CENSUS OF INDIA 1961

VOLUME XXII

MANIPUR,

PART VI VfLLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPH

2. KEISAMTHONG (KA~UI VILLAGE)

R. K. BrRENDRA SINGH of the M anipur Civil Service Superintendent of Census Operations, Manipur 1961 CENSUS PUBLICATIONS, MANIPUR (All the Consus Publications of this Territory will bear Volume No. XXII)

PAR'l' loA-General Report (Excluding Subsidiary Tables) PUT I-B-General Report (Subsidiary Tables) General Population Tables PAl.T 1I- Economic Tables (with Sub·parts) { Cultural and MigratiQu Tables PUT III-Household Economic Tables PUT IV-Housing Report and Tables } PART V-Special Tables for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes In one volume. PAkT VI-Village Survey Monographs PaT VII-A-Haodicrafts Survey R.eports

PUT VII·B~Fairs and F()stivals P.Ai.T Vm-A-Administration Report on Enumeration 1 Not for PART VIII-B-Administration Report on Tabulation J sale PU.T IX-Census Atlas Volume (Thill will be a combined volume for Manipur, Tripura and Nagaland)

STATE GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION 1. District Census Handbook Field Investigation: S. Achouba Singh

Map and Sketches: O. Keso Singh

Photographs : I. Manilal Singh

Editing R. K. Birendra Singh

II' REVISED LIST OF VILLAGES SELECTED FOR SOCIO·ECONOMIC SlJRVEY

Name of Village Name of Sub-Division

1. Ithing** • Bishenpur 2. Keisamthong* (Kabui village) lmphal West 3. Khouliabung Churachandllur 4. Konpui Churachandpl'lf 5. LiwachanglJing Tenglloupal 6. Longa Koireng . Mao and Sadar Hills 7. Minuthong (Kabui village) Imphal West 8. Ningel Thoubal 9. Ginam Sawombung Imphal West 10. Pherzawl** Churachandpur 11. Phunan Sambum TengoQupal 12. Sekmai Imphal West 13. Thanging Chiru** Mao and Sadar Hills 14. Thingkangphai Churachandpur , 15. Toupokpi . Tengnoupal

• Present vOlume (No.2 of the ~erjc~) ** Already published

iv CONTENTS Pazes Foreword I-lll Preface v CUAPTBR.'S

1. The Village . 1-3 11. People and their. Material Equipment 5·12

III. The Economy ~3-16 IV. Social and Cultural Life . 17-26 V. Conclusion • 27

ApPENDICES

I. Household schedule used for the survey . 29·42 II. Village Schedule used for the survey 43·49

ILLUSTRATIONS Maps and sketches To face page 1. Notional map uf the village . 1 2. Proportions of the clans 4 3. Ground plan of a typical Kabui house 5 4. Proportions of domestic animals 14 5. Marital status 18 6. Sex and Age structure 19 Photographs 1. A group of village-elders. In the background both old and new houses can .be seen 6 2. A small shop run at the corner of the veranda~ - . 14 3. A you~g lady weaving at her loin-loom 15 4. A group of girls fully attired for the GAN-NGAI festival 24 (Photo courtesy: Shri G. Gaibipou)

~ 5. Two boys (standing) dressed up for the GAN-NGAI festival . 25 (Photo courtesy : Shri G. Gaibipou) FOREWORD Apart from laying the foundations of demography in this subcontinenE, a hundred years of the Indian Census has also produced 'elaborate and scholarly accounts of the variegated phenomena of Indian life-sometimes with no staHstics attached, but usually with just enough statistics to give empirical underpinning to their conclusions.' In a coun~ry, largely illiterate, where statistical or numerical comprehension of even such a simple thing as age was liable 1:0 be inaccurate, an understanding of the social structure was essential. It was more necessary to attain a broad understanding of what was happening around oneself than to warp oneself up in 'statistical ingenuitt or 'mathematical manipulation.' This explains why the Indian Census came to be interested in 'many by-paths' and 'nearly every branch of scholarship, from anthro­ pology and sociology to geography and religion.' In the last few decades the Census has increasingly turned its efforts to the presentation of village statistics. This suits the temper of the times as well as our political and economic structure. For even as we have a gr.eat deal of centralization on the one hand and decentralisation on the other, my colleagues thought it would be a welcome continuation of the Census tradition to try to invest the dry bones of village statistics with flesh-and-blood accounts of social structure and social change. It was accordingly decided to select a few villages in every State for special study, where personal observation would be brought to bear on the interpretation of statis­ tics to find out how much of a village was static and yet changing and how fast the winds of change were blowing and from where. Randomness of selection was, therefore, eschewed. There was no intention to build up a picture for the whole State in quantitative terms on the basis of villages selected statistically at random. The selection 'was avowedly purposive: the object being as much to find out what was happening and how fast to those villages which had fewer reasons to choose change and more to remain lodged in the past as to discover how the more 'normal' types of villages were changing. They were to be primarily type studies which, by virtue of their number and distribution, would also give the reader a 'feel' of whM was going on and some kind of a map of the country. A brief account of the tests of selection will help to explain. A minimum of thirty-five villages was to be chosen with great care to represent adequately geogra­ phical, occupational and even ethnic diversity. Of thls minimum of thirty-five, the distribution was to be as-follows: \ (a) At least eight villages were to be so selected that each of them would con­ tain one dominant community with one predominating occupation, e.g., fishermen, forest workers, jhum cultivators, potters, weavers, salt-makers, quarry workers, etc. A village should have a minimum population of 400, the optimum being between 500 and 700. (b) At least seven villages were to be of nume!ically prominent Scheduled Tribes of the State. Each village could represent a particular tribe. The minimum population should be 400, the optimum being betweeij 500 and 700. (i) (ii) (c) The third group of villages should each be of fair size, of an old and settled character and contain variegatod occupations and be; if possible, multi· ethnic in composition. By fair size was moant a population of 500·700 persons or more. The village should mainly dopend on agriculture and be sufficiently away from the major sources of modern communication such as the district administrative headquar­ ters and business centres. It would be roughly a day's journey from the above places. The villages were to be selected with an eye to variation in terms of size, proximity to city and other means of modern communication, nearness to hills, jungles and major rivers. Thus there was to be 'a regional distribution throughout the State of this category of villages. If, however, a particular district contained significant ecological variations within its area, more than one village in the district might be selected to study the special adjustments to them. It is a unique feature of these village surveys that they rapidly outgrew their original terms of reference, as my colleagues warmed up to their work. This proved for them an absorbing voyage of discovery and their infectious enthusiasm compelled me to enlarge the inquiry's scope again aRd again. It was just as well cautiously to feel one's way about at first and then venture further a field, and although it accounts to some extent for a certain unevenness in the quality and ,coverage of the monographs, it served to compensate the purely honorary and extra-mural rigours of the task. For, the Survey, along with its many ancillaries like the survey of fairs and festivals, of small and rural industry and others, was an 'extra', over and above the crushing load of the 1961 Census. It might be of interest to recount briefly the stages by which the Survey enlarged its scope. At the first Census Conference in September, ]959 the Survey set itselfthe task of what might be called a record in situ of material traits, like settlement patterns of the village; house types; diet; dress; ornaments and foot-wear; furniture and storing vessels; common me:lOS of transport of goods and passengers; domestica­ tion of animals and birds; markets attended; worship of deities, festivals and fairs. There were to be recordings, of course, of cultural and social traits and occupational mobility. This was followed up in March 1960 by two specimen schedules, one for each household, the other for the viUage as a whole, which, apart from spelling out the mode of inquiry suggested in the September, 1959. Conference, introduced groups of questions aimed at sensing changes in attitude and behaviour in such fields as marriage, inheritance, movable and immovable property, industry, indebtedness, education, community life and collective activity, social disabilities forums of appeal over disputes, village leadership, and organisation of cultural life. It was now plainly the intention to provide adequate statistical support to empirical 'feel', to approach qualitative change through statistical quantities. It had been difficult" to give thought to the importance of 'just enough statistics to give empirical underpinning to conclusion', at a time when my colleagues were straining themselves to the utmost for the ,succe3S of the main Census operations, but once the census count itself was left behind in March, 1961, a series of three regional seminars in Trivandrum (May, 1961), Darjeeling and Srinagar (June, 1961) restored their attention to this field and the importance of tracing social change through a number of well­ devised statistical tables was once again recognised. This itself presupposed a fresh survey of villages already done, but it was worth the trouble in view of the possibili­ ties that a close analysis of statistics offered, and also because the 'consanguinity) schedule remained to be canvassed. By November, 1961, however) more was expected (iii) of these surveys than ever before. There was dissatisfaction on the one hand with too many general statements and a growing desire on the other to draw conclusions from statistics, to regard social and economic data as interrelated processes, and finally to examine the social and economic processes set in motion through land reforms and other laws, legislative and administrative measures, technological and cultural change. Finally, a study camp was organised in the last week of December, 1961 when the whole field was carefully gone through over again and a programme worked out closely knitting the various aims of the Survey together. The Social Studies Section of the Census Commission rendered assistance to State Superintendents by way of scrutiny and technical comment on the frame of Survey and presentation of results. This gradual unfolding of the aims of the Survey prevented my colleagues from adopting as many villages as they had originally intended to. But I believe that what may have been lost in quantity has been more than made up for in quality. This is perhaps, for the first time that such a Survey has been conducted in any country, and that purely as a labour of love. It has succeeded in attaining what is set out to achieve: to construct a map of village India's socjal structure. One hopes that the volumes of this Survey will help to retain for the Indian Census its title to 'the most fruitful single source of information about the country'. Apart from other features, it will perhaps be conceded that the Survey has set up a new Census standard in pictorial and graphic documentation. The schedules finally adopted for this mono­ graph have been printed in an appendix.

NEW DELHI, ASOK MITRA July 30, 1964 Registrar General, India

2-~ R. G. India/58

PREFACE The monographs on the selected villages of Manipur which constitute a 'by­ work' of the 1961 Census Operations, are a part of the aHeplpt at what may be described as documentational mapping of some of the less developed villages of India. In selecting the villages of Manipur, the criteria laid down by the Registrar General have been generally followed and care also was taken to see· that the major tribes inhabiting the hill areas are represented in the present series of survey. It is rather unfortunate that on account of the unhappy law and order situation in the Sub-divisions of Tamenglong and Ukhrul and the Mao-Maram area, .it was not possible to include any village from these three places. This does not, however, detract from the broadly representative character of the villages under survey. Some of the villages selected for the present survey are situated in the interior hill areas, with very poor communication facilities. The field work in some cases, therefore, involved strenuous marches from the headquarters of a Sub-division. Language difficulty was also one of the factors that stood in the way of smooth eliciting of information in the case of some of the interior tribal villages. The credit for the commendable field work on which the present series of survey are based should go to the two Investigators, Sarvashri S. Achouba Singh and Q. M. Qutabuddin. The present monograph and the others in the series are the result of a 'labour of love', as the Registrar General aptly put it al'ld if they are of any use to those who are engaged in the number ONE task of raising the level of living in village India, those of us who applied ourselves to the preparation of these monographs with some assiduousness will have the lasting satisfaction that ours has not been a case of 'love's labour's lost'. I am grateful to Shri A. Mitra, I. C. S., Registrar General and ex-officio Census Commissioner of India for his unfailing advice and guidance. I am also grateful to Dr. B. K. Roy Burman, Officer on Special Duty in the Office of the Registrar General for valuable suggestions he made in the preparation of this monograph. On Dr. K. B. Singh who was associated with the work at the later stage, has fallen the burden of preparing the draft of this monograph and of verifying the information and statis­ tics already collected by personal visits to the spot and I am much obliged to him for the keen interest he has taken in the task entrusted to him. Acknowledgements should also go to Sarvashri K. Aton, Khullakpa, K. Thambou, Paojaigai, G. Chaoba, Indramani and G. Gaibipou, all of Keisamthong Kabui village, for giving us valuable information during the course of investigation.

IMPHAL, R. K. BIRENDRA SINGH February 26, 1968

(v) ------_. --

NOTION ~L MAP IJF 1( EI ~ Ar~1 THO NG KABU I : ILL AG ~

S VB-DIVIS ION=-IMPHAL W[S T s

O· Keso CHAPTER I THE VILLAGE Introduction starts from the month of June and continues till the Keisamthong Kabui village is situated ill the heart end of September though occasional shower lakes ofImpha1 town. It is exclusively a village of the Kabuis, place in other months. Th(.re is practically no rainfall and it comes under the admmistrative jurisdiction in the months of November, Deeembf:r and January. of the Imphal West Sub-Division. The village is boun­ Rainfall is heaviest during the months of June, July, ded on the west by the Nambul river, on the south August and Sep1ember when the average monthly by the Keisamthong road, 011 the cast by Jail road, record is about 200 millimeters. theatre of Manipur Dramatic Union and the office of the Manipur Drivers Union Co-opera1ive Society, This village enjoys mild and breezy climalc. The and on the 110rth by cantOJU11ent area and jail compound. summer sun is less disturbing, and even during the The village forms a part of Keisam1hong area and mid-day when the sun is over-head, one can comfor­ tably take rest inside the house or under some shatie. hence the area-figure of tllis village ~s not separalely Even during the hot season (March to May) there are available. occasional rainfalls and the daily temperatures natu­ This village comes wi1hin the Municipal area, rally decrease. By the month of October sun-shine and it is located a little lowards the southern part is warm and nights are cool thereby heralding the of the said area. All the important administrative coming of the winter season which lasts till the end offices and market-places arc hardly one or two miles of February or so. The coldest part of this season is away from this village. The Manipur Secretarial, during the months of December and January. During Police Station, Office of the Judicial Commissioner the&e months very often early mornings arc foggy and similar othel' important offices are within a mile's and misty and do not become clear until1he day is ad­ distance from the village. Similarly, Khwairamband vanced. Nights are cold and chjJJy. Bazar, which is not only the biggtst commercial and marketing centre of Manipur but a.lso a recreational Flora and Fauna area due to the existence of a number of cinema homes The village is devoid of trees and plants worth and restaurants within it, is also less than a milc from the name. There are a few trees sparsely distributed this village. within the village. The species are acacia, mango­ tree, gullllollOl' and Ilasp«ti. A few shrubs grow scan­ Physical Aspects tily along the boundary, The village lies on a plain land. The Kcisam­ thong road which runs along thc southern border of Wild animals are out of the picture. Among the the village is a little higher than the level land of the domestic animals mention may be made of pigs, fowls, village. The soil is sandy because the western boundary cattle, dogs and cats. Birds commonly found in Imphal of the village s1arts just from the bank of the Nambul are also seen in this Village. The crow is the most river. The soil is suitable for the cultivation of vege­ conspicuous bird. Swallows and sparrows are often tables like pea, cabbage, mustard, onion, brinjal, seen here and there in the village. ladies-finger, chilli, potato, etc. During l11e rainy season, the water is drained away towards the river Size of Village and Number of Households through small canals that lie on both sides of lhe It has been mentioned that the area figure of village. Within Ihe village also there arc small canals this village is not available. However, t11e viIJage is which drain away waler from private hydrants. In not a big one. In lhe absence of thick growth of trees the absence of tllick bushes and leafy trees in large wi1 hin the village, one can have more or less a com­ numbers, the village gets ample sun-shine during plete view of vhe village by standing ncar an enlranc\: sunny days. of (he village. The area of the village may be approxi­ mately 400' x 400'. At the time of survey in 1962, Rainfall and I CHmate the total number of households was 64 with a popula­ No meteorological data regarding temperature tion of 382 persons consisting of 180 males and 202 and rainfall of this village arc available separately. females. However, since this village is situated in the heart of Imphal town, the meteorological data for Imphal COlllmlUlication as a whole are fairly applicable so far as the climatic The inhabitants of this village do not faee any conditions of this village arc concerned. The average difficulty so far as communication is concclI1cd. Thi~ rainfall in Imphal, of which this ~illage is a part is oue 10 the existence of a number of motorable roads is about 56 inches, or 1413 mm. The rainy season around the village. There are two main routes for 2 reaching the village-one is from the west and another stitute different groups and in all social functions the from the east. As for the western route one has to boys assemble at the house of one of them, and simi­ come upto Keisamthong village on the pucctJ Mayang· larly the girls too assemble at the house of one of them. Imphal road and then cross the Keisamthong bridge Recently a new building has been built near the sou­ built over the Nambul river which runs along the thern entrance by the Kabui Naga Dramatic lJnioll western boundary of the village. From the end of the in order to impart lessons on Kabui dance and music. bridge to one of the entrances leading to the village Another important place of gathering is the school the distance is hardly 10 metres. This is a wooden compound which is located in the middle of the vil­ bridge and is not motorable for its breadth is about lage. Mention may also be made of the shrine of Pukhan­ four feet only. If one takes the eastern route one must gba which lies at the north-wes1ern corner of thc vil­ first come to the Indo-Burma road (also known as lage. Pallel Road) and then enter the Keisamthong road on which two entrances leading to the village lie. Burial Ground There is also a thir.d entrance on the Jail road which The inhabitants do 110t cremate the dead bodies. runs along the eastern boundary of the village. All Customarily the dead body is inhumed. There is no thesc roads are motorable throughout the year. common burial ground in the village. Every house­ There is no branch post-office in tllis village, but hold has got a burial ground of its own in front of the head post-office is only about half a mile from the house, that is. the courtyard of the house serves the village. as the burial ground when a death takes place in the Now-a-days bicycles are so conspicuous in the vil­ house. lage that almost every household possesses at least one bicycle. There- are regular bus services along the Source of Water Mayang-Imphal road and the Pallel road, and since The inhabitants of this village hare no ditlkully thcse roads are close to the village, the inhabitants regarding water-supply for household usc. They usc can go to different parts of Manipur without any river-water and tap-water. There is onc publiq tap difficulty. installed within the village. There are two more public taps outside but very close to the village. One is on Residential Pattern the Keisamthong road and it is about one hundred There are mainly four parallel rows of houses­ feet from the south-eastern corner of the village, while all stretching from north to south. If we Slart from the other one lies on the other side of lhe Naro15ul the western part of the village, thc first row runs along river and near the other end of the Keisamthong bridge. the eastern bank of the Nambul river and all the houses Very recently the Government of Manipur has been in this row face the east. The houses in the second row in a position to give lap-water to several househblds face the west and between the two rows the communal in Imphal, and as a result, as many as 22 households path and the courtyards of the houses lie. The dis­ have installed private hydrants during the later part tance between the two rows will be about 100 feet, of 1967. while the length of the communal path wilf be about 400 feet. The houses on the third row face the east Market and in front of them lies the fourth row in which the Within the village there is no market·place wor1h houses face t he west. As in the previous case, there mentioning. However, there are some ~mall S1 all s is a communJ.1 path of about equal length and breadth run by elderly women where consumption goods like to the previous one between the third and fourth rows. vegetables, fruits, betel, cigarettes. sweets, etc. are The two paths are connected by another path at the sold. The main marketing centre where lhe inhabi­ northern end of the village. The inhabitants of this tants of this village go eilher daily or frequen1]y.is village have no difficulty in reaching any corner of the Khwairalllband Bazar which is situated at a distance village. Recently 9 houses have been built along the of about half a mile towards the north of lhe village. southern part of the village and close to the Keisam­ The inhabitants do not face any difficulty In going to thong road and they do not t'xactly fall into the line the market. The)' can either walk down on foot or of any of tIle rows. Tlllilir main entrances arc on both ride a bicycle if necessary. Regular buses going to the south and the west. the said market place are also available. Public Plate5 Origin of the Village The house of the headman is nalurally a place The village derives its name from its parent village where the village-elders meet and discuss matters viz. Keisamthong. Since the village is inhabited ex­ wnenever occasions arise. The house where the head­ clusively by the Kabuis, it is now known as Keisam­ man and other village elders, who are the guardians thong Kabui Village. As our survey reveals, the general of customary laws and traditions, meet is known as history of settlement in this village dates back to the Pl1ikai. The village does not have bachelor's hall as time of the Maharaja Sir Churachand Singh, K.C.S.J. 3uch but the vestige of the ancient practiCe associated C.B.E. who became lhe ruler of Manipur in 1891 with bachelor's hall still exists. Boys and girls con- A.D. But we do not know the exact year in whieh 3 the first settlement began, though most of the house­ Reason for Selection holds began to settle in this village three generations Though this villajSc is inhabited by one section ago. Most of the original settlers in this village mig­ of the Nagas, its location in the heart of Jmphal has rated from Tamenglong, a mountainous area lying made it very much urban in character. Besides, there about 44 miles 10 the west of ImphaJ, in order to arc Manipuri settlements around the village and very supply manual labourers for the ruler, but at a -sub­ close to il too. This phenomenon has produced a strong atmosphere of social change to which the sequent period migration from other villages also inhabitants of this village are exposed. This village had taken place for getting other employment oppor­ is purposively selected to study the socio-economic tunities by living in Imphal. life of the people. PROPORTIONS OF THE 'CLANS.

