Vincent c.1730 …39 1.3: Change in Reported Population of Free People of Color in Martinique, 1732-1733 …46 1.4: Increase in Reported Populations of Dominica & St. Lucia, 1730-1745 …50 1.5: Enslaved Africans Reported as Disembarking in the Lesser Antilles, 1626-1762 …57 1.6: Enslaved Africans Reported as Disembarking in Jamaica & Saint-Domingue, 1526-1762 …58 2.1: Reported Populations of the Ceded Islands c.
    [Show full text]
  • Geography and Vegetation Change 29
    Copyright by Jerry Owen Bass, Jr. 2003 The Dissertation Committee for Jerry Owen Bass, Jr. certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: MORE TREES IN THE TROPICS: REPEAT PHOTOGRAPHY AND LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN HONDURAS, 1957-2001 Committee: _________________________________ William E. Doolittle, Supervisor _________________________________ Terry G. Jordan _________________________________ Gregory W. Knapp _________________________________ Steven D. Hoelscher _________________________________ William V. Davidson MORE TREES IN THE TROPICS: REPEAT PHOTOGRAPHY AND LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN HONDURAS, 1957-2001 Jerry Owen Bass, Jr., B.A., M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2003 Dedication I dedicate this work to Robert C. West and Terry G. Jordan, two great geographers, and to all the wonderful Hondurans from whom I learned. Acknowledgements I have shared several bottles of Flor de Caña with a small group of geographers who have all played a role in my academic development. The group – Scott Brady, Craig Revels, Taylor Mack, Ricky Samson, and Bill Davidson – shares a love for Honduras, fieldwork, and interesting geography, discussions of which helped in the development of this study. I look forward to a career of collaboration and to more fun and interesting conversations and trips with these people. Bill Davidson introduced me to geography. He and his wife, Sharon, have been good friends to me since. I am ever grateful. Here at UT, many have helped me as I stepped through the Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Historia Del Partido Liberal De Honduras
    Partido Liberal Datos Políticos Históricos El Doctor Celeo Arias inspirado por la reforma Liberal de Marco Aurelio Soto y Ramón Rosa, en 1884 organiza en Comayagua un Movimiento denominado Liga Liberal que propugnaba por la amplia participación política con ideas de avanzada y luego el 23 de Julio de 1887 expone el documento “Mis Ideas” como programa doctrinario de su candidatura presidencial retomando los ideales Morazánicos y de la Reforma Liberal como plataforma ideológica. Al morir el Doctor Celeo Arias en 1890 el Doctor Policarpo Bonilla como Jefe del Partido y los connotados representantes de Tegucigalpa, Miguel R. Dávila, de Comayagua, Salvador Aguirre, de La Paz, Santiago Meza Cervantes, de Intibuca, Gonzalo Mejía Nolasco, de Choluteca, Marcial Soto y por Copan, Rómulo E. Durón constituyeron el 5 de Febrero de 1891 el Partido Liberal de Honduras. El planteamiento doctrinario estructurado en forma sistemática en la constitución del Partido Liberal, es un credo político de exaltación de la libertad y de los principios enaltecedores de la dignidad de la persona humana. Específicamente incluyo la inviolabilidad de la vida humana, la seguridad individual afianzada por la garantía del “Habeas Corpus” ; abolición de: La Tortura, los cadalsos políticos, las penas perpetuas y la pena de muerte, por otra parte garantiza la libertad de pensamiento, de reunión , de asociación, locomoción, enseñanza, cultos, igualdad civil y política, sufragio universal, autonomía del municipio, la no reclusión, la garantía de la propiedad y la absoluta independencia
    [Show full text]