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Framing Croatia's Politics of Memory and Identity
Workshop: War and Identity in the Balkans and the Middle East WORKING PAPER WORKSHOP: War and Identity in the Balkans and the Middle East WORKING PAPER Author: Taylor A. McConnell, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh Title: “KRVatska”, “Branitelji”, “Žrtve”: (Re-)framing Croatia’s politics of memory and identity Date: 3 April 2018 Workshop: War and Identity in the Balkans and the Middle East WORKING PAPER “KRVatska”, “Branitelji”, “Žrtve”: (Re-)framing Croatia’s politics of memory and identity Taylor McConnell, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh Web: taylormcconnell.com | Twitter: @TMcConnell_SSPS | E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This paper explores the development of Croatian memory politics and the construction of a new Croatian identity in the aftermath of the 1990s war for independence. Using the public “face” of memory – monuments, museums and commemorations – I contend that Croatia’s narrative of self and self- sacrifice (hence “KRVatska” – a portmanteau of “blood/krv” and “Croatia/Hrvatska”) is divided between praising “defenders”/“branitelji”, selectively remembering its victims/“žrtve”, and silencing the Serb minority. While this divide is partially dependent on geography and the various ways the Croatian War for Independence came to an end in Dalmatia and Slavonia, the “defender” narrative remains preeminent. As well, I discuss the division of Croatian civil society, particularly between veterans’ associations and regional minority bodies, which continues to disrupt amicable relations among the Yugoslav successor states and places Croatia in a generally undesired but unshakable space between “Europe” and the Balkans. 1 Workshop: War and Identity in the Balkans and the Middle East WORKING PAPER Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................... -
Former Yugoslavia: Emergency Assistance
FORMER YUGOSLAVIA: EMERGENCY 18 Novem ber ASSISTANCE appeal no. 01.29/97 situation report no. 4 period covered: June - 30 September 1997 Donations totaling USD 6 million from the US Government for International Federation operations in former Yugoslavia — combined with sizeable grants from the Swedish and Norwegian Governments and Red Cross Societies — ensured that operations which were threatened with closure in Croatia and the Federal Republic (FR) Yugoslavia can be sustained for the remainder of 1997. At the end of October the Federation launched a new international advocacy campaign forFR Yugoslavia which it hopes will generate interest and a response to the ongoing needs of refugees and other vulnerable groups there. Meanwhile, in October the General Assembly of the Red Cross of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was formally constituted and elected new office holders. The following month, the General Assembly of the Red Cross of Republika Srpska was held. The context Over 808,000 beneficiaries across former Yugoslavia are receiving assistance from the region’ s National Societies working alongside the International Federation, with its network of delegations in Belgrade, Sarajevo, Zagreb, and sub-delegations in Podgorica, Pristina and Osijek/Vukovar. Latest events Bosnia-Herzegovina Following rising tensions over the summer in Republika Srpska (RS) and the stand-off between the entity president Biljana Plavsic and the Pale leadership, political and civil unrest continued emergency appeal no. 01.29/97 situation report no. 4 in September. International community support for Plavsic and SFOR’s ‘Operation Tango’ provoked retaliatory attacks on various international organisations, and SFOR troops closed down the RS’s television station following “its tasteless compilation of outright lies”. -
Memorial of the Republic of Croatia