100

~ 80 G J:! Vl 60 4» c:r- ct ~ c 40 ~ d' ...." ..., ~ Q.. 2 0

0 UJ -LIJ -1.&1 ::!: :E ~ <.? c( -J % ~ 0 c( c..? C)

NBi-FIGURES AT.T HE TOP OF. BARS INDICATE P,BSOLUTE NUMBERS OF WOUSEHOLDS

3-2 ~.. G. ~ndia/G8 I ~ UJ 0 ct ..J a..

(.!J :z:: -a.. L&J L&J ...J en o ------W-----c

VERANDAH CHAPTER II

PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIA,L !QUIPM~T

itbJic Composition of Manipur in order to ~erve the Manipuri kjng as manual labourers. All the settler~ were .l\aQuis, ~nd This village as its name indicates, is a single­ since their settlt(ment, the vilJage has remained a vil­ community village. The inhabitants of this village lage of the Kabuis. Since the last Wilrld War II, the are Kabuis-a major community and a br!lnch of the inhabitants of this village have undergone rapid change Nagas pf Manipur. At the tim~ of survey, there were so far as their occupations are concerne(i. Living 64 households in the villa~e with a population of 180 in Imphal and exposed to many a non-agricultllrill males and 202 females. The population of the village employment opportunity, the people of this village is divided into three exogamous clans viz. Golmei, have undertaken differept types of occupation. The Gangmei and Kamei. The distribution of the males first settlers, that is, the fore-fathers of the present, and females in each clan is shown in the following inhabitants of this village were responsible for bring­ table. ing a change in traditional occupation. Living in Imphal they naturally gave up jhv.m-cultivation in the hills TABLE 1 and learned to adopt new ways and means of liveli­ hood under a different environment and surrounding. NamoofClan Number Males Females Total Adaptability is a part, of 4uman nature. The early of House- settlers who were accustomed to living in the .hills, holds engaging in jhum-cultivation amidst ",ild surroundings, -.-- .,.....- soon learned not only to live in a well-demarcated 2 3 4 5 small and compact area in the town but also to take profit out of the various amenities and opportunities Golmei 33 94 109 203 offered by the town. What is significant so far as the ethnic composition of the village is concerned is that, Gangmei . 13 36 42 78 in spite of the urban setting this village still remruns Kamei 18 50 51 101 to be a village of the Kabuis only, and through the decades the inhabitants have been able to maintain that position. Now-a-days, the inhabitants, both edu­ The number of households and persons under cated and uneducated, are found to be engaged (JDImei clan is the highest. The population under in different types of occupation in the town of lnJpbal. Golmei is more than half of the total population of The detailed accounts of occupations professed by the village while over 51 per cent of the households both males and females of t he village will be discussed of the village belong to that clan. In numerical strength, later on. in both household and population, Kamei clan comes second. The total population of Kamei clan is about Language half of that of GoImei clan. The least numerous in The inhabitants speak their own mother-tongue both household and popUlation is Gangmei clan. viz. Kabul. This is one of the major dialects ofManipur There is no clan hierarchy in the village, though spoken by over 26 thousand persons. Within Imphal as a customary practice, the headman of the village itself there are over two thousand Kabui speaking belongs to Kamei clan. We shall be coming to this persons. The people of this village not only speaki aspect later on while describing the salient features their mother-tongue but also have acquired mastery of village organisation for the maintenance and over Manipuri too. Surrounded by Manipuri settle­ smooth functioning of customary laws ,and practices. ment areas and coming in constant contact with the It will be pertinent to point out here that living in Manipuris, \ the people have naturally learnt Manipuri Imphal and having constant contact with other peoples from childhood. To add to this, Manipuri is the particularly the Manipuris (Meiteis) in their day-to­ medium of instruction in the schools too, and the day economic activities, the villagers have imbibed students of this village have to learn refined Manipuri urban habits and have assimilated to some extent .as spoken by the .elites. Hindi and English are known Manipuri ways of life. to a few educated persons, mostly males, of the vil­ lage. No population figures of this village are available for earlier census years and as such it is not possible lJouse and lIousetypes to examine the rate of increase or decrease during the inter-censal periods. As has been stated earlier, If appearance. of h?uses in a vi~lage is taken a~ the people of this village migrated from the hill areas an index of prospenty, then Kelsamthong KabUl

5 6 village may have to bo ranked as advanced and of clan or similar such conditions. The rich and the prosperous. We are informed that after the World poor live as neighbours. The materials used in plinth, War II, the number of houses. built with bricks aDd wall and roof are available from within Imphal it­ C.I. sheets has been increasing. The position of tbe self. houses at the time of survey in 1962 is as follows. Out of 64 residential houses, 25 houses have C.L sheet Before the World War II, this village had predo­ roofs, and again out of these 25 houses, four houses minantly thatched houses, but after the war the Dumber have brick foundation and wall~. Besides these, there of pucca houses i.e. houses built with better materials are another four flat-top brick houses also. The rest like bricks, cement, C.1. sheets etc. is on the increase. are thatched. Four houses have electric connection This is due to various opportunities of earning avai­ for domestic lighting. As regards designs of the lable to the people of this village by virtue of their houses, the people adopt different designs found in living in the urban area. The following sketch shows other parts of Imphal. As for the thatched houses, the ground plan of a thatched typical Kabui house there are six old houses built in traditional Kabui found in the village. As for pucca houses DO represen­ style while the remaining houses are built in Manipuri tative sketch can be given for the reason that these style. All the houses, both in Manipuri and Kabui houses are built in different styles according to the styles, are rectangular'in shape and are built on raised choice of the owners, and are dissimilar with one plinth. Almost all the hou~es are big and roomy for another so far as the number of rooms and their uses the members living in them. Windows are commonly are concerned. found in all the house's, but the number of windows in the thatched houses is not sufficient enough for the Material Culture houses to be well ventilated. There are two or three windows generally in a thatched house. The brick­ The inhabitants of this village are found to possess houses or the so-called modem honses, have suffi­ things which are usually found in urban areas. If cient number ·of windows for sun-light and ventilation. any proof is required to show that the inhabitants of this village are not basically poor and fundamentally There is no clustering of the houses on the basis backward, one has to look into the followi.ogtables.

TABLE 2 Material Culture~Possession of furniture

Caste/tribel Number of households possessing communitY,------. J>-______~ ___._, Bed-stead Khatia Chair Table Big mirror Bench Stool Dolchouki Wall shelf

2 3 4 I 5 6 7 8 9 10

Kabui 64 51 49 4 1 20 7 17

TABLE 3 Material Culture-Possession of Consumer goods

Caste/tribel Number of households possessing community ,-­ ...... Hurricane Patromax BatterY Kerosene Vehicle Radio set lantern or Hazak torch stove light

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Kabui 60 16 1 Jeep and 33 bicycles 3 A group of village-elders. III lite backgroulld boTh old (llId new hotlses CCiII be seell.

{Il)-2 R. G, India/68 , 7

In table No. 2 different items of furniture have The habit of taking tea is fairly developed arnollg been shown. In the whole village only one khatia the inhabitants of the village. This popular beverage and one b6JJch were found. This is due to the simple is taken by men and women in the morning and even­ fact that khatias and benches are not the common ing in either glass or procelain cups. Tea is ofi'cu'd to items of furniture essentially used in households. friends and visitors by way of courtesy. There are Instead of khatias, bedsteads or wooden cots are used. tea-stalls around and near the vil1~ge where tea and Similarly, a bench is not an essential household atticle snacks are available flom morn till early pal t of the among the inhabitants. In table No. 3 possession night. Smoking of cigarettes, and tobacco in chillum of consumer goods has been shown, and there we is quite popular among the inhabit ants of the village. find 33 bicycles, one jeep and three radio sets among These articles are available without difficulty from other items. A bicycle has become a very convenient those small shops situated near the village. Gills means of transport in the plains of Manipur, be­ ar.d young married women seldom smoke cigalettes, cause it is cheap, dependable and very handy. The but elderly women do. fact that one of the households possesses a motor vehicle speaks of the developing economy of the vil­ Utensils lage. Living in the urban area of Imphal, the inhabi­ tants of this village use utensils commonly available Food and Drinks in the market. Both metal and earthen utensils are used by the people irrespective of their clan affiliation. The inh~bita!1ts are non-vegetarians. The main TlJOugh clay utensils are naturally cheaper than metal staple diet is rice and not wheat. With rice, they take utensils, it is Dot to be supposed that only the poorer vegetables, pulses, fish, and meat. Fowl and pork section of the inhabitants uses earthen or clay utensils. are occasionally taken because these are costly and Some earthen untensils have fUDctional utility dif­ every household cannot spend for them daily. Rice­ ferent from that of metal utensils and vice versa. For beer also is an important item of drink specially on example, metal dishes and cups are more suitable for ceremonial occasions. serving cooked food. Earthen pots are on the other hand suited for preserving dried fish, salt, condi­ The people take their meals twice daily-one ments, etc. It is also the local belief that drinking in the morning and the other after sunset. Usually small children take their meals more than twice a water preserved in an earthen pot tastes better. The loca.l names of a few important utensils are as day. The inhabitants have a simple food habit. Most of the households take, with rice, one item of curry follows: of ~ither vegetable, pulse, fish or meat. It is only on festlVe or ceremonial occasions that differeD t items Local Names English Equivalents Materials of food preparations are taken. The inhabitants of this village are also hit by the recent wave of scarcity prevalent throughout Manipur. The varieties of food Napk(Jk Dish Bell-metal stuff commonly taken by the inhabitants are as fol­ Gangkam. Cup (curry) lows: " Duibonz • Cup (water) • or gJass " Vegetables alld pulses ; All kinds of vegetables Duikhu . Water-pot . Brass and pulses sold in the market. Some of the popular Neng-Dllikhu . Earthen varieties are brinjal, tomato, potato, mustard, cab­ " Nap/ai Cooking pot (rice) • Earthen, Brass or bage, cauliflower and pumpkin. Pulses also are taken Aluminium by the inhabitants. Beans, peas, moong aod gram Galllai • Cooking pot (meat are the common varieties of pluses available in almost and vegetables). " all the grocer's shops in Imphal. .l.alai or Latai- Spoon • • Bamboo, iron or . Meat'; Fowl is taken more or less often, if not kok brass dally, by the inhabitants. This is due to the fact that fowl is less costly and most of the households are also Dress and Ornaments found to be rearing it at home. Pork and beef are also taken by the people but these are usually taken on There is no distinction between the clans OIl the festive occasions or religious functions. basis of the dress worn by the people. Now-a-days the impact of urbanisation is very much pronounced so Others: Milk!, in spite of its rich food value far as the dress of the people is concerned. Dy and is not a popular drink of the people. This is due t~ I large the 'people, particularly the menfolk have adop­ th~ fact t~at fur~ milk is hard to get and price of ted Western dress in their day-to-day activities. The !llllk too. IS hIgh In Imphal. Fruits are taken often, womenfolk on the other hand remain less inpervious If not dady. :BatJana, guava, papaya, mango, orange, to urban influence. There is still much resemblance lemon and pIneapple are among the delicious varieties between their dress and the dress of the Manipuri offruits available in Manipur. (Meitei) women. 8

The young as well as the old persons who remain the waist. If a WOlllan wearing a blouse w(.ars Pneisoi at home or in the village wear old and second-hand over' the breasts, the cloth is brought over the blouse. clothes. New and better clothes are worn while going A chaddar is generally llsed to cover t~e upper part outside for work or while attending social functions. of the body besides blouse and Pheisoi. Women too At home menfolk wear Khudei to cover the lower now-a-days are seen wearing foot-wears purchased part of thc body. Khudei is a local made loom-cloth from the market. Grown-up girls are fastidious regarding of about 9 feet long and 2t feel wide, and it is worn purchase of foot-wears. They are particular to pick. more or less in the dhoti-style by both the Kabuis up the latest designs in vogue. and the Manipuris. As for the upper part of the body it may be left bare or covered by wearing a vest or Generally children of both the sexes are not parti­ a shirt depending on daily temperature. During the cular enough about the clothes they wear while re­ hot season menfolk are not particular about covel ing maining at home. Infants and children in the village the upper part of the body while remaining al home. a.re seen wearing only shirts without any under-wear. But during the winter when mornings and evenings are YOWlg girls are also found wearing frocks instrad usually cold, warm clothes arc used by the people of Pheisoi. Young boys too, on the other hand, wear to cover the upper part of the body even though they half-pants. Wearing of lower garments among young remain at home. Instead of Khndei, many men also children gradually develops as they become older. wear old pants at home. Persons who are in services Usually it is from the age of five or six years that young or attend to business in the town wear pan.ts and shirts boys and girls are seen wearing clothes. and shoes. Woollen suits are worn during the winter Ornaments made of gold and other materials like by a large number of men. Educated persons are brass, glass-beads, etc. are worn by the womenfolk. seen wearing neck-ties too. Gold ornaments are worn by them on certain auspi­ cious occasions like marriage or a social gathering. Women, on the other hand, wear old and second­ While remaining at home also some rich women wear hand clothes as their male counterparts do, when gold ornaments specially bangles and ear-rings. Silver they remain at home. The traditional dress of the women ornaments are not popular. Besides gold ornaments, consists of a wide sheet of loom-made cloth called womenfolk also wear glass and stone-beads and those Pheisoi. The size of this cloth for an adult female is "imitations" sold in the market. Ornaments which approximatley 6' X 4'. Pheisoi is available in smaller are commonly worn by the females are Tu (necklace), sizes also for use by little girls. Little girls wear this Ta (bangle), Khudop (ring) and Naya"bi (ear-ring). cloth around the waist and they seldom wear a blouse So far as gold ornaments are concerned there IS to cover the upper part of the body. But the grown-up no design exclusively of the people. For making girls and young married women wear this cloth along a gold ornament one has to go to a Manipuri goldsmith with a blouse and a chaddar or a piece of cloth as and consult the illustrated catalogue of designs or wrapper to cover the upper part of the body. Another ornaments maintained by the goldsmith before making mode of wearing Pheisoi is over the breasts, and this a selection. Such catalogues are on the other hand mode is often resorted to by elderly we.men because printed and supplied by jewellers from Calcutta, it is considered less dignified if they wear Pheisoi around Bombay and other cities of India.

