Period Between the Testaments
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Developments in New Testament Study
Developments in New Testament Study Arthur Freeman Moravian Theological Seminary Bethlehem, PA February 2, 1994 These materials may be reproduced as long as credit is given. CONTENTS I NEW PERSPECTIVES ............................................................................................... 1 The Intertestamental Period ................................................................................ 2 Essenes .................................................................................................... 2 Pseudepigrapha ....................................................................................... 3 Nag Hammadi, etc................................................................................... 3 Wisdom ................................................................................................... 3 Apocalyptic ............................................................................................. 4 Gnosticism............................................................................................... 5 The New Testament Apocrypha.............................................................. 6 The Research on the Historical Jesus.................................................................. 6 Authorship and Sources of the Gospels .............................................................. 10 Changing Attitudes about the Historical-Critical Method. ................................. 12 Hermeneutical Approaches ................................................................................. 14 II -
Angelology Angelology
Christian Angelology Angelology Introduction Why study Angels? They teach us about God As part of God’s creation, to study them is to study why God created the way he did. In looking at angels we can see God’s designs for his creation, which tells us something about God himself. They teach us about ourselves We share many similar qualities to the angels. We also have several differences due to them being spiritual beings. In looking at these similarities and differences we can learn more about the ways God created humanity. In looking at angels we can avoid “angelic fallacies” which attempt to turn men into angels. They are fascinating! Humans tend to be drawn to the supernatural. Spiritual beings such as angels hit something inside of us that desires to “return to Eden” in the sense of wanting to reconnect ourselves to the spiritual world. They are different, and different is interesting to us. Fr. J. Wesley Evans 1 Christian Angelology Angels in the Christian Worldview Traditional Societies/World of the Bible Post-Enlightenment Worldview Higher Reality God, gods, ultimate forces like karma and God (sometimes a “blind watchmaker”) fate [Religion - Private] Middle World Lesser spirits (Angels/Demons), [none] demigods, magic Earthly Reality Human social order and community, the Humanity, Animals, Birds, Plants, as natural world as a relational concept of individuals and as technical animals, plants, ect. classifications [Science - Public] -Adapted from Heibert, “The Flaw of the Excluded Middle” Existence of Angels Revelation: God has revealed their creation to us in scripture. Experience: People from across cultures and specifically Christians, have attested to the reality of spirits both good and bad. -
The Formulaic Dynamics of Character Behavior in Lucan Howard Chen
Breakthrough and Concealment: The Formulaic Dynamics of Character Behavior in Lucan Howard Chen Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 Howard Chen All rights reserved ABSTRACT Breakthrough and Concealment: The Formulaic Dynamics of Character Behavior in Lucan Howard Chen This dissertation analyzes the three main protagonists of Lucan’s Bellum Civile through their attempts to utilize, resist, or match a pattern of action which I call the “formula.” Most evident in Caesar, the formula is a cycle of alternating states of energy that allows him to gain a decisive edge over his opponents by granting him the ability of perpetual regeneration. However, a similar dynamic is also found in rivers, which thus prove to be formidable adversaries of Caesar in their own right. Although neither Pompey nor Cato is able to draw on the Caesarian formula successfully, Lucan eventually associates them with the river-derived variant, thus granting them a measure of resistance (if only in the non-physical realm). By tracing the development of the formula throughout the epic, the dissertation provides a deeper understanding of the importance of natural forces in Lucan’s poem as well as the presence of an underlying drive that unites its fractured world. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ vi Introduction ...................................................................................................................... -
Jewish Intertestamental and Early Rabbinic Literature: an Annotated Bibliographic Resource Updated (Part 1)