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE CASE CONCERNING THE APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE (CROATIA v. YUGOSLAVIA) MEMORIAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA APPENDICES VOLUME 5 1 MARCH 2001 II III Contents Page Appendix 1 Chronology of Events, 1980-2000 1 Appendix 2 Video Tape Transcript 37 Appendix 3 Hate Speech: The Stimulation of Serbian Discontent and Eventual Incitement to Commit Genocide 45 Appendix 4 Testimonies of the Actors (Books and Memoirs) 73 4.1 Veljko Kadijević: “As I see the disintegration – An Army without a State” 4.2 Stipe Mesić: “How Yugoslavia was Brought Down” 4.3 Borisav Jović: “Last Days of the SFRY (Excerpts from a Diary)” Appendix 5a Serb Paramilitary Groups Active in Croatia (1991-95) 119 5b The “21st Volunteer Commando Task Force” of the “RSK Army” 129 Appendix 6 Prison Camps 141 Appendix 7 Damage to Cultural Monuments on Croatian Territory 163 Appendix 8 Personal Continuity, 1991-2001 363 IV APPENDIX 1 CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS1 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE CHRONOLOGY BH Bosnia and Herzegovina CSCE Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe CK SKJ Centralni komitet Saveza komunista Jugoslavije (Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia) EC European Community EU European Union FRY Federal Republic of Yugoslavia HDZ Hrvatska demokratska zajednica (Croatian Democratic Union) HV Hrvatska vojska (Croatian Army) IMF International Monetary Fund JNA Jugoslavenska narodna armija (Yugoslav People’s Army) NAM Non-Aligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation -
SVILAJ Dionica Osijek - Đakovo LEGENDA
A5 BELI MANASTIR - OSIJEK - SVILAJ Dionica Osijek - Đakovo LEGENDA u prometu 2007. u prometu 2009. u planu ostale autoceste MOST DRAVA ODMOR. STROSSMAYEROVAC MOST HRASTINKA MOST SAVA LINIJSKI PRIKAZ AUTOCESTE A5 BUDAPEST LEGENDA R. HRVATSKA Beli Manastir PUO Baranja Most Most Drava, L = 2485 m PUO Mursa Osijek PUO Beketinci u prometu 2007. u prometu 2009. A5 PUO Strossmayerovac u planu Most Topolina, L = 131 m ostale autoceste Most Hrastinka, L = 176 m PUO Ivandvor Most preko zapadnog lateralnog kanala, L = 133 m PUO Andrijevci Sredanci ZAGREB LIPOVAC A3 A3 Svilaj R. HRVATSKA BiH Most Sava, L = 756 m SARAJEVO AUTOCESTA A5 // BELI MANASTIR - OSIJEK - SVILAJ Autocesta A5 Beli Manastir - Osijek - Svilaj Autocesta A5 Beli Manastir - Osijek - Svilaj, dio je međunarodnog Paneuropskog cestovnog koridora Vc i jedan od najvažnijih ogranaka TEM/TER Projekta. Predmetna autocesta je dio europske mreže prome- tnica s oznakom E73, koja sjever Europe povezuje s Jadranom. Prometni koridor Vc, koji se pruža od Budimpešte preko Sarajeva do Ploča složena je poveznica sjeverne – srednje i južne Europe te predstavlja izuzetnu vri- jednost za privrednu i prometnu integraciju srednjo- europskog prostora. Izgradnjom prometnog koridora Vc povezanost i transparentnost prometnih pravaca cestovnog, željezničkog, riječnog i zračnog prometa direktno će utjecati na razvoj šireg i snažnijeg prome- tnog povezivanja Europe i Azije. 3 AUTOCESTA A5 // BELI MANASTIR - OSIJEK - SVILAJ Na dijelu Vc koridora, koji prolazi kroz teritorij Repu- Autocesta A5 Beli Manastir Osijek – Svilaj, dužine 88,6 blike Hrvatske, nalazi se autocesta A5 Beli Manastir km, podijeljena je na sljedeće dionice: – Osijek – Svilaj, koja se proteže od granice s Repu- blikom Mađarskom do granice s Republikom Bosnom Granica Rep. -
Prometna Povezanost
Tourism Introduction Zadar County encompasses marine area from Island Pag to National Park Kornati and land area of Velebit, i.e. the central part of the Croatian coastline. This is the area of true natural beauty, inhabited from the Antique period, rich with cultural heritage, maritime tradition and hospitality. Zadar County is the heart of the Adriatic and the fulfilment of many sailors' dreams with its numerous islands as well as interesting and clean underwater. It can easily be accessed from the sea, by inland transport and airways. Inseparable unity of the past and the present can be seen everywhere. Natural beauties, cultural and historical monuments have been in harmony for centuries, because men lived in harmony with nature. As a World rarity, here, in a relatively small area, within a hundred or so kilometres, one can find beautiful turquoise sea, mountains covered with snow, fertile land, rough karst, ancient cities and secluded Island bays. This is the land of the sun, warm sea, olives, wine, fish, song, picturesque villages with