BELIEFS AND PRACTICES CONNECTED WITH BIRTH, MARRIAGE AND DEATH

Birth As they live in Imphal, they can either invite anum Ordinarily, the fact of pregnancy is indicated by from the Imphal Civil Hospital or take the pregnant the stoppage of menstruation. It stands confirmed woman to the Maternity Ward of the said hospital. when menstruation remains overdue for more than If birth takes place in the village, the woman in atten­ two months. Until the stagc of pregenanc), is fairly dance cuts the navel cord with a sharp end of bamboo advanced, there is no'prohibition in the daily routine and it is buried near the wall. After the birth of the of work of the pregnant woman, but when the stage baby, the diet of the couple is restricted to plain rice, of pregnancy is advanced, sM is asked to do only salt and water onl} for five days. Vegetables, curr)', etc. arc customarily not taken. If the baoy born is the light work~, so that no harm may be done to the foetus. NQ special diet is taken by them during this not the first child of the couple, the restriction on food period, though fODds of bitter taste are avoided. does not extend to the father of the baby but to the mother only. There is no restriction on food for the The delivery takes place at the husband's place other members oftne household. on a mat near the fire-place. The sleeping bed is usually avoided in order to 6pare the mattress and linen from It has also been observed llowada}s that the dietary being soiled. An experienced elderly woman of the restriction is not strictl)' observed by the fathers of village is in attendance. Care is taken to sec that this firstborn children. On the fifth day, Najungamei (also woman is not a widow. For the purpose of deliver}, known as Yupanthaba) is performed for the welfare the people ()f this village have little inconveniences. of the child. On this day, there is also a simple ceremony 9

known a.s Penbramleimai which forms a part of Najun­ usually performed. This is a simple ceremony in which gamei ceremon~. This is an initiation ceremone), au elderly man, holding, a few leaves of Khagra (a performed by an elderly male involving the sacrifice of a kind of small plant) goes from house to house waving chicken. The chicken is cut into two from head to tail, the leaves and shouting that the village has DeeD and it is offered to god with prayer. The theme of the purified. pra~er is that the newly born child has joined the world of the mortals and cannot return to the land of the Marriage gods. The person who performs this ceremon), cannot be a widower. After Penbramleimai ceremony is over, Two types of marriage arc prevalent in this village Najungamei is performed for the welfare of the child. and they are (a) marriage by engagement and (b) mar. At this ceremon)" one big cock (called Sangdai) and riage by elopement. The frequency of each is not one small cock (called Sang/on) are sacrificed by pres­ known. sing the necks and pra)'er is offered so that the child Marriage by Engagement b~ an honest and virtuous person. After the sacrifice, the liver and a piece of meat of Sangdai are held by In this type of marriage, the initiative is taken by the elderl)' mlln and he sways them close to the face the boy's family. If the boy and the girl belong to of the child with pra,er. This person repeats similar the same village some of the preliminar), formalities p~rformance with the liver and meat of the smaller associated with the engagement may be cock (Sang/on). After the prayer is over, the meat convenientl~ relaxed. The parents of the boy may of the sacrificed cocks is cooked and consumed by the go to the house of the girl, and talk with her parents village elders onl~. It may however be noted that before taking up further steps. But if 1he boy and the if the family fails to perform the ceremon), of Najun­ girl are from different villages the general procedures gamei on the fifth day, the same may be performed are as follows. Two or three elderly women from the on an:, subsequent day convenient to the family con­ boy's side will go to the girl's house taking an iron cerned. But the cer.eruony of Penbramleimai cannot hoc with them. The iron hoe is given to the parents be postponed beyond the fifth day. of the girl as a symbol of proposal and the women StllI-birth and Child Death will talk with the parents of the girl informing them the purpose of their visit. After this, until the marriage In ca~e of still-birth or child-death before the ini­ proposal has been finalised, two persons who act tiation ceremony of Penbramleimai is performed, the as go-between will go to the house of the girl more body is simply buried without ceremony. If still-birth than once. Such a person is known as Naothanpao. takes place there is genna in the village. The genna When the two Naothanpaos from the boy's side reach obmwd by the famil:, where still-birth takes place the village of the girl, the)' will first meet two Naothan­ is known as Yummangba, and the genna observed paos of that village. The four }{aothanpaos will [.0 to by oth)r families in the village is called Namungba. the house of the girl and meet her parents. The day Agenna day is a non-working da)'. The village observed on which final words are given by the parents of the Namungha for one day only whereas the family where girl in favour of the boy's proposal is called Naotimei still·birth takes place observes YU(Ilmangba for five the bride-giving ?ay. On this day or OJ'! any other day day~. After the expiry of the genna perioo, persons before. the marrIage, I?atter.s regardmg bride'price concerned will resume to normal daily works. are dIscussed. The brlde-prtee or mankat consists of two iron-hoes, one he-buffalo or Rs. 20, one she­ When a child dies before the performance of Pen­ buffal? or Rs. 30, two dao!, two lances, two dishes, bramleimai ceremony, the whole village including the four pIece,s of c~othe~ (one pIecc.meant for girl's father). family of the dead child will observe genna i.e. Namun­ If the boy s fawly WIshes to aVOId all the items included gba for one day o·nly. in the mankat, two iron hoes, one piece of Cloth meant Unnatural Death for the girl's father "nd Rs. 125/- in lieu of the rest of the items only can be given. If the parents of the Suicide or death caused by attack ·of wild animals girl are unw11li£g to accept the proposal, the iron is comidered unnatural. If a person meets an unna­ hoe is to be returned to the bol's family within a period tural death the household observes Yummangba. for of six months. five da)'s. A close male member of the household will mourn the death for five da~s b)' remaining It ma)' be noted that the Kabuis did not have outside the house. He may stay at the verandah of any written accounts so far as lhe items of bride.price the house but will never enter the house. His diet is are concerned. In the past there used to have been no also restricted to rice and water only. On the fifth uniformity in the items of articles included in a mankat day there will be purification and sacrifice of a pig It is learnt that about !he } ear 1934, a number of head: or so, and all will have a feast. me~ of several Kal?~l vIi~age? met and unanimously deCIded to have umformlt:r In the items of mankat Purification In the year 1947, under the aegis of the Kabui Nag~ t\ssociation many hea~men of Kabui villages met and The purification ceremon:, is called Keifekmai. discussed m~ny unwntten cu~tomary laws including When there is genna in the village this ceremon, is that of mamage. IncorporatIng the decisions of the 10

1934 meeting, the Kabui Naga Association brought the bride hor left foot on the plantain leaf. The Muh out a private cycJQstyled circular in 1947 wherein then holds a cock in his hands hnd narrates a fOlk­ the details of mankat are given. The decisions of the tale in which names of persons and places are not headmen who met in 1941 are widely accepted through­ mentioned. The narrative goes somewhat in the following out Manipur today, and the items of mankat mentioned manner : "Long long ago there lived a couple. The wife in the preceding para conform to that laid down seldom stayed with her husband. She often ran away in the meeting of 1947. The above account of mankat from her husband's house. As usual one day she ran refers to that of marraige of a girl. In the case of a away and her husband pursued her. When he came widow/divorced woman or any such woman for whom by the side of a river he wondered whether he would th~ mlrriage is not the first, the mankat for such a go upstream or downstream to find his wife. His rela­ womln generally consists of two iron hoes, one cloth tives also followed his tract, and after running some for womlu's father, and R5. 62' 50 which is half of distance upstream they found the woman and brought Rq. 125 given in lieu of articles of mankat of a girl. her horne. They sought,the advice of the Muh or village priest so that the woman would not run away often After the mankat is given, the marriage contract from.her husband's house. The Muh advised the family is sealed. After this the marriage ceremony may be that the ceremony of Yenkhongtamba must be per­ held on any day convenient to both the p::trties, and formed." Saying thus the Muh again adds: "In the the ceremony is held not at the house of the bride like manner, I perform the ceremony of Yenkhong­ but at the hou~e of the groom. The ceremony is per­ tamba by sacrificing this cock for the welfare of you form'}d in the following manner. On the day of the two". And then he strangles the cock with his own marriage ceremony, the bride, accompanied by her hands and by closely examining the position of the legs parents, fdends, relatives and village folk~ leave of the cock he tells whether the couple will live long, for the house of the boy. The procession piesents whether they will have many sons, whether the mflr­ a pompous view speciall~ in Imphal. If the girl belongs rage will be short lived, etc. etc. Left leg resting on to another village, the bridal party will not directly the right leg indicates that a male child will be borne enter the village of the boy. The bridal put)' will halt to the couple. It is a bad omen if the legs do not touch at some spacious and open place near the village of or cross each other. Here the marriage ceremony the boy. Boy's plrty (ex.cluding the groom) will come comes to an end.' The ceremony of Yenkhongtamba out to receive the bride and her party. All are in a without which no Kabui marriage is complete, is mood of leisure and gaiety. An interesting part of the precisely an act of divination. bridal procession towards the boy's village is the foot-race betw~en boys of groom's and bride's villages. On the fifth day after the marriage, the parents of The race will start from the bridal part~'s halting place the bride give a feast called "Pukpaoba". On this day and finish at the groom's house. The winner of the in the morning, the parents bring cooked meal race will not receive any pdze for his victor~ but specially meant for their daughter, but the quantity on the contrary he will give some money to the village is big enough that other members of the household elders and receives blessings from them. also join in the feast. Marriage Gifts Now-a-days, the journey of the bridal party towards the village of the bridegroom is not a quiet phenomenon. It is not only customary but natural too on the part of Umllly a blnd-party is engaged for providing the tempo the parents to give presents as many as possible when of gaiety and merriment associated with such an aus­ their daughter leaves for her new home. Among the picious occasion like marriage, while the bride per­ items of presents the following are considered more or form~ the Journey by riding an elephant or a motor less essential : one tabu (basket for keeping clothes, etc. car. When the bridal party arrives at the village of one sam (basket with sling to be carried on the back), the boy all are courteously welcomed and seated. The oue loom-cloth each for their duaghter's husband, bride is lightly embraced from the side by the mother husband's father, husband's mother, husband's elder of the groom and she is taken imide the house. While sister, clothes for their daugther, utensils, loin-loom entering the house, the bride is asked to put her step and accessories, one spade, one axe, one dao, one over the threshold with her right leg. The bride and the pig, one fowl and some food stuffs. groom are seated on the edge of the mattress placed on a bed while their feet -are on the floor. The bride Marriage by Elopement sits on the left side of the groom. A fine plantain leaf Marriage b} elopement is customaril} recognised. is cut along its spine ~nd the right half of the leaf is Under normal circumstances, when a girl elopes with placed on the floor near the feet of the bride and the a bo)" the parents have very little to say against. The groom. An iron hoe and a piece of ginger ar~ placed mankat rna)' or rna) not be given but it is always fair on the leaf. An elderly man who is well versed in on the part of the boy to give mankato When a girl customary practices performs the marriage cere­ elopes with a boy, the Yenkhongtamba ceremony must mony, the solomnising aspect of which is constituted be performed so that the boy and the girl be recog­ b~ what is customarily called Yenkhongtamba. This nised as husband and wife. This ceremony ('an be ma.n who performs the priestly works is called the performed even in the absence of the parents of the Muh· He asks t~e groom to place his right fQot ~nd girl, 11

Some Highlights of Marriage Custom is n.d tradition amon~ 'tte Itkbhis th!! tJlw g~d bodlJs- wei e· nrthe"Va'Srcreiriiirecr:-rrIiasSeen stated Clan exogamy is strictly observed. No man can earlier that the village does not have common burial marr) a womiln if the) belong to the same clan. It ground. The courtyards of individual houses serve the traditional belief among the inhabitants that such as burial grounds of the households concerned. violation of marital rule will displease the deities and the children born will be short lived. Assymetrical form of crols-cousin marriage is not only permitted The disposal of the dead is done in the following but preferred too. One can marry only the mother's manner. The dead body is washed and new clothes brother's daughter. Divorce and widow remarriages are put on. Thus well attired, the cOlpse is put in a are allowed. Divorcee can reman}, just as widows ,",:ooden coffin.. S?me personal belongings like smoking can. Children of two sisters cannot marry because pipe, dao, dnnklDg. p~t, etc. are also put in side the they are reckoned as brothers and sisters, even though coffin. When the d1ggmg of the grave is completed their mothers are married off to different clans. 'lhe some four or five males carry the coffin towards the Riabuis have some established regulations centered grave. The grave is dug in tbe following manner. The around Mankat or the oride-price. Some of the in­ depth of the grave is roughly six feet. At the lowermost depth of the northern. side of the pit, a hole is dug teresting and significant aspects are as follows: If out honzontally. ThIS hole should be big and deep a miln divorces his wife without any fault on the part enough for the coffin to be pushed inside. When the of the wife, the man will not get back the Mankat ~jgging ('f the grave is completed a close male relative given at the time of his marriage. If a woman takes (I.e. SOIl, .brothe~, etc.) of the de~eased will put lou­ up the initiative for divorce against the man's wbh khamtellg I.e. a pIece of bamboo In the grave and will the Mankat will be given back to the man. If a ma~ utter a ~~w words. of con~olation which roughly mean divorces his wife before he has paid off the Mankat, thus: All relatives are here. You must not be he has to pay Rs. 62·50 P. which is considered to afraid of anyone else. You go in peace to the land of ~alf ~he ~he girl. be value of Mankat for a Similarly the God." Ut~ering such words, the person has per­ a dlvorcmg woman wIll have to pa) Rs. 30 for causing formed what is called Wakheiltaba-farewell to the disgrace i.e. malthi. t.o the man if he has not paid off dead: ~fter this, the coffi~ is taken down into the grave the Mankat. ~arrtage. rules and regulations involving and 1t 1S slowly pushed mto the horizonta1 hole with Martkat are stIll considered to be a delicate affair the legs first. When the entire coffin has been pushed a~d ~inor differences. are usuall~ settled through inside, the mouth of the hole is closed with some stones J1SCU)5!OD>, coun')elhng and compromise suitable fhe grave is then filled up and the mound of the grav~ to both the parties. 1S neatly prepared. Funeral Rites . At the. death of a person in the village, the whole Th~ village is hardly a mite away from the Civil VIllage wIll observe flamu'IIgba or gen'lla. This obser­ HJlpital and as such its inhabitants can easily get v~nce is in honour of the deceased. On this day the m~d ieal facilities in case of sickness or injury. If home­ Villagers will mou~n the death by abstaining from daily treatment is preferred, the services of a doctor can be works. If an outSIder happens to remain in the village ea~ily available. If the family is poor enough to engllBe at th~ time of ~eath, he is u.sually expected not to leave a qualified medical practitioner, services of a local the v111age untIl all are pUrIfied and ltamu'IIgba is over pbYdician may be obtained. The purification of the household of the deceased and !he persons p~rticipating i~ the disposal of the dead If death of a sick person in the house is certain IS performed In the followmg manner. A cup of rice­ preparation for the burial is made. Death takes plac~ beer is placed on the verandah while in the courtyard inside the house. Immediatelyafter death takes place a bamboo of about four feet long is erected. The tip preparation for the disposal of the dead begins. Geoe~ of the bamboo is incised into nearly a dozen pieces so rally disposal of the dead takes place on the same day that the. tip may be ~xpanded into a funnel shape. but if the death occurs late at night and when the family Upon th1s expanded tip a small earthen plate contain­ of the deceased has to inform relatives living at distant ing a mixture of,two types of grass and roots of pai places, the disposal of the dead takes place naturally (botanical names not known) is kept. Every person on the following day. There is a general belief among who has participated in the funeral will take a few the Kabuis that the soul goes to the land of the dead pieces of this mixture from the eartben plate and touch known as Taroilam; but there is no clear concept as the body with them. He will then touch the rice-beer to the myth or legend associated with Taroilam. mentioned above with his fingers, and thus he becomes purified. Similarly as for the purification of the whole When death takes place, a small pit is dug in front village, a village elder holding a few leaves of khagra ?f !he death~bed a~d fo~d (meat preparation) is placed (botanical name not known) and tossing them will IDslde the pit. It IS beheved that the dead carries the go from house to house declaring that gelt'ta is over. fooq on the journe¥ to Taroilam. A village elder cames a dao on his shoulder and' makes war-cries In honour of the deceased, an annual feast called Of... ~!:. and consoles the dead not to be afraid of Thaimaikadimai is given by the household in the monlh Qf Wa/Cchi'llQ (Dece~ber-January). According to evIl spmts. The dead body is never cremated. There . . 4-2 R. G. India/66 12 the cODvenience of tho household, the feast is given II.nd the expenses if aoy are borne by other households on any day of the month. The food consists of rice, who willingly subscribe to the amo~t. There is no vegetables and meat depending upon the means of the specific time gap between the time of death and th~ family. Dance, song and other merry-making are also resorted to especially by boys and girls. Fond performance of this rite. The death may take place of fun' and mirth as they are, such merry-making may in any month but this rite is performed in the month also continue for one or two days after Thaimaikadimai, of Wakchi'lg (DecemberwJanuary) only. CHAPTER III THE ECONOMY

TABLE 4 The general feature of the economy of this village is highly urbanised. Almost all the inhabitants of the village are in non-agricultural occupations. Living Number of persons Name of occupation in the heart of Imphal town within a small and limi­ MaJes Females TotaJ t~d space, the inhabitants cannot depend on land for their liveliliood. Thus, so far as the land resources 234 are concerned, the village is extremely poor. However, there ar_e other factors influencing the economic life 3 24 of the village, and these are, to mention only a few Office·goers 21 important ones, the improvement of communication, Police, Army • 23 23 expansion of mark~ting facility, expan8~on 9f sour­ 6 CCl! of finance, and Infiltration of urban InfiueIlces. Driver, Mechanics . 6 Teach.rs • 3 1 \4 The inhabitants of this village share with the rest of the urban people·living in Imphal the benefits offered Business • 11 2 13 by the expanding communication facilities. The people Physician. of this village do not face any difficulty regarding com­ , munication facilities, and this opportunity is respon­ Retired . 5 6 sible for the wider physical mobility of the people as well as for the expansion of their economic acti­ vities. LiviDg in Imphal and getting the impact of Weaving, though it has been practiseq by the women­ \lrban ways of life, the people have shaken off their folk at home during their leisure·time, is not found traditional pattern of life by taking up different types to be a major and principal occupation, Almost every of occupation for which avenues are not lacking in household possesses at least one loin-loom received Impha1. In this village the number of school-going as bridal gift at the time of marriage of a male member boys and girls as well as educated persons is increasing. in the household. Usually .all the womenfolk know Their demands and requirements also create rooms weaving but persons knowing weaving of highly artistic for more expenditure. It is natural to have a desire clothes are few. Weaving is.resorted , to for domestic for better amenities oflife too; and now that electricity consumption for the reason that clothes produced and running tap-water are What the urban people crave at home are cheaper and more. durable than those for among other things, more expenses are incurred purchased from. the ma~ket. At present !heie is no by those households who are fortunate enough to organised effort for puttmg ,all the looms IDto opera­ have either electricity or tap-water or both. tion so that weaving may become a lucrative occupa­ tion in the village. In the absence of particulars and details about livelihood classes of the people for earlier years, it The above table shows that the earning members is not possible to make a comprehensive study of the in all the households are engaged in non-agricul­ tural occupations. The total number of earning mem­ factors of change that have taken place affecting the bers is 71 which comprises a little over 18·3 per cent livelihood structure of the people. However, it will of the population. In other words, in this village rou­ be seen fr9m the following table that most of the ytorkers ghlyout of every five-persons one is an earning member in this village are employed in different departments 53 persons or about '74·6 per cent of the earning mem­ of the Government. The inhabitants have also report­ bers .are employed in several departments of the Government. Though the above table shows the ed that most of the youths of the village have joined number of active earning members in the households, the Manipur Rifles where physically fit but educa­ we cannot underestimate the role of the house­ tionally less qualified young men can get themselves wives in assisting their menfolk:. Women in this village employed. ' are always busy doing some work or the other through out the day. Cooking, washing, baby-sitting, tending­ the pigs and fowls and similar other household chores, The following table shows a detailed split-up of keep the housewives busy. The part played by the occupations shewing the number of persons in each domestic arimals in the economy of the hOl.lseholds occupation. will be described at a later stage.