JETS 55/2 (2012) 235–72 JEWISH INTERTESTAMENTAL AND EARLY RABBINIC LITERATURE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIC RESOURCE UPDATED (PART 1) DAVID W. CHAPMAN AND ANDREAS J. KÖSTENBERGER* Twelve years ago we published a bibliography that is now due for a substantial update. 1 The field of Jewish literature can be mystifying to the non- specialist. The initial obstacle often is where to go for texts, translations, concordances, and bibliography. Even many researchers more familiar with these materials often fail to take advantage of the best critical texts, translations, and helps currently available. The goal of this article is to summarize in a single location the principal texts, translations, and foundational resources for the examination of the central Jewish literature potentially pertinent to the background study of early Christianity. Generally, the procedure followed for each Jewish writing is to list the most important works in the categories of: bibliography, critical text, translation, concordance/index, lexical or grammatical aides, introduction, and commentary. Where deemed helpful, more than one work may be included. English translations, introductions, and helps are generally preferred. Most entries are listed alphabetically by author, but bibliographies and texts are typically listed in reverse chronological order from date of publication. Also provided in many instances are the language(s) of extant manuscripts and the likely dates of composition reflecting the current scholarly consensus. While the emphasis is on printed editions, some computer-based resources are noted. Many older printed texts have been scanned and are now available online; we will note when these appear on http://archive.org (often links can also be found through http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu or http://books.google.com). -
Chart of the Kings of Israel and Judah
The Kings of Israel & Judah Why Study the Kings? Chart of the Kings Questions for Discussion The Heritage of Jesus Host: Alan's Gleanings Alphabetical List of the Kings A Comment about Names God's Message of Salvation Kings of the United Kingdom (c 1025-925 BC) Relationship to God's King Previous King Judgment Saul none did evil Ishbosheth* son (unknown) David none did right Solomon did right in youth, son (AKA Jedidiah) evil in old age * The kingdom was divided during Ishbosheth's reign; David was king over the tribe of Judah. Kings of Judah (c 925-586 BC) Kings of Israel (c 925-721 BC) Relationship to God's Relationship to God's King King Previous King Judgment Previous King Judgment Rehoboam son did evil Abijam Jeroboam servant did evil son did evil (AKA Abijah) Nadab son did evil Baasha none did evil Asa son did right Elah son did evil Zimri captain did evil Omri captain did evil Ahab son did evil Jehoshaphat son did right Ahaziah son did evil Jehoram son did evil (AKA Joram) Jehoram son of Ahab did evil Ahaziah (AKA Joram) (AKA Azariah son did evil or Jehoahaz) Athaliah mother did evil Jehu captain mixed Joash did right in youth, son of Ahaziah Jehoahaz son did evil (AKA Jehoash) evil in old age Joash did right in youth, son did evil Amaziah son (AKA Jehoash) evil in old age Jeroboam II son did evil Zachariah son did evil did evil Uzziah Shallum none son did right (surmised) (AKA Azariah) Menahem none did evil Pekahiah son did evil Jotham son did right Pekah captain did evil Ahaz son did evil Hoshea none did evil Hezekiah son did right Manasseh son did evil Amon son did evil Josiah son did right Jehoahaz son did evil (AKA Shallum) Jehoiakim Assyrian captivity son of Josiah did evil (AKA Eliakim) Jehoiachin (AKA Coniah son did evil or Jeconiah) Zedekiah son of Josiah did evil (AKA Mattaniah) Babylonian captivity Color Code Legend: King did right King did evil Other. -
King Jeroboam II
983 Jeroboam II. King of Israel 984 James Joyce’s Finnegan’s Wake (1939) mentions earthquake in the area in 750 BCE. Jeroboam is Gubbs Jeroboam, “the frothwhiskered pest of the mentioned only once in extra-biblical sources, in a park, as per act one, section two, schedule three, seal with the following inscription: “belonging to clause four of the fifth of King Jark” (3.4.558.15). Shema / the servant of Jeroboam” (Davies: 100.068; As with the rest of the Wake, simple extrapolations Fig. 1). According to the palaeography this inscrip- of meaning elude us, but here Gubbs appears as an tion is to be dated in the 8th century BCE. It can orbital character related to the domestic drama of therefore not refer to Jeroboam I. The authenticity book 3.4, but one that also harks back to “Yawn’s of this seal is however disputed. Inquest” in book 3.3. Again, Jeroboam sits as one In rabbinic sources, Jeroboam is praised for his judged and requiring of “mercy” on “his hurlybur- respect for the prophets, for which he was rewarded lygrowth” (558.20). by being allowed to conquer nations that Joshua The Trails of Brother Jero (1960) is a satirical com- and David could not (SEZ 7). He also did not believe edy by the Nigerian playwright Akinwande Oluw- the slanderous reports of Amaziah against Amos ole “Wole” Soyinka. It mocks religious hypocrisy (Am 7 : 10-11), claiming that Amos had predicted through its protagonist, brother Jeroboam, who Jeroboam’s death by the sword and Israel’s exile. -