stone- made houses, to summarise - the true Mediterranean. History of Tourism in Zadar Tourism in Zadar has a long tradition. The historical yearbooks record that in June 1879 a group of excursionists from Vienna visited Zadar, in 1892 the City Beautification Society was founded (active until 1918), and in 1899 the Mountaineering and Tourism Society "Liburnia" was founded. At the beginning of the XX century, in March 1902 hotel Bristol was opened to the public (today's hotel Zagreb). Most important period for the development of tourism in Zadar County lasted from the 60's - 80's of the 20th century, when the majority of the hotel complexes were erected. -
Mine Problem in the Republic of Croatia
CROATIANCROATIAN MINEMINE ACTIONACTION CENTERCENTER MINEMINE PROBLEMPROBLEM ININ THETHE REPUBLICREPUBLIC OFOF CROATIACROATIA MINEMINE SITUATIONSITUATION ININ THETHE REPUBLICREPUBLIC OFOF CROATIACROATIA • 132,186 AP landmines and 79,408 AT landmines registered up to now • Mine suspected area - around 1,700 km2 • 14 of the 21 Counties in Croatia are mine contaminated • Mine contaminated areas comprise: infrastructure facilities, houses and house yards, arable land, gardens, orchards, meadows, forests, dense evergreen underbrush and economic facilities 11 millionmillion minesmines andand UXO-sUXO-s MineMine victimsvictims In the period from 1991 until 31 December 2001 in the Republic of Croatia - 1835 mine victims were recorded. 340 183 141 From the fall of 1995, when the 99 war was over and displaced 67 persons started to return to their homes many civilians have been 22 injured in the mine suspected 1995 1996 19 areas. 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 MINEMINE VICTIMSVICTIMS -- DEMINERSDEMINERS No. of victims 25 25 16 20 14 8 10 15 8 8 9 7 10 3 No. of victims (deminers) 7 3 7 5 4 Killed deminers 4 5 1 1 2 1 0 2 0 8 2001 200 97 1999 5 199 0 9 19 94 1996 93 19 92 19 91 9 19 9 1 1 Year REDUCTIONREDUCTION OFOF MINEMINE SUSUSPECTEDSPECTED AREAAREA ININ CROATIACROATIA 1997 13.000 km2 1998 6.000 km2 2000 4.000 km2 1999 4.500 km2 2001 1.700 km2 THETHE AREAAREA HANDED-OVERHANDED-OVER TOTO THETHE COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY The area of 113.22 square kilometres was technically surveyed and cleared over the period of the last four years, and returned to the community for use. -
Right to Reply
HDIM.DEL/217/07 27 September 2007 HDIM WORKING SESSION 5 Humanitarian issues and other commitments Refugees and displaced persons Republic of Croatia Right to reply Mr. Moderator, Ladies and Gentlemen, Following the remarks made by some delegations, allow me to start with a statement that Government of the Republic of Croatia offers full and verifiable guarantees for the fulfilment of the remaining OSCE obligations. The results achieved as well as the existence of the joint consultative mechanism known as “The Platform, have been commended trough positive assessments by many of our international partners, including the OSCE Mission in Croatia. Therefore, in the replay this delegation will concentrate on some most important elements, for example provision of housing solutions for ex-tenancy right holders who wish to return: to resolve 1 400 demands by the end of 2007, and to resolve all remaining cases by the end of 2009. Regarding other requests some delegations could have, let me remind that, along with the implementation of our own programme, Croatian activities are directed towards straightening bilateral cooperation with Sarajevo Declaration signatories. Therefore, we already took an initiative and proposed convening of a Final Ministerial Conference of Sarajevo Declaration as soon as possible, taking into account that Final Conference will evaluate the positive achievements of Sarajevo Declaration and may also prove beneficial for finding a solution of remaining issues. Mr/s Moderator, additional information will be at the disposal of delegations in the Addendum of this Statement trough the distribution of documents. Thank you. 1 Additional information : 1) Cooperation through the “Platform” By establishing a Ministerial level “Platform” in early 2006, setting specific goals to work with the OSCE Mission in Croatia towards and identifying remaining tasks, the Government of Croatia has proved a clear commitment to address all outstanding mandate related issues by the end of 2007. -