13 14

In professing any type of occupation, there is no Livestock restriction on the basis of clan. Any person can take The domestic animals play an important part in up any kind of job in wh~ch he 0: she is. ~r~ficient. the economy of the village. The foHowing table shows Thus, clerical work, teaching, busIness, JOlnmg the the position of livestoc~ in the village at the time of police etc. are the professions in which most of the first survey. working people in the village are found to be engaged. Agriculture is Dot the principal occupation of the villagers. In the past the households possessing agri­ TABLE 5 cultural lands in other villages used to cultivate the Showing the distrii>t&tion of live3toc~ lands themselves, but now.a-days the lands are cultivated by tenant cultivators. This is mainly due to the reason that when Imphal has become a full-fledged town Number of ~~ber with several administrative offices and institutions Item Rouse- in it, the adult members of the village have got an holds. Animals opportunity of getting employment .in these offices 2 3 and institutions. From the tenant cultivators the owners of the lands receivt stipulat~ quantities of produce eyyry year. Accordjng t,o the prevailing con­ Milch cattle 1 - 3 dition in the valley, a land owner receives 12 pots (approximately 7 ·20 quintals) of paddy per pari (2t Draught animals 3 9 acres) of agricultural land. Out of the 64 households, Goats and sheep 2 7 19 households possess agricultural 'lands and, the sizes of their holdings are. shown below. against the Pigs 51 2S8 number of households possessing them. FOWls 46, 264

Land in Acres Number of House­ Excepting pigs and fowls, other domestiC animals holds Possessing are few in number for the reason tbat they are less important in the economy of the village. The number of poultry birds is more than that of any domestic to 1·99 • 4 animals reared in the village. There are 264 poultry birds and they form 48·8 per cent of the total number 2 to 3'99 • 6 of domestic animals-the total being 541. The number of pigs corneS second. Their number being 258, 4 to 5-99 • 6 their percentage of the total stands at 47·7. During these days of scarcity, pigs and fowls fetch good 6 to 1·99 • 2 income to the householdS. A full-grown pig costs more than two hundred rupees, while a big fowl too 10 costs seven or eight rupees. Besides, the retail price of eggs also is about one rupee for three eggs in Imphal. Fowls are reared for domestic consumption as much {t is evident at a glance that support from land is as for commercial purposes. Pigs are seldom killed not sufficient enough for the maintenance of the house­ for consumption except during the time of some reli· holds. Since only 29·7 per cent of the households gious or social function like marriage, funeral, or possess lands, over 70 per cent of the households, a festival. who do not possess lands, have to depend heavily on other Don-agricultural occupations for their liveli­ As for mark~tiDg pigs and fowls, the inhabitants hood. Confining ourselves to the land-owning house­ do nQt face any problem because the marketing is holds, it may be said that all the households do not neitlier done regularly nor in large numbers. When receive enough quanticy of produce viz. paddy, for a household is in need of some money a boy of the cQDsumption in a year. According to the experience household may take one or two fowls to the market of the people of this village, the average annual quan­ (Khwairamband Bazar) and sell them to any fowl­ tum of consumption of paddy by a household consist­ dealer there. Or, any fowl-dealer from the said market ing of six persons varies from 35 to 40 pots of paddy. may be informed, and he will willingly come to the In this village there are 64 households with a popula­ village to purchase the fowls. Similarly, regarding tion 3-82 persons, and the average size of a house­ the marketing of the pigs also, there is no dearth of hold is roughly 6 persons. When we take these few purchasers. Pigs are sold to the pig-dealers who visit details into consideration, it has become clear that not only this village but other villages too 1n search out of the 19 land owning households, 16 households of pigs regularly. It is reported that nowadays the whose individual holding is about 5 acres or iess, do pig-dealers, in addition to meeting the local demand Dot get sufficeint quavtity of paddy for consumption for pork, also take the pigs to the neighbouring state in a year. of Nagaland where there is a good market for pigs. PROPORTIONS OF D.OMESTIC ANIMALS 100

QJ Lo 80 cr PIGS .c: en QJ 60 FOWLS '" II ~'"c CATTLE GI u 40 & L- 01 OTHERS Q. 20 -.~ ·0

NDi-FIGURES AT THE TOP OF 8ARS INDICATE ~8S0LUTE NUMBERS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS , 1, r~" " f ,

A 3mall Jhop run at the comer of the verandah·

:A)-2 R. G. India/68 A VOIlI1/i 100(v wl'al'il1g allc a loill·loom. 15

Fishing the purchasers are from this village itself. All the shops were started with meagre investments. One housewife, Fishing is not the occupation of any household in for ill stance, whose husband was earning about :as. this village. Since the Nambul river is very.close to 200 per month, started her shop in 1965 with only tho village, whoever wants to catch fish may do so Rs. 20 as the capital. Every month her husband gave in this river. When the river becomes shallow, women­ her ten or twenty rupaes and this continued for some folk of this village cast their nets in their spare time time and in this way she could increase her stock of only. The fish are of small size and are meant for goods. Today, the average daily sale proceed is about domestic consumption only. Fishing forms only.an Rs. 10 and her profit is not less than one rupee per oeca sional and irregular feature of the occupatIon day. Without extra investments from her husband, of the villagers, and it will not be worthwhile to give she now smoothly runs her small shop. the number of households engaged in this type of work. Indebtedness- Subsidiary Occupations It has come to our notice that all the households are not free from indebtedness. Out of the 64 houst-holds In the foregoing paras, mention had been made ~f 14 households or 22 per cent are found in debt. The the different occupations of the inhabitants of thIS following table shows the extent of indebtedness village. A few details on livestocks also had been by causes. described in order to throw some light on the economy of the villagers. In a majority of the households, rear­ TABLE 6 ing of domestic apimals, ~eaving clothes at home, Showblg Indebtedness by Causes of Debt running small '&hops at the verandah of the house may be considered as subsidiary occupations for the Percentage reason that no household depepds on any of these Amount in No. of of debt due Causes d~bt (Rs.) House­ to cause to occupations solely for livelihood. The main signi­ holds total am(1unt ficance of subsidiary occupation lies not only on in debt of debt earning some small income to supplement the family budget but also on saving that extra expenditure which 2 3 4 otherwise might have been spent in the absence of a Maintenance of family and 4,950 10 75 subsidiary occupation. During these days of rising other ordinary wants. prices, the inhabitants have learnt the benefit of House construction or re- 1,650 4 25 rearing domestic animals particularly fowls and pairs to existing buildings. pigs, and maintaining kitchen gardens wherever space is available. Weaving is another important subsidiary occupation. The looin-clothes, as mentioned earlier, are usually meant for household use rather than for sale. Home-made clothes are always durable and less costly as compared to those purchased from the market. For example, a moderabely durable loin­ cloth of a woman costs about ten rupees in the market, but if the same amount i's invested on' a loom, at least two pieces of similar cluth may be obtained. Running of small sh6ps at home is another signi­ ficant subsidiary occupation. It had been mentioned already that within' the village then: is no market place worth mentioning. However, there are four small shops run mostly by the housewives. In these shops goods like cigarettes, matches, tea-leaves, soaps lozenges, children's exercise books, pencils, salt, sugar, etc. ar~ ~old. All these articles are .stocked in small quantltles only and very often one Item or the other is always out of stock in a shop. No perma­ Dent stalls are built in order to run the shops. Wooden Number of Percentage planks and boxes are used for keeping and displaying Monthly Income housrholds the goods, and these are kept at one corner of the verandah of the house. At night things are taken, 2 3 inside the house. Another advantage of running such Below Rs. JOO 4 6'3 a small shop is that the shopkeeper is not required to Between Rs.I00-200 16 25-0 sit at the shop all the time. She will do the usual dome­ 13etween Rs. 200-300 . 34 53'] stic works at home, and when a customer comes, she Above Rs. 300 10 15'6 goes to her shop for selling the goods. llesiqes l almost all "'~~ 16

The above classification of income is based on both of agricultural land have been shown balow. Jt may regular items of inc.ome, e.g., sala.ry, daily sale proceeds however be noted that in the case of this household" in the case of busInessmen, etc. and other trregular the expenditure incurred on cereal is not Dluch-- be­ items of income derived from the sale of fowls, for cause, with the quantity of paddy received out of the instance. Generally the amount of income of irregu­ agricultUTfll lapd, the household c!\n pull on for a lar nature, when worked out on an average monthly little over six months, and for the remaining five or basi,s, is meagre. The number of households whose six months only expenditure is incurred on cereal. income is below one hundred rupees a month is only 4 representing roughly 6·3 per cent Size of Items of Avera,e amount of the total number of households. The -number of household expenditure spent per month households whose incomes come between Rs. 200-300 is the hlghest. There are 34 such households and they 2 3 form 53·1 per cent of the total. 16 households or on~-fourth of the total number of hOl,lseholds earn 10 persons Cereal • Rs. 60 al) average monthly income ranging from one to two Vegetables, etc. Rs.60-80 hundred rupees. There are only 10 households form­ Others. Rs.50 ing 15·6 per cent of the total number of households whose income is above three hundred rupees a month. Aspiralion,

As regards the it~PlS of expenditure, a major por­ When asked ,iWhat kind of work would you lib tion of the income is spent on food by all the house­ yours sons to do 1" 60 hQuseholds have given diffe­ holds. The amounts of expenditure differ from house rent answers while 4 households have not given any to house depending on the size of iamily and other specific answer. A large majority of the households factors like possession of agricultural land, for example. have expressed their desire to have their sons in In order to have an idea of the general cost of livin g the administrative services. The following table shows in this village a few examples of expenditure pattern the distribution of the households according to the in respect of some households have been shown below. nature of work they want their sons to do. One household consisting of 14 persons, havin g TABLE 7 a monthly income between Rs. 200-300, but having Showing Ihe distribution of houselKJlds accardi'll no agricultural land, incurs on an average a monthly t(J th~ir choice of work for their 301)3 expenditure as per details given ~elow : Choice Qf work No. of HousohDlds Sizoof Items of Ayerage amount household cxpendit\lre spent per mJnth Administratiye and Excclltive works 51 2 3 Technical 2 14 persons Cereal. Rs. 160 Medical 2 V.tables, etc. Rs. 80 Engineering , Others. Rs. 30 Defence Service 2 The items of monthly expenditure of another house­ Law . hold consisting of 10 persons, having a monthly in­ Any respectable job (unspecified) come from 100 to 200 rupees, and possessing 5 acres CHAPTER IV SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE

Brief Review of Population higher female population in the age-group 0-14 years is fairly responsible for the disparity of the sexes in the At the time of survey in 1962, the population of village. K,eisamthong Kabui village was 382 persons consistiJ.1g of 180 males and 202 females. UnfortuIlately, popula­ One major handicap experieJ.1ccd at tbe tiJne of tion figures for this village for the previous censuses survey is regarding exact recording of personal ages. are not available. Further, the density of population The ages of infants and children had been recorded cannot be shown since we do not have the area figure of without much difficulties because the householders could this village. However, from the records of the Youth's tell the exact year without giving much strain to their Union, of which the particulars will be described later memory. The educated persons too could tell their on, we learn that by the end of November, 1967, own ages; but the ages of old folks and others parti· the village had 86 households with' a population of cularly the womenfolk could not be exactly recorded 504 persons consisting of 275 males and 229 females. from their own statements. Certain checks were These data show that since the year 1962, during applied so that more or less accurate ages could have which this village had been surveyed for the first time, been recorded, and these checks were by referring to the number of households increased from 64 to 86 local events like the World War II, etc. and the population also from 382 to 504 persons. These data roughly show aD average increase of 4 house­ The following table shows the distribution of holds and 24 persons per year. The 1967 figures show popUlation by age and sex. an excess of male population over female population. TABLE 8 But in the absence of detailed informations regarding the population of males and females under different DistributiOll of popUlation by Sex and Age age groups for a number of years, the trend of popula­ tion structure cannot be shown here. For further Age Group Males Females classification and explanation of the age-wise and sex­ Total wise population of this village, the data obtained at the first survey have been fully utilized. All ages 180 202 332 Distribution of Popnlation by Age and Sex 0-4 24 31 55 Depending on the data collected at the time of survey 5-9 25 29 54 in 1962, we find that there were 180 males and 202 10-14 25 33 58 females in this village. Thus, there are 1,122 females for every 1,000 males, and this feature is in tune with the sex 15-19 18 15 33 ratio of Manipur where the number of females is more 20-24 23 16 39 than that of males. The disparity of the sexes is brought by an excess of 22 females over the total male popula­ 25-29 14 24 38 tion. In spite of the fact that no periodical study has ever been made in order to collect the birth and infant 30-34 17 11 28 mortality rates in tbis village, it may safely be stated 35-39 14 7 21 from a study of the following table (Table No.8) that the number of female children born and alive is 40-44 7 11 18 more than the number of male children. To il1ustrate 45-49 2 5 7 this in a nutshell, in the age-group 0-4 years, there are 24 males and 31 females. In' the 'subsequent two age­ 50-54 7 5 12 groups of 5-9 years and 10-14 years,the number of female children is more than the number of male child­ 55-59 6 7 ren. Within the age-group 0-14 years, there are 74 60 & Over 3 9 12 males and 93 females or the excess of females over males is 19 out of a total excess of 22 females over the total male population. From the age of 15 years onwards It is clear from the above table that 167 persons or there are 106 males and 109 females. In other words, 43 ·7 per cent of the total population belQDg to the age­ the size of male population is more or less identical group 0-14 years. Population in the age-gr,?up 10-14 with that of females beyond the age of 14 years. Hence, years is the highest. In eflch of the first three ~c- 17 5-2 R. G. India/6$. 18

groups viz.,0-4 years, 5.9 years, and 10.14 years, the It is discernible from the above table that out of population is above fifty persons. Though the popula­ 382 persons 206 persons or S3·9 per cent are unmarried, tion structure shows a fall from the lower age-group 142 persons or 37 ·2 per cent are married, 26 persons to the higher age-group, the decline is irregular and or 6·8 per cent are widowed and 8 pel SonS or 2·1 not steeply pyramidal. If we put persons aged 2U per cent are divOlced Of s(;'paraled. Out of the un­ years and above under adult population, 182 persons manied persons, 167 persons or 81 per cent belong to or about 4.7·6 per cent will represent the adult popula­ the age-group 0-14 years, 24, 12,2 and 1 oftbem are in tion, and the percentage of the remainIng 200 persons the age-groups 15·19, 20-24, 24·29 and 35-39 respec­ consisting of infants and children within their teenS is tively. Excepting the solitary instance ofan unmallied 52 ·4. This feature indicates tbat the village possesses female in the age-group 35-39 DO case of unmaJ ried the growth potential so far as its population is con­ female is found after reaching 20 years of age. As for cerned. As regards adult population, we Dlay the male all are married befOJe attaining the age of classify it in two categories : (a) those in the age­ 30 years. There are 71 m(lllied males and 71 married group 20-59 years and (b) tbose in the age-group 60 females. In other words, no polygynous type of mar­ and over, in order to enable us to have some general riage is found. Among the 180 males, 39 pet cent are idea regarding economic dependancy of the inhabi­ married, and 1·6 per cent are widowed, while in the tants. It is needless to say that persons aged 60 years case of 202 femal~s about 35 per CtIlt are ruanied, and over, normally lead a retired life supported 'by 11 ·4 per cent are widowed and a little below 4 per cent their children. But the adult population in the age­ arc divorced or sepal at cd. 'Besides, neaTly 87 per cent group 20-59 years represents the backbone and pro­ of the widows have passed the marriageable age, ductive section of the whole population.. In the said that is, they have attaiIled the age of forty years alld age-group, there are 170 persons representing appro­ above. The population of widowed pwons which ximately 44·5 per ceni of the population. This is comprises 6·8 per ceni of the 10tal population canDot fairly a high percentage and it indicates that the strain be said to be fairly loW. The. fact that there are 3 of supporting the economically inactive or unproductive widowers as agailJ~t 23 widows irdicates, aJl;lOog otber section of the population does not fall heavily upon the things, one fact of population structure, that is, there productive and economical)y active adult population is a wide disparity of ages between hUSbands and within the age-group 20-59 years. wives. Marital Status The following table shows the percentage' of The following table illustrates tbe distribution married persons within the different age-groups. ' of the population by age and marital status. The b L.. marital status of the people has been shown in four categories viz., never marr'ied, married, widowed, TABLE 10 and divorced o~ separated. Showi'1g perce'1tages ojmarried PWIO'1S in various age-groups TABLE 9 Age and Marital Status Age-group Number Number Percentage (years) of of of married persons married l?crsons Age-group 'Never Marri- Widow- Divorced persons within the (years) Married ed ed or se- age- parated group ~"'-I ~ ,-"-., r-"--. M F M F M F M F 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

ABages · 106 100 71 71 3 23 8 0-14 167 0-4 24 31 ...... " .. lS-19 33 8 24 5-9 25 29 .. " .. , . .. ., · 20-24 39 26 66 10-14 25 33 ...... , " .. 15-19 18 6 .. 8 .. .' . .. 25-29 38 33 87 20-24 12 .. 11 15 ...... 30-34 28 27 97 25-29 2 .. 12 21 .. 1 2 .. 35-39 21 17 81 30-34 ... 17 10 .. 1 35-39 13 4 2 40-44 18 12 66 40-44 ., , .. ... 5 7 2 3 1 45-49 7 4 57 45-49 2 2 .. 2 1 SO-54 12 9 7'5 50-54 .. ., 7 2 3 · 7 55-59 .. ., 1 2 3 55-59 3 43 60 & over .. .. 3 9 60 & over . 12 3 2'5 MARITAL STATUS

100 ' • .-~ 80 '• UNMARRIED en to 0 N ..eJ 60 ~ARRIEO N m ..• "II" WIDOWED 5 "0 - & .. DIVORCED II 0-

. ,20 ~ ",

0

• J I NBr-F1GURES AT THE TOP OF BARS INDICATE . ABSOLUTE NUMBERS OF PERSONS SEX AND AGE STRUCTURE

_ MALES FEMALES · 60 + · · · · · · · 9 · I-:-· 4 · · ~ ,9 · · ·· 4 · · ·· · · · · 9 · · · 4 ·_. · · · · · • · • . . • 9 . · · · · . . · · · · . • · · · · 4 · . · · · · · 15-1 · · ·· · 9 · · . · · · . · . . • . . . 10-1 4 . · . ·. . . • . • ·. · . . . . · . . • 5- 9 · · . · . . .· . • · · · ·. · . • • · . . • 0- . · · · • . · . . ~ . · • . · . · . • r I I I I I 10 8 6 4 2 0 o 2 4 6 8 10 ~ ERe EN TAG E p. E R C. E'" TAG I AGE-GROUP 19

The percentage of married persons in the age-group of females takes place at the age of 15 years and 18 30-34 years is the highest. It is more than 80 in the years. About 50 per cent of the married females are age-groups 25-29 years and 35-39 years. After the married between 17 to 20 years of age. Though one age of 34 years, the percentage begins to fall because or two cases of marriages are found 1I1'to the age of of the death of one of the spouses. The percentages 32 years, over 96 per cent of the marriages of females of married persons in the age-groups 20-24 years and are found to have taken place between 13 to 22 yeals 40-44 years are equal. of age. There are 3 widowers and 23 widows in the village. Coming to the ever-married males, no marriage is The widowers are between 35 and 44 years of age. found to have taken place before attaining the age One widow is below 29 years of age and another 2 of 17 years. All the marriages take place between 17 widows are less than 39 years old. Out of the remain­ and 32 years of age. There are 22 marriages at the age ing 18 widows, three are between 40-44 years of age, of 21 years and this is the highest figure. At the age and fifteen have crossed the age of 45 years. of20 years, there are 18 marriages. Over 54 per cent of the marriages take place at the ages of 20 and 21 Age at Marriage years, and the number of marriages at 20 Ylars of The following table shows the age at marriage of all age is nine times greater than the number of marriages the ever-married persons in the village. at 19 years of age. If we examine this table on ever­ married persons vis-a-vis the table on marital status, some changes may be observed with reference to the TABLE 11 age at marriage. The table on marital status shows Showillg the age at marriage that no marriages of male and female take place before attaining the ages of 20 and 15 years respectively. Age at marriage Number of ever-married There is also a general teI'dency to postpone matri­ (years) persons mony until boys and girls complete their education. Total The spread of modern education and urbanisation are r----.A..-----. considerably responsible for causing a general aware­ Males Females ness among the inhabitants tbat early marriage is detrimental to the health of the girls in particular. 2 3 4 Literacy and Education 13 2 2 No accurate data are available to show the Dumber 14 8 8 of literate or educated persons under different age­ 15 18 18 groups. If we consider the position of Keisamthong village, of which the present village under survey is 16 7 7 a part, the position of literacy is quite fair. Out of 17 2 10 12 the total population of 8,368 persons of Keisamthong village, 4,240 persons have been recorded as literate 18 4 18 22 personS in the 1961 Census. Thus the percentage of literate persons is a little over fifty. It will not be 19 2 12 14 presumptuous to expect similar situation from this 20 18 12 30 Kabui village so far as literacy is concerned and in support of this the follo"'ing table may be studied. 21 22 8 30 22 8 3 11 TABLE 12 23 4 • 4 Showing the Number of Students in the. Household5 24 3