Civil War in Rome and the End of the Roman Republic
Civil War in Rome and the End of the Roman Republic © Student Handouts, Inc. www.studenthandouts.com Tiberius Gracchus and Land Reform The lower classes (plebeians) were suffering. 133 BCE – Tiberius Gracchus was elected as tribune He promised land reform of the plebeians Tiberius Gracchus told the people: “You fight and die to give luxury to other men…but you have not a foot of ground to call your own.” Wanted to limit the Wanted to rebuild the The patricians were not Tiberius Gracchus and amount of land each farming class by pleased with Tiberius hundreds of his followers person could own redistributing land Gracchus were murdered Gaius Gracchus and Reform Gaius was elected tribune in 122 BCE, about ten He also wanted land Gaius wanted even more years after his brother reform. than land reform. was murdered. Gaius wanted the Gaius proposed that Gaius wanted a public government to sell grain landless Romans be works program to employ to the poor at reduced settled in the provinces. the poor. prices. Gaius wanted to reform Riots erupted. In 121 the way that taxes were Gaius wanted to decrease BCE, he was killed along collected by publicans in the Senate’s power. with thousands of his the provinces. supporters. Differing Parties Continued to Argue Optimates Populares • Senatorial party • People’s party • Wanted to maintain • Had its strength in the position and the Comitia power of the (Assembly) wealthy patrician • Wanted reforms class Military Dictators Come to Power • Why did military dictators come to power? – Constant fighting in Rome between the rich and poor – Restlessness in the provinces – Slave rebellions (e.g., Spartacus) – Barbarian invasions (though not as serious as they became during the era of the Roman empire) – The people needed strong leadership Gaius Marius (ca. -
Intertestamental Al Survey
INTERTESTAMENTAL AL SURVEY INTRODUCTION The 400 “Silent Years” between the Old and New Testaments were anything but “silent.” I. Intertestamental sources A. Jewish 1. Historical books of Apocrypha/Pseudepigrapha a. I Maccabees b. Legendary accounts: II & III Maccabees, Letter of Aristaeus 2. DSS from the I century B.C. a. “Manual of Discipline” b. “Damascus Document” 3. Elephantine papyri (ca. 494-400 B.C.; esp. 407) a. Mainly business correspondence with many common biblical Jewish names: Hosea, Azariah, Zephaniah, Jonathan, Zechariah, Nathan, etc. b. From a Jewish colony/fortress on the first cataract of the Nile (1)Derive either from Northern exiles used by Ashurbanipal vs. Egypt (2)Or from Jewish mercenaries serving Persian Cambyses c. The 407 correspondence significantly is addressed to Bigvai, governor of Judah, with a cc: to the sons of Sanballat, governor of Samaria. The Jews of Elephantine ask for aid in rebuilding their “temple to Yaho” that had been destroyed at the instigation of the Egyptian priests 4. Philo Judaeus (ca. 20 B.C.-40 A.D.) a. Neo-platonist who used allegory to synthesize Jewish and Greek thought b. His nephew, (Tiberius Julius Alexander), served as procurator of Judea (46-48) and as prefect of Egypt (66-70) INTERTESTAMENT - History - p. 1 5. Josephus (?) (ca. 37-100 a.d.) 73 a.d. a. History of the Jewish Wars (ca 168 b.c. – 70 a.d.) 93 a.d. b. Antiquities of the Jews: apparent access to the official biography of Herod the Great as well as Roman records B. Non-Jewish 1. Greek a. -
Pharsalus 48 BC So SI SHEPPARD Is a Former Journalist Currently Enrolled As a Ph.D
Campaign OSPREY Pharsalus 48 BC so SI SHEPPARD is a former journalist currently enrolled as a Ph.D. student in International Relations at Johns Hopkins University. He graduated with an MA with Distinction from Victoria University and was winner of the Sir Desmond Todd Award for best thesis in a political subject. Si Sheppard has published a number of books and has contributed numerous articles on political and historical topics to leading journals, magazines and newspapers. This is his first title for Osprey. He lives in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. ADAM HOOK studied graphic design, and began his work as an illustrator in 1983. He specializes in detailed historical reconstructions, and has illustrated Osprey titles on the Aztecs, the Greeks, the American Civil War and the American Revolution. His work features in exhibitions and publications throughout the world. He lives in East Sussex, UK. Pharsalus 48 BC Caesar and Pompey - Clash of the Titans Campaign • 174 Pharsalus 48 BC Caesar and Pompey - Clash of the Titans Si Sheppard • Illustrated by Adam Hook ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dedicated to Stephen Levine: mentor, colleague and friend. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 7 CHRONOLOGY 17 OPPOSING COMMANDERS 21 The Caesareans • The Republicans THE LEGIONS OF THE LATE REPUBLIC 29 THE CAMPAIGN 33 The Rubicon to Brundisium • Brundisium to Dyrrachium • Dyrrachium to Pharsalus THE BATTLE 54 Opposing plans • Opposing armies • The clash of arms AFTERMATH 83 THE BATTLEFIELD TODAY 92 BIBLIOGRAPHY 93 INDEX 95 INTRODUCTION: TO THE RUBICON he legend SPQR - Senatus Populusque Romanus, the Senate and People of Rome - emblazoned on the standards of the city's all- conquering legions in the last few centuries before Christ was both a potent symbol of the source of the republic's power and a reflection of the smouldering tension inherent in its system of government. -
Acoustic Simulation of Julius Caesar's Battlefield Speeches
acoustics Article Acoustic Simulation of Julius Caesar’s Battlefield Speeches Braxton Boren Audio Technology Program, Department of Performing Arts, College of Arts & Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-202-885-1482 Received: 14 September 2018; Accepted: 10 October 2018; Published: 14 October 2018 Abstract: History contains many accounts of speeches given by civic and military leaders before large crowds prior to the invention of electronic amplification. Historians have debated the historical accuracy of these accounts, often making some reference to acoustics, either supporting or refuting the accounts, but without any numerical justification. The field of digital humanities, and more specifically archaeoacoustics, seeks to use computational techniques to provide empirical data to improve historical analysis. Julius Caesar recalled giving speeches to 14,000 men after the battle of Dyrrachium and another to 22,000 men before the battle of Pharsalus during the Roman Civil War. Caesar’s background and education are discussed, including his training in rhetoric and oratory, which would have affected his articulation and effective sound pressure level while addressing his troops. Based on subjective reports about Caesar’s oratorical abilities, his effective Sound Pressure Level (SPL) is assumed to be 80 dBA, about 6 dB above the average loud speaking voice but lower than that of the loudest trained actors and singers. Simulations show that for reasonable background noise conditions Caesar could have been heard intelligibly by 14,000 soldiers in a quiet, controlled environment as in the speech at Dyrrachium. In contrast, even granting generous acoustic and geometric conditions, Caesar could not have been heard by more than about 700 soldiers while his army was on the march before the battle of Pharsalus. -
Evolution of Ancient Israel's Politics
Evolution of Ancient Israel’s Politics Tribes, Monarchies, and Foreign Empires Three Significant Eras • In his writings on the Politics of Ancient Israel sourced from the U of A website, Norman Gottwald suggests ancient Israel moved through three main ‘zones’ (or eras) of political structure. • Tribal Era (1,200 BCE – 1,000 BCE) • Monarchic Era (1,000 BCE – 586 BCE) • Colonial Era (586 BCE – 135 CE) • Brief revival of the monarchy under the Hasmonean Dynasty, 140 - 63 B.C.E • He notes that these eras did not totally displace one another, but overlapped and aspects of each period can be seen in future eras. - https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/2001/politics Tribal Era (1,200 BCE – 1,000 BCE) • Jacob (renamed Israel) had 12 sons known for 12 tribes of Israel. • No tribe for Joseph but tribes for his sons Ephraim and Manasseh • Tribe of Levi owned no property. They were the Priestly tribe supported by the other tribes. • “The Lord said to Aaron (Levite), ‘You will have no inheritance in their land, nor will you have any share among them; I am your share and your inheritance among the Israelites.” Numbers 18:20 From Tribes to Nation-building • In Ancient Israel’s history up to the Exodus, leadership was Tribal. • Leadership within the tribe was inherited similarly to everything else, emphasis on the oldest living son. • Beginning with the Exodus, we have our first example of ‘national unity’. Moses was God’s chosen leader to bring the Hebrew people out of slavery to the Holy Land, where they are referenced as Israelites. -
Caesar's Legion: the Epic Saga of Julius Caesar's Elite Tenth Legion
CAESAR’S LEGION : THE EPIC SAGA OF JULIUS CAESAR’S ELITE TENTH LEGION AND THE ARMIES OF ROME STEPHEN DANDO-COLLINS John Wiley & Sons, Inc. flast.qxd 12/5/01 4:49 PM Page xiv ffirs.qxd 12/5/01 4:47 PM Page i CAESAR’S LEGION : THE EPIC SAGA OF JULIUS CAESAR’S ELITE TENTH LEGION AND THE ARMIES OF ROME STEPHEN DANDO-COLLINS John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Copyright © 2002 by Stephen Dando-Collins. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authoriza- tion through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, email: [email protected]. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. This title is also available in print as ISBN 0-471-09570-2.