Croatia National Report 2007
CROATIA NATIONAL REPORT 2007 I Network The total length of motorway network, as completed by the end of 2007 in Croatia, amounts to 1163.5 km. In 2007, 75,9 km of new motorways and 3,8 km of semi motorways were built (as compared to 43 km that were built in 2006), and 15,7 km of existing roads were upgraded to the full motorway profile: On the Motorway A1: Zagreb - Split - Ploče; Dugopolje-Bisko-Šestanovac Sections (37 km) - opened to traffic in full profile in 06/2007 On the Motorway A2: Zagreb - Macelj Krapina-Macelj Section (17.2 km) –13,4 km was completed as full motorway and 3,8 km as semi motorway On the Motorway A5: Beli Manastir-Osijek-border with Bosnia and Herzegovina Sredanci-Đakovo Section (23 km) – opened to traffic as full motorway in 11/2007 On the Motorway A6: Zagreb - Rijeka - on the Vrbovsko-Bosiljevo Section (8,44 km) – upgrade to the full motorway profile of the viaduct Zeceve Drage, tunnel Veliki Gložac, viaduct Osojnik and viaduct Severinske Drage together with corresponding motorway segments in 06/2007 - on the Oštrovica-Kikovica Section (7,25 km) - upgrade to the full motorway profile in 11/2007 On the Motorway A11: Zagreb – Sisak On the Jakuševec-Velika Gorica South Section – completion of the interchange Velika Gorica South and 2,5 km of a motorway segment in 5/2007 and in 09/2007 In Croatia, motorways are operated by 4 companies, i.e. by Hrvatske autoceste d.o.o. (operates all toll motorways except for those in concession) and by three concession companies BINA-ISTRA d.d. -
Croatia National Report on Motorways 2014
CROATIA NATIONAL REPORT ON MOTORWAYS 2014 I Current State of the Network As on 31 December 2014, the total length of the motorway network in Croatia amounted to 1,289.4 km. Motorways are operated by 4 companies: - Hrvatske autoceste d.o.o. (operates motorways A1, A3, A4, A5, A10, A11 and Sv.Ilija tunnel), - BINA-ISTRA d.d. (it operates the so called Istrian Y - A8 and A9), - Autocesta Rijeka - Zagreb d.d. (operates motorways A6, A7, part of A1, and the Krk Bridge) and - Autocesta Zagreb - Macelj d.o.o. (operates motorway A2). Company 2013 2014 Total network Total network Total network plan for 2015 1. HAC d.o.o.* 901.4 901.4 925.6 2. ARZ d.d.* 187.03 187.03 187.03 3. BINA-ISTRA d.d. 141.0 141.0 141.0 4. AZM d.o.o. 60.0 60.0 60.0 TOTAL 1,289.43 1,289.43 1,313.63 *revised km according to km of network in service OPENING OF NEW MOTORWAY SECTIONS IN 2014 There were no new openings in 2014 therefore total completed network remain unchanged and amounted to 1,289.4 km Tunnels and Bridges on the Network Total Company Km of Tunnels Km of Bridges Tunnels and Bridges HAC 31.63 8.51 40.14 ARZ 12.88 13.10 25.98 BINA ISTRA 5.31 9.36 14.67 AZM 5.90 7.87 13.77 TOTAL 55.72 38.84 94.56 1 II Works in Progress On 31 December 2014, the works were in progress on: - 26.7 km of motorways, - 23.1 km of fast roads WORKS IN PROGRESS ON 31 DECEMBER 2014 Motorway Section Km Description A5 Beli Manastir-Osijek- B&H Bridge over the Drava River 2.5 Construction work and border supervision A5 Beli Manastir – Osijek - BiH Sredanci-B&H border 3.2 Construction work and supervision A11 Zagreb - Sisak Jakuševac-V. -
Upu Mejaši Dragovod
URBANISTIČKI PLAN UREĐENJA ZA CJELOVITA PODRUČJA GP NASELJA GRAD BIOGRAD NA MORU: JANKOLOVICA - SJEVERNI DIO I. OBRAZLOŽENJE I. OBRAZLOŽENJE Uvod Mogućnost izrade Urbanističkog plana uređenja (UPU) za cjelovita područja GP naselja Grada Biograd na Moru: Jankolovica - sjeverni dio određen je Zakonom o prostornom uređenju i gradnji (NN 76/07). Prostornim planom uređenja Grada Biograd na Moru (Službeni glasnik Grada Biograda na Moru, br. 9/05.), utvrđena je obveza izrade Urbanističkih planova uređenja za područje Grada Biograda na Moru među koje je uvršten i Urbanistički plan uređenja za cjelovita područja GP naselja Grada Biograda na Moru: Jankolovica - sjeverni dio te se smjernice za izradu UPU-a temelje na odredbama PPUG i elementima Programa mjera za unapređenje stanja u prostoru na području Grada Biograda na Moru (Službeni glasnik Grada Biograda na