25 9 10 I' Number of students Number Number Number ,---.___ .A.. _____-. of house- 26 2 2 of house­ of house­ Male Female holds holds holds 27 having having having male & male female 32 2 female students students students only only

It is discernible at a glance that marriages of gills take place from the age of 13 years. From 13 to 16 2 3 4 5 years of age the Dumber of ever-married females is 3S and they form about 34·3 per cent of the total of 76 40 20 23 9 ever-married females. Highest number of marriage 20

Out of the 64 households in the village 52 households Size and composition of households have boys and girls aHending a number of educational institutions in Tmphal. The total number of students The following table illustrates the size and comppsitioD at the time of suney in 1962 was 116 CQnsisting of 76 of households of this village. boys and 40 girls. Out of the 76 boys, three boys ",ere college stud.ents. Among the girls none "'as atteI'ding TABLE 13 a college. The amount of money spent annually by Size and comp!JSitioll of households the households in the education of their children vary from Rs. 15 to Rs. 300 and the distribution of the households under different amounts of expenditure is Households size Composition ~ ___----J.__~ shown below. House- Males Females holds Amount spent last year in the Edl4cation of Childre" 1 2 3 4 Amount Number of Single member households 2-3 members 12 16 17 Rs.15 5 4-6 members 28 69 69 Rs.20 2 Rs.25 7-9 members 18 60 80 Rs.30 2 10 members and over 6 35 36 Rs.50 9 Rs.60 Rs.75 1 TOTAL 64 I 180 202 Rs.80 2 Rs.90 2 Rs.IOO 17 In this village there is no household consisting of Rs.150 5 one person only. The househ9lds are of various sizes Rs.186 1 ranging from 2 persons to 10 and above as the occu­ Rs.200 2 pants of the households. Households consisting of RS.250 4-6 persons are the most Dl.Lll).f,rOUS, and households Rs.300 consIsting of 7-9 persons come secOJ1d though in po­ pulation, the Dumber of persons in households of 7-9 Out of 52 households, 17 households spent Rs. 100 members is the highest. In households of 4:6 members, each last year in the edUcation of the children. They the number of males is equal to the number of females, form about one-third of the total number of households. while in other sizes of households, the number of fe­ Households spending RS.50 come secoDd in number males is higher than that of males. Out of the 64 while households spending Rs. 15 and Rs. 150 each households there are 46 households where t4e size share tht; third pusition. is 4-9 members, and they fOfm about 71·8 p'er cent of the total and the number of persons in these 46 house­ Educational Institutions holds is 278 which forms about 72·8 per cent of the total population. The average size of the households There is no institution of higher learning in this is 5·9 persons. village. There are only two educational institutions which are run in one building at different times of the day. One is the Lower Primary School ard the other Family plays an important role in the socio-economic is the Middle English School "'hich are established life of this village. Both male and female play vital in 1946 and 1962 mpectivdy. The school building roles in the·village. Generally the oldest person of the has C.l. sheet roofs and mud walls and has !!ot a family whether male or female, manages the household small compound which serves as the play ground of the affairs till his or her death even after sons and grand­ studlnts. SODS have grown up and attained maturity of judge­ ment. Tn t]1e village, out of 64 households, 38 house­ At the time of resurvey in 1967 the Lowe.r Primary holds (i.e. 59 per cent) are simple consisting of a hus­ School had 98 pupils and 5 teachers (3 males and 2 band, wife and unmarried children, 14 households fe1l1E'1es). One female and two male teachers belong (i.e. 22 per cent) are intermediate consisting of mar­ to this village. The Middle English School has 3 tea­ ried couple, their children and urmanied brothers chers of wh6m one belongs to this villape. The number ard sisters, apd 12 households (i.e. 19 per cent) are of students in this school is 62. Both the schools give joint consisting of a married couple, their married and admission to toys and girls and the medium of instruc­ unmarried sons/daughters, and lor married brothersl tions is Manipuri. sisters. 21

Inheritance of property oflmphal tOWl_l, are quite well informed of the common daily happenings concerning their life. Almostlall Only the sons inherit the property after the death the households read daily newspaper and they have of the father. All ~ons get equal share and no share is broad outlook. Out of 64 households 49 are aware of given to the daughters. However, it has come to our the prohibition (If untouchability under the law. notice that some have expressed their desire to give a share of the ancestral property to tbe daughters also. Family Planning Out of 64 households, 22 or 34·4 per cent have ex­ pressed their desire to entitle daughters to the parental We have collected som~ important infolmatioDs in property. order to know the attitudes of the people towards family pltlnning. Males and females take different General Aw:\reness attitudes towards family planning and the desirable size of households. Detail~ are shown in the following The inhabitants of this village, living in the middle tables

TABLE 14 Information and attitude towards family planning with reference to the number of sons and daughters in the households

No. aWare of Eamily Number wanting more children ,-______Number wanting--..A no more children planning centre ,- "'"'\ "'"'\ Have Have Have Have Have Have Have Have Have Have more 1-3 no son no no more 1-3 no son no no than 3 sons daughter children than 3 sons daughter children sons in sons in house- bouse- hold hold

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

64 2 10 5 2 6 6 29 2 2

TABloE 15 A?titude towards family planning with reference to the duration of marriage

,-______No. wanting more childrenh_ duration______of marriage being ~ No. wanting no more children duration of marriage being r----~-I _____-..A.-- ______"'"'\

Over 20 16-20 11·15 6-10 5 or less Over 20 16-20 11-15 6-10 5 or less years years years years years years years years years years

2 3 4 5 6 7 R 9 10

6 3 7 5 4 21 9 6 3 22

TABLE 16 Attitude towards family planning with reference to the age of the head of the household

NJ. w.lnting m)re children the age of the head of hou~ehold No. wanting no more children the age of the bead of household being , being __.A. r- .;..------~---"") r- ~ Above 50 41-50 31-40 21-30 20 years Above 50 41-50 31-40 21-30 20 years years years years years or less years years years years' or less

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

4 4 12 5 9 5 13 4

------.--~

TABLE 17 Attitude towards family planning with reference to the age of the child bearing woman

No. wanting more children, the age of tbe child bearing No. wanting no more children, the age of the child bearing woman WoDlan being being r----~------~------~ r------~------~ Above 36-40 31-35 26-30 21-25 16-20 Less Above 36-40 31-35 26-30 21-25 16-20 Less than 40 years years years years years than 16 40 years years years years years 16 years years years years

2 :; 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

2 2 1~ 6 2 14 3 7 7 3

The number of persons wanting no more children sons (or 33·3 per cent) out of 39 who do not want to than they have at per sent is higher than the number of have more children. OUt of 56 child-bearing women, persons wanting more children. 39 persons or 61 per 22 women or 39 ,3 per cent have expressed their desire cent want to have no more children while 25 persons to have more children and among these who are de­ Of 19 per cept want to have mOfe- children. Out of sirous to have more children, 10 women or 45 per cent these 25 persons, 10 have already 1·3 sons. Out of the are between 26-30 years of age, 34 women or 60·7 total number of households 5 households or 8 per cent per cent do Dot want to have more children and of them that have no sons express their desire to have childrell, 14 women or 41 per cent are above 40 years of age. while 2 households or 3 per cent that have no son ex­ The number of persons wanting DO more children in­ press no desire to have more children. With reference creases with the increase in the duration of their mar­ to the age of the male respondents (heads of the house­ riage. As for persons wanting to ha"Ve more children holds) out of 25 persons who want to have more the largest number of persons are those Whose duration children 12 persons or 48 per cent are between 31-40 of marriage is between 11-15 years. years of age. In the same age-group there are 13 per- ~3

VllJage Organisation affiliation of the village headman and his assistants like Khunbu and Luplakpa. Customarily the village The village elders, specially the males, take the headman or the Khullakpa belongs to the Kamel clan. major responsibility of maintaining the peace and If no suitable man is found from the Kamei clan, the security of the village. It is also their responsibility villagers will elect a person from other clan to be the to see that the age-old customary laws and practices headman of tbe village. Both KhuJlbu a.nd Luplakpa ::Ire not violated by the inhabitants. Thus, in ordcr to belong to Golmei clan. look after the various facets of life in the village, the village has a headman popularly known The headman, Khu'1bu and Lup/akpa and other a~ Khullakpa. Under him there are two elders kiDown village elders constitute what is called the pai or the as "Khunbu and Luplakpa. In various matters concern­ Village Council. There is no regular meeting of the ing the interest of the village, all the three work! to­ pai. The members of the Pai meet together when gether being assisted by other village elders. But occasion arises. The matters generally dealt with are there are some specific duties, though minor, of religio-social, e.g. cases like elopement, divorce, Khunbu and Luplakpa. It is the duty of Khunbu to see etc. In case of some problem of common interest Hke that a dog or a ~ite does not sit on the roof of a dwelling general election, or a circular from the Government, house. Kite IS a rarity in Imphal and it is almost an the members of the Pai sit together and take decision. impossibility on the part of a dog to climb on a roof. As regards the special duty of Lup/akpa, he performs So far as the customary practices are concerned, the a simple ceremony known as Pho'Ugouba during the opinions of the educated people of the younger genera­ month of Saiibu (March-Apri1) for good harvest by tion may not carry much weight, and they have to sacrificing a pig and a cock. obey the elders. But iIJ other matters, opinions and , views put forward by the educated group are respected There are customary regulations regardillg clan if reasonable.

CLUBS AND CULTlJRAL CENTRES

(a) Keisamthong Kabui Youths' Union tional dance styles and songs of the Kabui Nagas. The The most important and significant centre of socio­ activities of this Union are run in a small building cultural activities within the village is the Keisamthong built near one of the village entrances on the south. T(abui Youth'>' Uoion established in 1947. All tha At the time of sarvey, this Union had 75 members Kabui inhlbitants, including even infants, of this enlisted on payment of one rupee as membership fee village are enlisted as members of this Union. Every per head. The Chairman and the- Secretary of the Union year the Union collects 25 paise per head from all the are the main office·bearers, who, on honorary basis households as the annual membership fee. The fund look after the smooth functioning of the Union. of the Union is not much, but it is spent regularly Recently it received a grant ofRs. 2000 from the Govern­ 0'1 several items li~e stationeries, sports goods, sundry ment. articles required at the time of festivals, etc. Since the aim of this Union i9 to cultivate and 'pre­ This Union has a small building of its own within serve the traditional dance and music of the Kabuis, the school-compouvd, and it is poorly equipped with the membership in this Union is open to all the inhabi­ a few wooden furnitures. For the smooth and proper tants of Manipur who are interested in Kabui culture. functioning of the Union, there are 20 elected office­ At present this Union has a numoor of well-trained bearers whose tenure of office is for two years. The artistes, and also receives regularly, jf not frequently, Union has four deplrtments, namely (i) Education invitations for displaying their performances from & Library, (ii) Games and Defence, (iii) Social & many quarters. The Union charges about Rs. 30 for Cultural, and (iv) Finance. All these departments one dance item and the earning goes to the fund of the worki harmoniously with one another. The Union Union. organises the annual Kabui festivals, participates in competitive games organised by other organisations, and looks after the general welfare of the village. To Civic Amenities Slim up briefly, the general aims and objectives of the Union as laid down in its printed circular are as Regarding civic amenities, the village enjoys as much follows: (1) imparting education to all, (2) improving benefit as those enjoyed by other localities of Imphal. health of the 'inhabitants, (3) maintaining prestige of This village comes within the jurisdiction of the Impbal the village, (4) improving housing condition and sani­ ,Municipality, and the inhabitants themselves take the tation, and (5) preserving old tradition and encouraging initiative in keeping the village neat and clean. As new ones. regards communication facilities, the inhabitants do not face any difficulty. In addition to the existing (b) Kabui Naga Dramatic Unjon public hydrant within the village, 22 households This UnioD came into being in 1952. The main have installed private hydrants and 5 households arc objective of this Union is to give instructions in tradi- getting electricity for domestic lighting. 6-2 R. G. India/68 24

RELIGION AND FESTIVALS Religion This incident became a great news throughout 1m" phal overnight. Hundreds of persons mostly Meiteis Thc inhabitants of this village profess the religious from far and near came to this village to offer oblations faith of their fore-fathers. The people are not idol worshippers. Their supreme god is Lagal1g; and Kaipi and prayer. BambI< and Kaibo IJalnbu are regarded as deities of the In 1956, a shrine in honour of the deity was construct­ village boundaries. Kaipi is assigned to the north and ed close to the mango tree by the family of Tombi Kaiba to the south. The ancestral or household deity Kamei. This shrine is a pucca construction having is known as Keirao. The Kabui pantheon is very C.l. sheet roofs and its ground area is roughly 10' X 14'. elaborate, and they have a number of benevolent and The shrine has got a small verandah also. Tombi malevolent spirits for many a natural phenomenon Kamei was the ptJjari or worshipper of Pakhallgba, like earthquake, hailstorm, etc. Lanpui is the god of and her daily work was to clean the verandah of the wealth. DigUllg is the god of Earth and Napsinmei shrine and offer incense, lamp and flowers to the deity. is the godoffood. Similarly god of Fire is called Mai­ In order to assist her, a maibi from the Palace was being gulig and god of wind Pongullg. Earthquake is sent by the Palace authorities on every Friday, Satur­ believed to ha;ve been caused by another god Bal1g­ day and Sunday. Tombi Kamei died in 1960, and since lagullg. Evil spirits like Lamra and Kanmei are feared her death her husband has been attending on the most as they are always out in search of human prey. deity.] Kunmei roams in the woods. So far as religious beliefs and practices are concerned, the inhabitants of this Festivals village pay due respect to their religion. No house­ hold has accepted Chritianity or any other faith. At the time of survey, no individual had been found Since the village is situated in Impbal and its inha­ to have been converted into Christianity. All the bitants come in constant contact with the Meiteis, some iphabitants being non-Christians celebrate with pomp influence of the Meiteis upon their religious beliefs can and gaiety their traQjtional non-Christian festivals be seen. For example, the villagers acknowledge the every year. The Kabuis aTe fond of festivities and they ¥anipuri domestic god Sal'lama9i as one of their have practically a festival for each month of the year. gods. But the inhabitants of this village do not celebrate all the festivals of their community, probably because, Among the public places of the village, mention had living in town and engaged in various occupations been made of the shrine of Pakhangba-one of the they find little time and are less enthusiastic for fre­ principal pre-Hindu gods of the Meiteis. Pakharrg__ba quent festivals. They however, observe at least a few is revered as the progenitor of the Meiteis so much so festivals which are considered indispensable in a year, that he is addressed by all the Manipuris as lbudhou and the expenses involved are generally contributed meaning "the great grand-father". The account of the by all the households. The following are the festivals shrine built in honour of Pakhangba is as follows. observed by the villagers: Sometime in the year 1955 one elderly woman named Tombi Kamei of this village saw in her dream a number Gan-Ngai of tishes at the nortl}-westem corner of her house near a This festival is celebrated for five days in the Mani­ mango tree which was still groViing at the time of puri month of Wakchillg (December-January). On the survey. Near that mango tree she also saw a man first" dav, pigs and other animals are killed and these (not cognisable) dressed in white clothes who said to are cooked to be served to the villagers. On this day, her something like "You will find me here". For very early in the morning, the village priest and a few a number of days this dream came to her repeatedly elders will go to the places of Kaipi Bambu and Kaiba during her sleep, and what was curious enough to her Bambu~the two deities who are revered as guardians as well as to her family was that since the day she hlld of the village boundary. Offering of prayer 'to Kaipi the dream described above, she was feeling nausea Bamb~ first and then to Kaiba Bambu is performed by while eating any preparation consisting of fish, meat, the p'riest for the welfare of the villagers during the garlic or turmeric. This state of affair became a big year. At the place of Kaipi Bambu a piece of plantain news within the village and at the instance of friends leaf is placed and the priest sits beside the leaf. Hold­ and relatives, Mcitei maibis (sooth-sayers and pries­ ing a knife in hand he cuts a piece of ginger into two tesses of pre-Hindu Meitei deitte,s) were also. consulted and places one piece on the plantain leaf while the for their advice, and finally diggIng at the slte where a other half is kept on the blade of the knife and he jerks man 'was seen by the woman in her dream began. the wife so that the piece may fall upon its other half After digging for about twelve feet deep, a stone and or by its side on the plantain leaf or even on the ground. a 1llirror.like substance were found. This stone was not The priest studies the good or had omen according an ordinary one. From the maibi who 'fell into trance to the manner in which the piece of ginger falls. A and uttered intelligible and unintelligible words which are believed to be ~he words of the deity, it became 1. The above account was narrated by Shri Thambou k;r!own that the stone was a symbol of Pakhallgba. Kamei, son of Late Tombi KameL Agroup 0/ girls /ully at tired for tile Gan-Ngai fW iva!. Photo Courte,y Shri G. Gaibipou. Two bOY3 (standing) dresjcd up for the Gan.Ngaife3tival,

Photo Courtesy: Shri G. Gaibipou. 25

similar function is performed at the place of Kaiha the house. A lance denotes m\'Lnhood while a dao Bambu. Every persOIl will bring cooked rice from their is a symbol of womanhood. Every child's family will respective houses while the meat is served from the bring cooked food of various preparations, and indi. common stock. In the evening sports and games of genous salt-cake and ric~beer to the place where the the boys take place. old women assemble. These preparations are consumed The second day of the festival is known as TamjaJ1ba by the village elders. The headman of the village or and it is a special day of the boys and the girls. In the in his absence, the Khu"bu will come out in front of all evening of this day song competition between boys and and will pray for the longevity of the children. After girls take place. Singing several trauitional songs, this an elderly person performs the ear-boring Ilnd talented boys and girls bring to life again the ancient during that period boys and girls make shouts and noise tradition of the Kabuis. in order to distract the attention of the children. After the ear-boring is over, old men and women sing and The third day which is called Napleng day is also dance at the courtyards of those households whose a special day of the boys and the girls. On this day, in children get their ears bored. The day (s thus spont the evening, groups of boys and girls will dance and in a joyful mood of relaxation. sing in front of every house and the householders will give some amount of money (say Rs. 5 or 10) and keep Lin-Ngai a pot of ricebeer and Siflgj'U (salted preparation of green vegetables and dry fish) for the party. After the This festival is' more or less a religious observance, dance, they drinki and eat at the house. The money It is celebrated for one day only in the month of Phairen collected from the households is handed over to the (January-February). A few days before the festival leaders of the party. all the households prepare rice-beer at home. On the day of the festival, all the households bring ric~beer The performance on the fourth day is similar to the and egps to the village elders. The village priest, one performed on the third day. Here, instead of the accompanied by other village elders who are armed boys and the girls dancing and singing in front of with spears aod daos, goes to the sites of Kaipi Bambu each house, the married women, forming a team and Kalba Bambu, offers eggs to the deities and prays themselves, will dance and sing in front of every house so that there will be no quarrels and similar sucb and each household j will offer some amount of money undesirable clements in the village. An important and keep a pot of rice-beer and Sillgju for them to item of this festival is Meiba Chi'lgbr. in which a group consume. On this occasion, the money collected Will of boys go from house-to-house and produce tire by go to their leader. putting in friction a cane-wire or a thin bamboo split On the fifth or the last day, old folks talk about the around a dry log of wood. The fire thus produced is affairs ofthe festival and all spend the day eating, drink­ taken inside every house and kept near or under the ing and gossiping. The house-to-house collection of pot containing uncooked rice. The boys receive money becomes the fund of the festival and expenditure rice-beer and eatables from every house. Sports like involved in feasting is met from this fund. During the long-jump, shot-put etc. are also held on this day. period of the festivities all the inhabitants of the village Remark!! are expected to fully participate and make the festival a most successful one. Therefore when a group of Now-a-days, the coming of a festival is usually heral. boys or girls are singing or dancing outside, all will ded by playing film songs through loudspeakers. Fond give audience to the function and no one should idle of fun and festivities as the people are, festivals meant himself lying on bed or remaining inside the house. for one day are often continued for two days or so, and expenses are equally borne by the households. Nanu Ceremonial Sacr11lces The festival is held in the month of Lamda (March­ The Socio-religious life of the inhabitants of this April) for one day. In this festival, all the children viUage is often associated with ceremonial sacrifices. born in that year 'get their ears bored by an elderly Sacrifices are indispensabJe in every major function­ person with the help of a needle and thread. Mter whether it be a marriage or a funeral. Of all the cere­ the piercing of the ear-lobes, the thread is tied to make monial sacrifices, the most si~ificaDt and important a small ring and is left there. The ceremony is per­ one is what is kDown as Baloo. This is usually per­ formed in the following manner. Some three or four formed individually, but because of the heavy expenses old women go to the river in the early hOM of the morn­ associated with this ceremonial sacrifice, every person ing in order to fetch water. They take with them a cannot perform Baloo. Only a few wealthy persons dao and a lance. The water is filled in some tumbas had performed Bal(Jo in this village in the past and (rind of gourd). When they return back, they will during the recent years none has performed tbis cere­ stop in front of the house of every child for whom the monial sacrifice. The main theme of this sacrifice festIval is held. Two women will enter the house and is that if a person performs Baloo, his soul will go to give some water for washing the face of the child. If heaven. But the social aspect is that such a person is the child happens to be a boy, one of the women will considered a great man; and he is honoured and res­ carry a IADce; if the child is a girl, a dao is taken inside pected in the community. The performance of Baloo 26 continues for a number of months. Usually it begins Fifth, sacrifice of one mithu'I1. This is the most signi­ from the month of Inge1t (July-August) and comes to ficant item of Baloo. The sacrifice is performed in the an end in the month of Poinu (November-December). following manner. The sacrificial pillar or alter is. It is in the first and last months that all the major erected in the courtyard of the man performing Baloo. items of Baloo are performed. In other months, lt is a wooden post of about 7 feet long having four boys and !!irls are busy learing traditional dance and sides. There are small drawings of human figure, music under the tutorship of experts and the house­ horns and daos. There is a small hole a little below holds of the village are also engaged in some prepara­ the middle of the post. A full-grown mithtm Vvhich has tory workl or other connected with Baloo in addition got beautiful horns and which is free from disease is to the usual domestic wor~s. tied to the post with a rope in such a way that the rope passes through the whole of the post. The priest will The particulars of this sacrifice are too numerous perform omen-taking ceremony and will declare names to describe in detail. To describe Baloo briefly, there of two persons supposed to have been chosen by the are six major items or stages to be performed. gods for performing the sacrifice of the mithun. Well attired in ceremonial dress, the two persons stand by First, the village priest worships all the gcds and the side of the mithu'I1 holding sharp and bright daos goddesses of the Kabui pantheon and sacrifices pigs in their hands. The first person will not kill the mithu'l1 in, honour of the deities. but will simply touch the neck of the mithu"l with his Jao. The second persQn will, chop the neck of the Second, the village priest c1eclares that .so-ar.d-so is animal, but, only the first person will be customarily performing Baloo. recognised as the saorificer of the animal even though he does not kill the animal himself. The skull of the animal is bung up on top of the pillar by way of public Third, villagers work at the paddy field of the man declaration that so-and-so has performed Balool performing Baloo. Sixth or last, there will be ceremonial dance by boys Fourth, rice-beer is prepared by men and women. and girls, avd songs by the old folks. CHAPTER V CONCLUSION

In the foregoing chapters a general account of the Having been brought up under an urban environ­ Kabui inhabitants of Keisamthong Kabui Vi1la~e had ment, the inbabitantli of this "iJlage are not impervious been given. Unlike other villages in the valley of Mani­ to adopting modern ways of living. As regards dress pur, lack of space is the chief handicap observed in for instance, males often wear modern clothes like this village. With the increase of popUlation in futur~, pants, bush-shirts, coats and leather shoes. They use the inhabitants of this village will have lesser space for mill-made cloth and machine-stitched garments. As living. Situated in the midst of Manipuri settlements, for female costume, skirts woven at the loin-looms the inhabitants of this village have come in constant with mill-made yarns ale commonly used. Among contact with the Manipuris and other communities in the womenfolk of younger generation, use of brassiers, their dlj.ily life. Mastery over the Manipuri language blouse, and sandals is not new. Silk and nylon clothes and the fluency of the sp·eech they have achieved aTe are also popular among them. Bicycles, torches, of considerable significance so far as mutual understand­ chairs, etc. have become nec~ssary domestic ing between them and the Manipuris (who do articles. not understand Kabui speech) is concered. The inhabitants of this village do not experience the The community life within the village is harmonious absence of educational facilities. At the other end of the and peaceful. In all imp()rtant events concerning the Keisamthong bridge of which mention had been made already, lies the Ramlal Paul High School. Other high village, all the inhabitants take part. The villagers schools and colleges for higher education are within one maintain a friendly relationship with the inhabitants or two mBes' distance from this village. of the neighbouring areas.

27

APPBNDIX. I SOCIO-ECONOMlC SURVEY 1960·61, CeuUl 1'61 Name of S,,"'Diyj~oD HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE

Name of Administrative Unit ••• , ••••••• 1 •••• e ••••••••• , ••••• 1.1 •• ' I"" ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Name of Village ...... •...... •..••...... Number of Village on the list ...... •...... •...... •......

,1. Serial No. of Household . , .....•...•...... •......

2. (a) Name of Head of Household ...... •.•...... •...... (b) Sex ......

(c) Age ...... •.. , ...... •• I •••••••••••• '" •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• (d) Caste or Tribe ...... •...... •.•...... •...... \ ......

3. Composition of Household, including Head - - Whether solely Whether parti y S1. Name Sex Rela- Age Marital Age at resbClllsible tesp,onsible No. tion- status matriage for t. e maiJl- for the main- ship to tenance of the tenance of the Head family fall}ily

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

29 30 A, Duration of Residence 4. ta) For how many generations counting from head of the household backwards, has the household been residing in this village ? -, , (b) Any annals connected with the settlement of the family' in the village ? (c) If the head of household has migrated to this village together with the household, where was his ancestral Home? Cd) Can the family be linked up with any of· the "Khunthokpas" (Migration) of Manipur ? If so, with what?

BI Religion 5. (a) Religion. (b) Sect. (c) Tribe or Caste. (d) Sub-tribe or Sub-caste. (e) What is your Gotra? (f) Do all the members of the Household follow the same religion or different religions ?

6. (a) Is there a deity or object of worship or a sacred plant in the house? (Answer YesfNo). (b) If "Yes" where is the deity or object of worship located in the house ? (c) What is the name of the deity or object of worship orsacred plant and what is the form of worship ? (d) Is that deity worshipped by other faIl!-ilies also? (e) How did the family become amenable to the wor­ ship of the deity? (f) Does the household believe in the efficacy of pra­ yer?

7. Do you know that untouchability in any form has been prohibited under law ? (Answer Yes/No). 8. Do you agree that the prohibition of untouchability is commendable ? (Answer Yes/No). 9. Is eating of meat prohibited by the religion of the house­ hold?

C. Society 10. Does the hou~ehold have ~'Yek" i.e., "Salai" group of kindred in which marriage is prohibited ? (Answer Yes/No). (b) How many "Salais" does the family know? 31

(c) Has any marriage in contravention of caste or tribal law taken place in this household ? (Answer YesfNo). (d) If such marriage has taken place give details about the marriage. (e) With what castes or tribes would marriage be desi­ rable in the household ? (f) Was money given to the bride on the occasion of the marriage of any son ? (Answer Yes/No).

(g) Was dowry received on the occasion of the marriage of "any son? (Answer YesjNo. If Yes, mention amount). (h) Was dowry given on the occasion of the marriage of any daughi er ? (Answer YesfNo. If Yes, mention amount). (i) Was money received from the bride groom on the occasion of the marriage of any daughter 1 (Answer Yes/No. If Yes, mention amount). U) Does the son start a separate kitchen as soon he is married? (k) Where is the marriage generally held for the son of the household ? ll) Where is the marriage generatly held for the daugh­ ter of the household 1 tm) Who is to choose brides forthe sons of the house­ hold? . (Answer parents or the sons). (n) Does the household observe any period in the year for the marriage of their son/daughter 1 (Answer Yes/No). (0) Does the bridegroom of the household send any present to the bride before the marriage .? (P) Is the household patriarchal or matriarchal?

11. (a) Was there any divorce in the household? (b) If so, did the divorce entail litigation ? (c) How was the divorce finalised? (d) Is Polygamy known to the family? (Answer Yes or No).

12. Do you know that there have been changes in recent years in Hindu Marriage Act ? (Answer YesfNo. If "Yes" what do you think of the salient features of the Hindll Marriage Act 1) 7-2 R. G. India/66 32

13. Is there any objection to contract marriages for persons of the household with persons of the same social and economic status as theirs but belonging to the following communities ? Mark (V) against the names of the communities, against which you have no objection. 1. Christians. 2. Muslims. 3. Hindus. 4. Tribal. 5. Yaithibi. 6. Dhobi. 7. Hazam. I 8. Scheduled Caste. 9. Kukis. 10. Nagas. 11. Europeans. 12. Burmese. 13. Nepalis. 14. Kh~sia. 15. Chinese. 16. Bengalis. 17. Sikhs. 18. Marwaris.

14. (a) How is the dead body of any member of the house­ hold disposed of ? (b) Is there any ceremony after the demise of any mem­ ber of the household ?

IS. (a) Is any ceremony held at the birth of a ba.by in the household? (Answer Yes or No.) (b) If so, what kind of ceremony is held? (c) Is there any member of household at the birth of whom the mother was attended by trained mid­ wife? Cd) Is the c-ountry dai generally engaged in the delivery of the child in the household ?

16. (a) Does the household view that the service of trained men in medicine cannot be afforded ? (b) Has the household adopted the modern sanitary system covering latrines ? (Answer Yes or No). (0) How is the night-soil disposed ofinthe household? (d) Is ablution before eating compulsory in the house­ hold? (Answer Yes or No).

17. Wha.t festivals does the household observe mainly? 33

18. Which of the Solar and the Lunar Calendar is followed by the household in ceremonies ? 19. What are the major recreations for the household 1 20. (a) Does the household believe in black-arts? (b) Does the household believe in the existence of genie and ghosts '? (c) What is the path in the belief of the household !hat the soul follows after death to reach the abode of God? (d) Is there any kind of common vegetables that the household cannot eat ? 21. (a) How many types of dresses does the family use? (b) What is the main means of transport for the family? (c) Is the household fond of heavily decorating its woman folk ? (d) What weapons are mainly used in the household for self-

D. Inheritance 27. (a) Do you know that there have been changes in recent years in Hindu Adoption Act ? (Answer Yes/No). (b) If yes, what do ryOu thinki are the salient features on recent changes ?

28. (a) Do you think that there have been changes in recent years in Hindu Succession Act ? (Answer YesfNo). (b) If Yes, what .do you think are the salient features of such changes. 34

29. (a) Which relatives, including male members and widows and daughters, married and unmarried in­ herit property on the death of a married male person belonging to the same caste as your house-hold? (b) What is the share of each such member? 30. Are you in favour of inheritance of property by daugh­ ter equally with sons ? E. Property Land 31. If the household possesses land, give: (a) Total area in acres ...... (b) Total area under cultivation ...... (0) Area comprising homestead ...... (d)

Name of Crop Quantity obtained, last year Quantity sold

(i) Paddy (ii) Wheat (iii) Maize, lowar or Bajra (iv) Pulses (v) Sugarcane (Vi) Vegetables (vii) Jute (viii) Chillies (ix) Tobacco (x) Oil seeds (xi) COttOD (xii) Ginger & Turmeric (xiii) Fodder, bamboo or cane (xiv) Fruits (xv) Other agricultural crops (xvi) Forest products

(e) What is the organic manure used? (f) Do you use chemical fertilisers ? (g) Do you use modern agricultural implements? (b) Do you borrow agricultural implements from otbers at the time of cultivation ? (i) Do you own the land ? (j) Without help from others can you manage the cul­ tivation of tbe land ? 3S

(k) What measures have you taken for the improve­ ment of your land? Have you applied reclamation, soil conservation, consolidation, terrace-cultiva­ tiOD, etc. (I) Do you adopt irrigation for your land and how many additional acres of land have been benefited from the irrigation during the last 5 years ? (m) Do you use improved seeds in ;­ (i) Rice (ii) Wheat (iii) Potato (iv) Maize (v) Pulses (n) If so, how do you procure the improved seeds? (0) Do you use pesticides, sometimes ? (Answer Yes(No). (p) Do you use improved methods of cultivation like Japanese Method of Paddy Cultivation ?

32" How much do you spend per acre for the cultivation of your land?

33. How much did your father own at the time of his death? (a) Land in acres (b) Houses and other property

34. (a) Do you own any cattle or poultry? Give numbers: . (i) Milch cattle (ii) Draught Bullock (iii) Cows, goats, sheep, pigs, duck/geese and fowl. (b) How much' milk or milk products do you sell ?

35, (a) Does the household make any improvement in the agriculture as a result of Five Year Plans? (b) What new crops do you like to grow in yourland ?

36, Fishery (a) Does the household own any tank? (b) If fish is reared, was any quantity sold last year? (Answer Yes(No. If Yes, mention quantity in terms of monetary value), (c) Does the household catch aoy fish from sources other than his own tank ? (Answer Yes/No, If Yes, mention quantity in terms ofmonetary value). 36 F. Industry 37. Do you conduct any industry ? (a) What are the products 1 (b) Which of them do you sell ? (c) Have you taken up this industry for. the first time in the course of last five years ? (Answer Yes/No). (d) Have you adopted any new tools or instruments for running this industry? If so, name the details of the tools and instruments.

38. Name the art or craft in which you have earned profi­ ciency. 3Q. When and how did you learn the art of craft concern ed ? (a) Do you consider further training necessary? (Answer Yes/No). (b) If Yes, describe the type of training you desire. 40. What industry do you think would be lucrative for you if installed in your village ?

41. (a) What was your father's occupation? (b) If you have changed your father's occupation, why have you done so ? (c) Were you forced for lack of choice into this occupa­ tion ? (Answer Yes/No). (d) If not, why did you choose this occupation? 42. (a) Have you yourself changed 'your occupation from another kind to this one? (Answer Yes/No). (b) If yes, explain why did you leave the former occu­ pation ?

43. What kind of work would you like your son to do '1

44. (a) If you are engaged in trade or business, mention the commodities dealt in. (b) How do you get your finance? (c) What is your approximate profit? 45. (a) Is weaving still popular in the household? (Answer YesjNo.) (b) If "No" what is the cause of declination? (c) Do you like to improve the handloom industry? (Answer Yes/No). (d) If "Yes" do you or the members of your family like to be given training ? 37

G. Indebtednesg 46. If the head of household is in debt :- (a) Mention amount of debt outstanding. (b) Source of credit. (c) Is credit easily available? (d) How do you thinki to clear the debt? H. Education 47. (a) How much did you spend last year on the education of yOUf children ? '" (b) How many of your children are reading at School or College? (i) School Male Female (ii) College Male Female (c) Does any member of the household regularly read a newspaper Of listen to news broadcasts through the community radio sets? (d) Do you have propensity of receiving education though you are an adult ? (e) Do you like to impart military education to your children? I. Community 48. (a) Does the head of the household know the name of the Sub-Division in which his village is situated? (b) Does the head of the household know names of principal rivers flowing in Manipur ? 49. (a) Do you think that Land Reform is required in Manipur? (b) If "Yes" how do you like to reform ? 50. (a) Are you benefitted from any scheme of land re­ clamation or land development? (Answer Yes/No.). (b) If "Yes" explain how have you been benefitted?

51. (a) Is there a Co-operative Society in your village? (Answer Yes/No). (b) If "Yes" ate you a member? (Answer Yes/No). (c) If "No", why ate you not a member? 57.. (a) Is there NES Slock in yOUf area? (b) Do you know what the functions of a Gram Sevak are? (Answer Yes/No), (c) If Yes, describe his functions.

(d) Has the Gram Sevak ~ver come and talked to YOl.l ? 38

(e) Has he demonstrated any of the improved agri­ cultural practices? If so, did you follow his ad­ vice? 53. (a) Are you benefitted from the NES 'Block? (Answer Yes/No). (b) If "Yes", how have you been benentted? 54. (a) Is there a Gram PanchayatrAuthority In your village? (b) If "Yes", how long has the Panchayat been in your village? (c) What are the main functions of the Gram Pan­ ehayat/ Authority? (d) Has there been any improvement in your village since the Oram Panchayat/Authority was esta­ blished? (Answer YesjNo). (e) If "Yes" what have been the improvements'! (in schools, buildings, wells, clubs, etc.). (f) Did you participate in tMse (by contributing land, labour, cash or material etc.)? If not, why? (g) Are you benefitted from the work/activity? 55. (a) Is there Family Planning Centre in your village? (Answer Yes/No). (b) Do you know that man and wife can prevent concep­ tion of a child by deliberate means. if they ~ish to doso? (c) Is no more child wanted in the household? 56. (a) How many children were born in the household duro iog the last teo yeats?