Moru 01/06). Izrada Urbanističkog plana uređenja (u nastavku: UPU) za cjelovita područja GP naselja Grada Biograd na Moru: Jankolovica - sjeverni dio temeljena je na orijentaciji Grada Biograda na Moru glede stvaranja prostornih uvjeta za stanovanje, razvoj turizma, javnih i društvenih sadržaja, razvoj malog i srednjeg poduzetništva te razvoj rekreacijskih sadržaja. UPU za cjelovita područja GP naselja Grada Biograd na Moru: Jankolovica - sjeverni dio treba regulirati prostor koji prema Prostornom planu uređenja Grada Biograda na Moru predstavlja znatan potencijal za razvoj stambene zone (M1), poslovnih sadržaja (K) i sadržaja rekreacije (R). Područje obuhvata UPU za cjelovita područja GP naselja Grada Biograd na Moru: Jankolovica - sjeverni dio predstavlja prostor omeđen na sjeveru poljoprivrednim površinama Vranskog polja, sjeveroistoku zonom poljoprivrednog gospodarstva «Jankolovica», istoku državnom cestom D503 (Biograd na Moru – Benkovac) te jugozapadu šumskim površinama. -
Karta Carinarnica I Carinskih Prijelaza Republike Hrvatske
CARINSKA UPRAVA REPUBLIKE HRVATSKE H A R IK V L A T B S U K P A E R GRANIČNI PRIJELAZI I PODRUČJA NADLEŽNOSTI CARINARNICA C A R I N A Maribor - CO II Sveti Martin na Muri a Sv. Martin na Muri i j Mursko Središće - CI Mursko Središće n - CO II Banfi Banfi Bukovje Čakovec Nagykanisza - CO II Bukovje e - CO II Otok Virje Preseka - CO II Preseka Goričan - CI Goričan Dombovar v Otok Virje Kaposvar Čakovec Čakovec Kotoriba - CI Kotoriba o Velenje Dubrava Križovljanska - CI Čakovec Kotoriba l - CO I Željeznički - CI Dubrava Križovljanska - CO I Murakeresztur Trnovec kolodvor Čakovec S Gornja Voća - CI Trnovec Donja Dubrava Zlogonje - CO II Gornja Voća R e p u b l i k a M a đ a r s k a Macelj Ludbreg - CO I Ludbreg Legrad Kranj Cvetlin - CO I Gyekenyes Baja a Celje - CI Macelj - CO II Cvetlin Varaždin Hum na Sutli Koprivnica k - CO II Hum na Sutli - CI Varaždin i Đurmanec - CO I Slobodna zona Lupinjak - CI Lupinjak Ivanec - CO I Pošta Gola - CI Gola l - CO II Mali Tabor Mali Tabor - CO I Ivanec Klenovac Humski - CO II Klenovac Humski b - CO II Luke Poljanske Luke Poljanske Novi Marof Pečuh (Pecs) u Pregrada Krapina Ljubljana Miljana - CI Krapina Koprivnica p - CO II Plavić Plavić Kumrovec e Klanjec Zlatar Bistrica - CA Koprivnica Ferdinandovac Razvor Križevci - CI Koprivnica R - CO II Razvor Mihanović Dol Draše Zabok Đurđevac - CO II Draše Donja Stubica Gorica Nova Gornji Čemehovec Terezino Polje - CO II Donji Čemehovec Duboševica - CI Terezino Polje - CI Duboševica (Gorizia) Gorica Kraj Donji - CO II Kraj Donji Sv.Ivan Zelina Bjelovar Batina -
A Cruciform Fibula from Podgrađe (Asseria) Near
ASSERIA, 3, 2005.,99-118 Radomir JURIÆ, Fibula oblika križa iz Podgrada (Asseria) kod Benkovca Radomir Juriæ A CRUCIFORM FIBULA FROM PODGRAÐE (ASSERIA) NEAR BENKOVAC Summary The Church of the Holy Spirit, situated at the local graveyard that occupies part of the forum of Roman Asseria, was damaged during the Homeland War. In the framework of a renovation program by the Institute for the Protection of the Cultural Heritage, Conserva- tion Office Zadar, revisory and rescue excavations were undertaken, supported by the Mi- nistry of Culture and the town of Benkovac, and directed by Dr. Ivo Fadiæ, museum coun- sellor in the Archaeological Museum in Zadar. Excavations have been performed at several locations in and around Asseria from 1998 to the present. Exceptional professional and sci- entific results have been achieved and regularly published. The excavations in 2001 along the northern face of the wall (beyond the “Trajanic gate”) uncovered a cemetery from the period of late Antiquity with two phases of burial. Bu- rials were found under eaved tiles, in walled grave vaults, and in pits lined with stone sla- bs. Jewellery was found in the later horizon of late Roman burials. One exceptional item was a silver fibula in the shape of a cross with widened ends to the arms, decorated with a double row of incisions. A circular setting with an inserted blue stone was located in the cen- ter. The loops for holding the pin were preserved on the back, and were attached with two ri- vets each. The pin is missing. Dimensions of the fibula: 4.9 x 3 cm /Fig.