(b) Ho~ many infants died in the household during the last teo years 7

J. Diet 57. (a) How many times a day do the member~ of the house­ hold take their meals? fb) What are the u~ual items of diet at each meal? I (c) What are the food'! or drinks prohibited? (d) Does the household take sugar/tea? (e) Has there been any change of diet in the recent years? (f) What water do you use for drinking?

K. Utensils 58. (a) What utensils are used for preparing food and for storage of drinking water? (b) Of wh!!t materials are important utensils made? 39

L. Fuel 59. What fuel is ordinarily used for cooking?

M. Furniture & Ornaments 60. (a) Does the household possess (cross out those not found). 1. Sed-stead. 7. Other kind of box (big): 2. Khatia. 8. Petromax. 3. Cbair. 9. Hurricane lamp. 4. Table. 10. Torch Light. 5. Mirror (Large). 11. Bicycle. 6. Almirah. 12. Radio. 13. Gramophone. (b) Is the household using avy Dew kind of furniture for the first time in the last five years? (c) Does the household use toilet soap/washing soap? (d) Does the household use mosquito-net? (e) Are clothes sent to washerman to be cleaned? 61. (a) What kind of material is used for the ornaments f (i) Men used by (i) Men and (ii) Women? l(ii) Women (i) (b) GIVe. t h e Ioca 1 names 0 f"pnnclpa 1 ornaments used by: { (ii) MenWomen (i) Men and (ii) Women. (Give Drawings).

N. Houses 62. (a) Give a plan of the house and compound showing the main places, the material of the roof, walls and doors and the measurements of the bed-room. (b) Where do ypu make fire? (c) Has there been any change in the style of the house in recent years? \

8-2 R. G. lndfa/68

ANNEXURE TO APPENDIX I

Number & Name of Village House Number

Number & Name of Taluk/ Name of Head of Household TahsiJ/police Station

Name of Sub· Division

Name of District

Name of State

------_._---_------__ ._------_ IDENTIFICATION Questions First Second Third Fourth I Fifth married maried married married' married male male male male male (Head of household if male) 1 . 2 3 4 5 6 ....___

1. Relationship to head of household '7 . \ 2. Age in completed years I 3. Married for how many years · I 4. Mother tongue . · 5. Religion · 6. Main Caste · · 7. Sub-group within main caste · · 8. Gotra . I · I , 9. Main Caste br wife before marriage · 10. Sub· caste of wife before marriage · 11. Gotra of wife before marriage .

12. Whether married to a person with whom DO relationship was known to exist. 42

1 3 4 5 ~i 6

------I----I----I·--·----l~--- B. Whether married to any relation? If so, give exact relationship and in addition answer the following questions :- (a) Whether married to father's brother's daughter; father's sister'S daughter; mother's brother's daughter; mother's sister's daughter.

(b) Whether mltrried to own sister's daughter;

(C) Whether married to a second cousins; fathers' first cousin's daughter, mother'S first cousins' daughter (Give exact description).

(d) Whether married to a third cousin; father's second cousin's daughter, or mother's second cousin's daughter (Give exact description).

(e) Whether married to owr elder brother's wife?

(f) Whether married to first cousin's wiClOW?

14. Sex of 1st child born alive or dead; Age if alive 15. Sex of 2nd child born alive or dead ; Agdf alive 16. Sexof3rd child born alive or dead; Ageifalive

17. Sex of 4th child born alive or dead; Age if alive 18. Sex of 5th child born alive or dead; Age if alive .

19. Remarks

NOTll.-(l) :Please note carefully in respect of every person and child whether there is any apparent or visible deformity infirmity. These observations should be written in Remarks column. (21 Ask particulars in the case of any child reported dead whether it died soon after birth and whether it has any deformity o! infirmity. Note deformity or infirmity reported in Remarks Column. APPENDIX II SOCIO·ECONOMI(;! SURVEY, 1960·61 Census 1961 PART I Name of Sub-Division ••.....•.... , ...... VILLAGE SCHEDJLE Name of Police StationfTaluk .... , ...... Name of Village ...... Number of Village ...... Area of the Village ...... •..•... Number of Households

...... What is the religion INhich majority of the villagers pr~fess ...... •...... 1. Topographv of the viUage:- fa) Is the village situated on a plain/or an undulating surface/on a plateau/on a hil1ock/or at the bottom of a depres~ion? (b) The system of groupiog of houses-average distance between two clusters of houses-reasons for such grouping, e.g. whether on account of the nature of the surface ofland or on account of social custom. (c) Internal Toads-Tanks-Village common-and stream or other extensive source of water-proxi­ mity or otherwise of any jungle-Approximate number of shade bearing trees and how they are arranged? 2. What is the local legend about the village? 3. Detailed description of average house of the members of each caste/tribe, religious group, occupational group in the village. . 4. Name and distance of Hat or Hats to which surplus produce of the village is taken for sale. 5. Name and distance of the nearest Railway Station and .Bus route. 6. Distance by road from Thana and Sub-divisional Head­ quarters. 7. (a) Distance of the Post Office from the village (b) Distance of the Telegraph Office from viUage . (c) Can money be sent through that Post Office • 8. Religious practice followed by members of each caste, tribe and religious groups in tbe village. The descrip­ tion of the religious practice in each case should begin with ~he name or names under which the Supreme Being is known and then proceed from ceremonies that might be observed in respect of a peTson from some­ time before he is born and end with the funeral rites after his death. 43 ~-2 R. G. Indiaf68 44

9. Give details of places of common religious worship, if any. ,10. Describe community festivals if held in ~bt village • 11. Dress commonly worn by the villagers with special reference to peculiarities on ~C9lJnt of l;:a&4:, tribe or religious section or economic status. 12. Number and types of schools in the village 13. Describe social recreation centres, if any . 14. State of co-operative movement in the village. (Number i;lnd n~D}~S pf cQ"op'e,r!l~~ve)r Ceo'u. 1961 AP1'BNbIX It..... confd. SOCI()·ECONOMit StfItVEY, 1960-61 PART Ii NATURE OF soclAt l11SA:BILIT~S SUFFERED BY DIFFErutN't CASTES- IN THE VILLAGE

I II III IV v

-_ ~~ ACCESS TO DISABl11TI REG~DING AVOIDED B'Y CASti! Rediarks ,Name of Caste ' SE VICES IN TO - HINDU REGARD ShoP, Temple AnY Brahman Barber Wa~her- Any Touch Serving Serving hotel, or place other priest man other cooked Water rest.au- ofwor- place of 'village food rant shIp public servant resort _.__- ~------'------

,

.

__,,,.' •• -'T-.... -----. 45 Census 1961 APPENDIX II-comd. SOCIO·ECONOMIC SURVEY, 1960-61 PART III VILLAGE DISPUTES REFERRED TO DIFFERENT, AUTHORITIES. LAST YEAR

I II III IV V VI .--_- - Nature of adjudicating Leading Members of Nature of Decision of Nature o( Remarks (Whetber the deci Autb.ority each disputant party dispute adjudicating sanction sion Was enforced, whether authority there is preference for adjud j- Cation by particular type of . ,Name Castel authority in particular 1)']:e Tribe of case). -

Villago Authority

Gram Panchayat

Court

Othors (Specify whether by Village elders or other- wise)

46 Census 1961 APPBNDIX II--:-contd. SOCIO-ECONOMIC SUR:V~Y. 1960-61 PART. IV VILLAGE LEADERS, MEMBERS OF PANCHAYAT, PRIESTS AND OTHER OFFICE BEARERS

I ! II 1II __ ~I ------I Name of , MEMBERS Rima Organisation rks Other offices I heldin side Name Caste IOccupation· Age Since when How gained Remunera- the village holding the position Han, if office any . -.------.- ~- StatutorY Panchayat , ._ ------. - Caste Panchayat (Name of Caste)

--- ~- Other leadres - --- Mombers of Board of Dire- ctors of Co-opcrative Society

47 Census 1961 APPENDiX II -contd. SOCIO·ECONOMIC SURVEY, 1960-61 PART V CULTURAL LIFE OF THE VILLAGE -- I 11 III IV V VI ! VII _-- -_- I When ROUGH PROPORTION I Name of Esta; OF MEMBERS OFFICE BEARERS Brief note Brief note r Brief not e ClubB, Libr!\_- bU- BELONGING TO on basis of on Obiec'l on activiti es ries, •Drama shed --_ -- membership tive of of the orga parties or , (sub scrip- the orga- nisation other cuI- Different IDifferentl Age Name 1 Caste ~ Occupa- Age I Educa- tion, signing nisatioD I tural orgtmi. i Ca~tes oCcu- i I tion f tion of pledge sations in ! paHoa etc.) ! the village Group '> I~ I __....._--- __._ ---'------1---1----I f ------l I ,

.. " t

I

I

,

. If I 48 Census 1961 APPENDIX II-clmcld. SOCIO·ECONOMIC SURVEY, 1960-61 PART VI RECREATIONAL AND ARTISTIC ACTIVITIES ENJOYED BY THE VILLAGERS

I I II III IV 'v VI VII VIU IX _. ._ --.-_ --~ ---.- I -----. - IF ACTIVITY IS IN Type of *Brief Where FrequencY Extent of Extent of VILLAGE DO VIS]TORS What Who trains activity description room placed & duration active participation FROM OTHER VIL· agency players etc. (if out side (Specify participa- of people of LAGE PARTICIPATE? sponsored, (Misname, the villagll whether tion of main castes .-promotes or address, name & daily, people of the orcommu· finances caste distance monthly, main castes nities as Appcoxi- Role (Pla- occupations ofthel seasonal, & com- aUdience mate No. yer, audien- place). etc.) munities in (Many,few, ce, other· performance some.) wise) (many, few, some.) . . --. .. - _

1. Sports & Games

2. Drama, Music, Dancing etc.

3. Cinema

4. Filmstrip, puppet- showetc.

5. Fairs

, 6. FosH vals

7. Other entertain· \ \ mor.ts I I I I "'Indicate nature and rea'lOn of celebration.

49 LIST OF AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PUBLICATIONS (as OD 17 Febmary, 1964)

AGARTALA-Laxmi Bh.ndar Books & Scientific Sale.'! (Rest.) BHOPAL- AGRA­ Superintendent, State Government Press I National Book House, Jeoni Mandi (Reg.) 2 Lyall Book Depot, Mobd. Din Building, Sultauia Road (Reg.) 2 Wadhawa & Co. ,45, Civil Lines (Reg.) 3 DeliteBooks, OpP. Bhopal Talkie. 3 Banwari Lal Jain,Publishers, Moti Katra (Rest.) (Rest.) BHUBANESHWAR-Ekamra Vidyabhaban, Eastern Tower, Room 4 English Book Depot, Sadar Bazar, AI!l' Cautl. (Res!.) No.3 (Rest.) AHMADNAGAR-V. T. Jorakar, Prop .• Rama General Stores, BIJAPUR-Sbri D. V. Deshpande, Recognised Law Booksellers, Navi Peth . . . . • • • • . (Rest.) Prop. Vinod Book Depot,NearShiralshett i Chowk . . (Rest.) BlKANER-Bhandaoi Bro •. AHMEDABAD­ (Res!.) BILASPUR-Shanna Book Stall. Sadar Bazar I Balgovind Kuber Dass & Co., Gandhi Road (Rest.) (Reg.) BOMBAY- 2 Chandra Kant Chiman Lal Vara, Gandhi Road (Reg.) I Director Govt. Printing and Stationery, Netaji Subash 3 New Order Book Co., Ellis Bridge (Reg.) Road, Bombay·4, 4 Mahajan Bros., OPP. Khadia Police Gate (Res,) 2 Charles Lambert and Co. ,101, Mahatma Gandh i Road (Reg.) S Sastll Kitab Ghar, Near Relier Talkies, Palthar Kava, Relief 3 Co-operator's Book Depot, 5/32, Ahmed Sailor Bldg .• Dadar . Road (Reg.) (Reg.) 4 Current Book House, Marnti Lane, Raghunath Dadaj i SI. • AI MER- (Reg.) 5 I Book-Land,663,Madas Gate Current Technical Literature Co. P. Ltd., India House. Pirs~ (Reg. Ploor (Reg.) 2 Rajputana Book House, Station Road. (~eg.) 6 International Book House Ltd.,9, Ash Laue, M. G. Road (Reg,) 3 Law Book House, 271, Hathi Bhata (Reg.) 7 Lakhani Book Depot, Girgaum . (Reg.) 4 Vijay Bros., Kutcbery Road (Rest,) 8 Elpees Agencies, 24, Bhan8wadi,Kalbadevi (Reg.) S Krishna Bros'. ,Kutchery Road • (Rest,) 9 P. P. H. Book Stall, 190.B, Khetwadi Main Road (Reg.) ALIGARH-Priend$' Book House, Muslim University Market (Reg.) 10 New Book Co., 188-190, Dr. Dadabhai Naoro;; Road (Reg.) ALLAHABAD_ 11 Popular Book Depot, Lamington Road (Reg,) I SIlPerintendent, Printing & Stationery, U. P. 12 Sunder Das Gian Chand, 601, Girgllum Road, NearPrincess Street 2 Kitabistan, 17.A, Kamla Nehru Road (Reg.) (Reg.) 13 D. B. Taraporewala Sons and Co. (P) Ltd.,210, Dr. Dadabhai 3 Law Book Co. ,Sardar Patel Marg, P. Box 4 (Reg.) Naoroji Road. (Reg.) 4 Ram Nariall Lal Beni Modho, 2A, Katra Road (Reg.) 14 Thacker and Co .. Rampart Row (Reg,) 5 Universal Book Co. ,20, M. G. Road, (Reg.) IS N. M. Tripathi Private Ltd ..Princess Street. (Reg,) 6 University Book Agency (or Lahoro), Elgin Road (Reg.) 16 The Kothali Book Depot, King Edward Road (Reg.) 7 Wadhwa & Co.,23, M. G. Marg (Res!.) 17 P. H. Rama Krishna and Sons, 147, Rajaram Bhuvan, Shivaji 8 Bharat Law,House,IS, Mahatma Gandhi Marg (Res!.) Park RoadNo.5 (Res!.) 9 Ram Narain Lal BcniPrasad, 2-A, Katra Road (Rest.) 18 C. Jamoadas and Co" Booksellers, 146-C, Princess Street (Reg.) AMBALA- 19 Indo Nath and Co., A·6, Daulat Nagar, }lorivli (Reg.) 20 Minerva Book Shop, Shop No. 1/80, N. Subhash Road I English Book De~ot, Ambala Cantt. (Reg.) (Reg.) 21 Academic Book Co. ,Association Building, Girgaurn Road (Rest.) 2 Seth Law House, 8719, Railway Road, Ambal. Cantt. (Rest,) 22 Dominoo Publishers, 23. Bell Building, Sir P. M. Road (Rest.) AMRITSAR- 23 Bombay National History Society. 91, Walkeshwar Road (Rest.) The Law Book Agency, G. T. Road. Putligarh (Reg.) 24 Dowamadeo and Co. ,16, Naziria Building, Ballard Estate (Rest.) 2 S. Gupta, Agent, Government Publications, Near P. O. Majith 25 Asian Trading Co., 310, the Miraball, P. B. 1505 . Mandi (Reg.) (Rest.) CALCUTTA- AmarNath & Sons, Near P.O.MajithMandi (Reg.) I Chatterjee and Co., 3/1, Bacharam Chatterjee Lane (Reg.) ANAND- 2 Dass Gupta and Co. Ltd., 54/3. College Street (Reg.) 1 Vijaya Stores, Station Road (Rest,) 3 Hindu Library, 69A, Bol.ram Dc Street (Reg.) 2 Charta Book Stall, Tulsi Sadao, Stn. Road. (Rest.) 4 S. K. Lahiri and Co. Pri vate Ltd., College Street . (Reg.) M. C. Sarkar and Sons Private Ltd., 14, ASANSOL-D. N. Roy & R,K. Roy, Booksellers, Atwal Building Bankim Chatterjee (Res!.) Street (Reg.) BANGALORE- 6 W. N.wman and Co, ,Ltd. ,3. Old Court HouseStreet (Reg.) I The Bangalore Legal Practitioner Co-oP, SOCiety Ltd. ,Bar As: 7 O.fora Book and Stationery Co. ,17, Park Street (Reg.) soeiation Building 8 R. Chambray and Co. Ltd., Kent House, P. 33, Mission Road (Reg.) Extension 2 S. S. Book Emporium, 118, Mount Jow Road (Reg.) (Reg.) 9 s. C. Sarkar and Sons Private Ltd.,1. C. College Square The Bangalore Press, Lake View, My,ore Road, P. O. Box (Reg.) 10 Thacker Spink and Co. (1933) P. Ltd.,3, Esplanade East 507 (Reg.) (Reg.) 11 Firma K.L.Mukhopadhaya, 6/IA,Banchba Ram AkrurLane . (Reg.) 4 The Standard Book Depot, Avenue Road . (Reg.) 12 K. K, Ro}, P. Box No. 10210, Calcutta 19 (Rest.) 5 Vichara Sahitya Private Ltd.,Balepet . (Reg.) 13 Sm. P. D, Upadhyay, 77, Muktaram Babu Street (Rest.) 6 Makkala Pustaka Press, Balamandira. Gandh1agar (Reg.) 14 Universal Book Disl. ,8/2, Hastings Street (Rest.) 7 MarutiBook Depot, Avenue Road . • . (Rest.) IS Modem Book Depot. 9, Chowringee Centre (Res1.) 8 International Book House P. Ltd., 4.P, Mahatma Gandhi 16 Soar and Co.• 125, Canning Street Road (Reg.) (Reg,) 17 S. Bhattacharjee 49, Dharamtala Sireet (Rest,) 9 NavakarnatakaPubns. PrivateLtd., Majestic Circle (Rest.) 18 Mukherjee Librar), 10, Sarba Khan Road • (Rell.) 19 Current Literature Co. 208, Mahatma Gandhi Road BAREILLY-Agarwal Brothers, Bara Bazar (Reg.) (Reg.) 20 The Book Depository. 4/1, Madan Street (1st Ploor) (Rest.) BARODA- 2,1 SCientific Book AgenCy. Netaji Subhash Road (Res!.) I Shri Ch.ndrakant Moban Lal Shah, Raopura (Rest.) 22 Reliance Trading Co. ,17/1, Banku BihariGhose Lane, District Howrah • 2 Good Companions Booksellers, Publishers & Sub.Agent (Rest J (Rest.) 23 Indian Book·Disl. Co. ,6512. Mahatma Gandhi Road . (Rest.) 3 New Medical Book House, 540, Madan Zampa Road • (Rest.) CALICUT-TouringBook Stall. BEAWAR-The Secretary, S. D. College, Co·operative Stores Ltd, (Rest.) (Rest.) CHANDIGARH- BELGHARIA-Oranthlok, Antiquarian Booksellers & Publishers Supdt. ·Govt. Printing and Stationery, Punjab (24-Parganas), 5/1, AmlicaMukherjee Road. • • . (Reg.) 2 Jain Law Agency, Plat No.8, Sector No. 22 BHAOALPUR-Paper Stationery ~tores, D. N, Singh Road (Rec,) (Reg.) Rama News Agency, Book seller, Sector No. 22 (Reg.) (i) (li)

Uni~ersal Book Store,Booth 25, Sector 22D (Reg.) GUNTUR-Book Lovers Private Ltd. , Kadriguda, Cbowrast. • (Reg.} 5 Engli.h Book Shop, 34, Sector 220 (Rest.) GWALIOR- 6 Mehta Bros. 15.Z, Sector 22B (Rest.) Supdt.,Printing & Stationery, M.B. 7 Tandan Book Depot, Shopping Centre, Sector 16 (Rest.) 2 Loyal BoOk Depot, Patnakar Bazar. Lasbkar (Reg.) 8 Kailash Law Publisher•• Sector 22B (Rest.) M.C. Daftari Prop. M.ll. Jain & llros. Booksellers, Sarafa, (Rest.) CHHlNDWARA-Th. Verma Book Depot (Reg.) Lasbkar COCHIN-Sataswat Corporation Ltd., Palliarkav Road (Reg.) HUBLI-Pervaie'S Book House. KOlllliru Road • (Reg.) CUTTACK- HYDSRABAD- Press Officer Orissa SOCII. I Director, Govt. Press (Reg.) 2 Cutt~ck Law Times . (Reg.) 2 'The Swami Book Depot. Lakdikapul 3 Prabhal K. Mahaparra, Mangalbag, P.B. 35 (Reg.) Book Lovers Private Ltd. • (Rest.) (Rest.) 4 D. P. Sur & Sons, Mangalabag (Rest.) 4 Labour Law Publications, 873, Sultall Bazar Vtkal Stores, Balu Bazar . (Rest.) IMPHAL-Tikendra & SOilS Bookseller (Rest.) DEHRADUN- INDORE- Jugal Kishore & Co., Rajpur Road , (Reg.) J Wadbawa & Co., 56, M.O. Road (Reg.) 2 National }lews Agency, Paltau Bazar (Reg.) 2 Swarup Brothers, Khajuri Bazar (Rest.) 3 Bi shan Singh and Mahendra Pal Singh. 318. Chukhuwala (Reg.) 3 lfadbYa Pradesh Book Centre, 41, Ahilya Pura • (Rest,) 4 Otam Pustak Bhandar, Pallau Bazar (Rest.) 4 Modern Book HOWIe, Sbiv Vilas Falace • (Rest.) DELHI- 5 Navyug Sabitya Sadan. Publishers & Booksellers, 10, Khajuri Bazar (Rest. ) I J.~. Jaina & Ilrot];lers, Mori Gate (Reg.) 2 Atma Ram & Sons, ~bmere Gate (Reg.) lABALPUR- (Reg.) Federal Law Book Depot. Kashmere Gate (Reg.) 1 Modern Book Howe, 286, Jawaharganj 2 National Book lionse, 135, Jai Prakash Narain Mars (R.) 4 Bahri Bros., 188, Lajpat Rai Market . (Reg.) S Bawa Harikisban Dass Bedi (Vijaya General Agencies), P.B. JAIPUR- 2027 Abata Kedara, ChamaliaD Road • • • • (Reg.) GovertllDell\ Printin~ and Stationery Department. Rajasthan 6 Book.Woll,4, Sant Narankari Colony, P.B.IS65 . (Reg.) 2 Bharat Law House, Booksellers & Publishers, Opp. Prem ImperialP"bJishing Co. ,3, Fail Jlaz~r, Daryagani (Reg.) Praka~h Cinema (Reg.) Metropolitan Book, Co.,I, FaizBazar. (Reg.) 3 Garg Ilook Co .• Tripolia Bazar • (Reg.) 9 Publication Centre, Subzimandi. (Reg.) 4 Vani Mandir,Sawai Mansingh Highway (Reg.) 10 Youngman &Co. NaiSarak (Reg.) S Kalyan Mal & Sous, Tripoli. Bazar (Res!.) II Indian Army Book Depot. 3, Daryaganj (Reg.) 6 Popular Book Depot, Chanr. Rasta • (Reg.) 12 All India Educational Supply Co. ,ShriRamBuildings,Jawuhar 7 Krishna Book Depot, Chaura bta . (Rest.) Nagar. • • , " '" (Rest.) 8 Domiruon Law Depol, Shah Building, P.R. No. 23 (Res!.}.., 13 Dbanwant Medical & Law Book House, 1522, Lajpat Rai Murket . . •• ••••. (Rest.) JAMNAGAR-Swe British Book: Depot, 84, Hauatgatlj GUDUR-:The General Manager, The N.D.C Publishing: & Ptg. 4 Ram Advani, Hazratganj, P 11.154 (Reg.) SoCIety Ltd. • . , . . . • • • Universal Publisbers (P) Ltd. ,Hazratgan (Reg,) (iii)

Eastern Book Co., Lalbagh Road . (Reg.) Central News Agency, 23/90, CODn.ught CircUlI (Reg.) Civil & Military Educational Stores, 106/B, Sadar Bazar (Rest.) 4 Empire Book Depot, 278, Aliganj (Reg.) 8 Acquarium Supply Co •• 213, Faizabad Road (Rest.) 5 Engl1sh Book Stores, 7-L. Connaught Circus, P. O. B.328 (Reg.) 9 Law Book Mart, Amin-Ud-Daula Park (Rest.) Faqir Chand & Sons, IS-A, Khan Market • • (Reg.) LUDHIANA- lain Book Agency, Co., Prem House, Conn.ugh! Place • (Reg.) 1 Lyall Book Depot, Chaur. Buar (Reg.) Oxford Book & Stationery Co. ,Scindia House • • • (Reg.) 2 Mohindra Brothers, Katcheri Road (Rest.) 9 Ram Krishna & Sons (of Lahore), [6/B, Connaught Place (Reg.) Nanda Stationery Bhandar, Pustak Bazar (Rest.) 10 Sikh Pullli~hing HouBe, 1·C. Connaught Place (Reg.) 4 The Pharmacy News, Pindi Street (Rest.) 11 Suneja Book ~en~, 24/?O, Cpnnau,!lht Circus (Reg.) l~ Un.i!ed :pook Agency. 3 [, Municipal Market, Connaught MADRAS- Clteus. . . .• . (ReB.) 1 Supdt., Govt. Ptess, Mount Road 13 Jayana Book Depot, Chhaparwala Kann, Karo! Bagh . (Reg.) 2 Account TestInstitute.P. O. 760, Emgore (Res.) 14 Navayug Traders, Dosh Bandhu Gupta Road, Dev Nagar (Reg.) 3 C. Sllbbiah Chetty & Co.,Ttiplicane • (Reg.) 15 Saraswati Book Depot, IS, Lady Harding Road . (Reg.) 4 K. Krishnamurty, Post Box 384 • (Reg.) 16 The Secretary, Indian Met. Socioty, Lodi Road • (Reg.) 5 Presidency Book Supplies, 8, Pycroft. Road, Triplicane • (Reg.) 17 New Book Depot, Latest Books, Periodicals, Sty & Novelles. 6 P. ·Yatdhachary & Co.,8,LinghiChettyStreet (Reg.) P.B.96. ConnaughtPlace • . . • . . (Reg.) 7 Palani Parchuram, 3, pycrofts Road, Triplicano • (Reg.) 18 Mebra Brothers, 50.G, Kalkaji . (Res·) NCBH Private Ltd.,199, Mount Road (Rest.) 19 Luxmi Book Stores, 42, Janpatb (Rest.) 9 V. Sadanand, The Personal Bookshop, tO,Congress Building, 20 Hindi Book House, 82. Janpatb . (Rest.) 111, Mount Road. . . • • . • • (Rest.) 21 People Publishing House (P.) Ltd., Rani Jhansi Road (Reg.) MADURAI- 22 R. K. Publishers, 23, Beadon Pura, Karol Bagb . (Rest.) Oriental Book House, 258, West Masi Street (Reg.) 23 Sharma Bra,. ,17, New Market, Mali Nagar (Reg.) 2 Vivekananda Press, 48, West Mali Street (Re!:.) 24 AapkiDukan 5/5777, Dev Nagar (Rest.) 2S Sarvodaya Service,66IA.l, Rohtak Road, P. B. 2521 (Rest.) MANDYA SUGAR TOWN-K. N. Narimha Gowda & Sons (Rest.) 26 H. Chandson, P. B. No,. 3034 • (Rest.) 27 The Secret"'1', Federation of Association of Small Industry MANGALORE-U. R. Shenoye Sons, Car Str~t, p. Bo~ 128 (Reg.) ofIndia,23-B/2, ROhta'k Road • • • • • . (Rest.) 28 Standard Booksellers & Stationers, Palam Enclave (Rest.) MANJESHWAR-Mukenda Krishna Nayak (Rest.) 29 Lakshmi Book Depot, 57, Regarpura . (Rest.) MATHURA-Rath & CQ., TilohiBuildiog, Bengali Ghat (Rest.) 30 Sant Ram Booksellers, 16, New Municipal Market, Lody Colony • (Rest.) MEERUT- PANJIM_ 1 Prakash Educational Stores, Subhas Bazar (Reg.) I Singhal. Book House, P. O. B. 70, Near the Church (Rest.) 2 Hind Chitra Press, West Kuchery Road (Reg.) :2 Sagoon Gaydev Dhoud, Booksellers, S-7 Rau,3 Ide Jameria (Rest.) Loyal Book Depot, Chhippi Tank (Reg.) PATHANKOT_The Krishna Book Depot, Main Bazar (Rest.) 4 Bhar.t Educational Stores, Cbhippi Tank (Rest.) PATiALA- 5 Uaiversa! Book Depot, Booksellers & News Allenls (Rest.) [ Supdt.,. Bhupendra State Press. MONGHYR-Anusandhan, Minerva Press Building (Rest.) 2 Jain & Co. ,17, Shah Nashin Bazar • (Reg.) MUSSOORlE- PATNA- 1 Cambridge Book Depot, The Mal (Rest.) 1 Supdt., Oovt.Printing (Bihar) 2 Hind Traders . (Rest.) 2 J. N.P. Agarwal &Co., P~dri-ki.Havoli,RaghUDath llhawan (Reg.) MUZAFFARNAGAR- 3 Luxm i Trading Co. ,Padri-ki-Havel i (Reg.) 1 Mitta! & Co. ,85-C, New Mandi (Rest.) 4 MotiLal Banarsi Dass, Banklpore (Reg.) 2 B. S.l.in & Co.,71, Abupura • (Rest.) Be~gal Law House, Chowhatta . (Rest.) MUZAFFARPUR- PITHORAGARH-Maniram Punetha & Sons (Res!.) 1 Soientific & Educational Supply Syndicate • (Reg.) PONDICHBRRY -Mis. Honesty Book House, 9, Rue Duplil[ (R.) 2 Legal Cornet, Tikmauio H()use, Amgola Road (Rest.) POONA- 3 Tirhut Book Depot . (Rest.) Deccan Book Stall, Deccan Gymkhana (Reg.) MYSORE- 2 Imperial Book Depot, 266, M. G. Road (Reg.) H. Venkataramiah at Sons, Now Statue Circle (Res.) 3 International Book Service, Deccan Gymkhana , (Reg.) 2 People. Book House, Opp. Jagan Mohan Palace (Reg.) 4 Raka Book Agen~, Opp. Natu's Chawl, Near Appa iialwant Geeta Book House, Booksellers & Publishers Krishnamurthi­ Chowk • I' • • • • • • • • (Reg.) puram (Rest.) Utility Book Depot, 1339,Shivaji Nagar (Rest.) 4 News Paper House, Lansdowne Building (Rest.) P,lJDUKOTTAI-Sbri P. N. Swaminathan Sivam & Co!"East lndian Mercantil.Corporation, Toy Palace, Ramvilas • (Rest.) Main Road . (Rest.) NADIAD-R.,S. Des.y, Station Road (Rest.) RA1KOT-Mohan LaIDossabhai.Shah, Booksellers & Sub-Agcots (Reg.) NAGPUR- RANCHI- I Manager, Govt. Press 8< Book Depot. 1 CrOWD Book Depot, Upper Bazar (Reg.) 2 Western Book Depot, Residency Road (Reg.) 2 Pustak Mahal, Upper Bazar (Rest.) 3 The Asstt. Secretary, MineralIndustry Association, Mineral House (Rest.) REW A-'supdt. ,Govt. State Emporium, V. P. ROURKELA-The Rourkela Review (Rest., NAINITAL-Coural Book Depot, Bara Bazar (Rest.) SAHARANPUR-Chandra Bharata Pustak Bhandar, Court Road. (Rest.} NANDED- SECUNDERABAD-Hindustan Dairy Publishers, J,,{arket Street. (Reg.) 1 Book Centro, College Law General Books, Station Road (Rest.) SILCHAR-Shri Nishitto Sen Nazirpatti Rest. 2 Hindustan General Stores, Paper & Stationery Mercbants SIMLA- P.B.No.S! (Rest.) 1 Supd!., Himachal Prade'h Govt. 3 Sanjoy Book Agency, Vazirabad (Rest.) 2 Minerva Book Shop, The Mall . (Res-} NEW DELHI- 3 The New Book Depot, 79, The Mall (Res.) 1 Amdt Book Co. ,Connaught Circus (Reg.) SINNAR-Shri N. N Jakhadi, Agent, Times of Indi. SinDar (Reg.) 2 Bhawal1l& Sons SF Connaught Place (Reg.) Nasik (iv)

SHILLONO- 4 Shri Iswar Subramaoyam, 452, Reversite Driv Apt. 6, New York, 27 NWY. 1 The Officer·in-charge, Assam, Gov!., B.D. 2 Chapla Bookstall, P.B. No.1 (Res!.) The Propri#'or, Book Centre, lakshmi Mansion, 49, The Mall, Lahore (Pakistan) • SONEPAT-United Book Agency (Reg.) 00 S. and R. Basis SRlNAGAR-The Kashmir Bookshop, Residency Road (Reg.) I The Head Clerk, Gov!, Book Depot ,Ahmedabad SURAT -Shr i Gajanan Puslakalaya, Tower Ro ld • (Reg.) 2 The Asstl ,Director, B;nsumers C<>·op. Society Ltd. (Rest.) Calcutla·l. 13 The ReRistrar of Companies ,Kerala, 50, Peet Road, Emakulam UJJAIN-Manak Chand Book Depot, Sati Gate (Rest.) 14 The Registrar of Companies, RNo. 3·5·83, Hyderguda, Hyderabad VARANASI- I S Registrar of Companies, Assam, Manipur and Tripura , Sbillong 1 Students Friends & Co., Lanka . lRest.) 16 Registrar of Companies, Sunlight lnsur.mce Building, Ajmed Gate Exten· 2 ClIowkhamba Sanskrit Series Offiee, Gopal Mandir Road, sion, New Delhi. P.B.8 . •• (Reg.) 17 Registrar of Companies, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, Link Road, Globe Book Centre • (Rest.) JuUundur Ci ly. 4 Kohinoor Stores, University Road, Lanka • (Reg.) IS Registrar of Companies , Bihar, Jamal Road,Patn•• ! 5 B.H.U.BookDepol • (Rest.) 19 Registrar of Companies, Raj & Ajmer, Shri Kamta Prasad House, lot Floor, "C" Sch~me, Ashok Marg, Jaipur. VELLORB-A. Venkatasubhan, Law Booksellers (Reg.) 20 The Registrar of Companies, Andhra Bank Building. 6, Linghi Chetty Street,P.B. 1530, Modras. VIJAY AWADA-The Book & Review Centre, Elurn Road, Govern- ment (Rest.) 21 The Registrar of C<>mpanies, Mahatma Gandhi Road, West C<>tt. Building, P.B. 334, Kanpur. VISAKHAPATNAM- 22 The Registrar of Companies, Everest 100, Marine Drive, Bombay (Reg.) Gupta Brothers, Vizia Building 23 The Registrar of Companies, 162, Brigade Road,Bangalore (Reg.) 2 Book Centre, 11/97, Main Road 24 The Registrar of Companies. Gwalior (Rest.) 3 The Secy, , Andhra University General Co·op. Stores Ltd. 25 Asstt. Director, Extension Centre, Bhnii Road, Dhanbad VIZlANAGARAM-Sarda & Co. (Res!.) 26 Registrar of Companies. Orissa, Cnttack Chandi ,Cut tack WARDHA-Swarajeya Bllandar, Bhorji Market (Reg.) 27 The Registrar of Companies. Gujarat State, Gujarat Samachar Building, Ahmedabad. 28 Publication Division, Sale Depot, North Block, New Delhi For Local Sale 29 The Development COIl1lllissioner, Small Scale Induslries,h'ew Delhi Oovt.oflndia Kitab Mahal.Janpalh,Opp.lndia Coffee House, New Delhi. 30 The O.I/C. Universit) Employment Burean, Lucknow 2 OJVI ,of India B~ok D'pat, 8, Hastings Street, Calcutta. 31 The O.I/C.S.I.S.l.Extension Centre, Maida J High c<>mmissioner for India in London,lndia House, London , W.C.2. 32 The O.I/C. S.I.S'], Extension Centre; Habra, Tabal~ria, 24·Parganas 33 T~e D.IIC. S.I.S.I.Model Carpentry' Workshop, PiyaliNagar,P.O.llurnpur Railway bookstall bolders 34 The D.I/C. S.I.S.I. Chrontanning Extension Centre. TaDRra 33, North Topsia Road, Calcutta-46. t SIS. A.H. Wheeler & Co. ,15, Elgin Road ,Allahabad 3S The O.I/C S. I. S. I. Extension Centre (Footwear), Calcutta 2 Gahlot Bros., K.B.M. Road, Bibner, 36 ASslt. Director, Extension Centre, Hyderabad 3 HIgginbotham. & Co. Ltd., Mount Road, Madras 37 Assl t . Director, Extcnsi on Centre, Krishna Dislt . (A.P.) 4 M.Gulab Singh & Sons PrivateLtd.,MathuraRoad,NewDelhi 38 Employment Officer, Emplo~ent Exchange, Jhabua 39 Dy, Director Incbarge, S.I.S.I.C/o Chief Civil Adm. ,Goa, Panjim Foreign 40 The Registrar of Trade Union, Kanpur 41 The Employment Officer, Employment Exchange, Gopal Bhavan, Mornia SIS. Education Enterprise Private Ltd .• Kathmandu (Nepal). TM O.I/C State Information Centre, Hyderabad 1 'lIS. Aktie Bologat,C.E. Fritze. Kungl, Hovobo~handel. Fredsgation-2. Box 1656,Stockholm·16 (Sweden). 43 The Registiar of Companies, Pondicherry 3 Reise-und V<:riellr$vcrJag Stuttgart, Post 730, Gutenberg'tra 21, Stuttgart 44 The Ass!t. Director of Publicity and Inforrnatiov, Vidban Sabha (P.E. No. 11245. Stuttgart den (Germany West) • 271), Bangalor•• I

GJPN-S3-2 R.G. IndiaJ68-1 0·1-70-750.