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(Copepodb};I&T';Rx:Frhr Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 2O(3):3O5-31O,2OO4 Copyright @ 2OO4 by the American Mosquito Control Association, Inc. PREY AND SIZE PREFERENCE OF MESOCYCLOPSLONGISETUS (coPEPoDb};i&t';rX:frHr"'?iilf^f'." M. K. F SOUMARE,I3 J. E. CILEK14.u.ro E. T. SCHREIBER5 ABSTRACT. Laboratory studies investigated prey choice of the adult copepod Mesocyclops longisetus for Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Prey size preference by this predator was tested within and between instar classes at 10 and 30"C. Single copepod adults preferred to prey on lst and 2nd instars regardless of whether either species was alone or combined. Generally, M. longisetus preyed more on Ae. albopict&,r than on Cx. quinquefasciatus wlten similar larval stages were present. Also more prey of both species were consumed at 30'C compared with lO'C. KEY WORDS Predator, copepod, predation preference, container-inhabiting mosquitoes INTRODUCTION have a profound influence on the effectiveness of a predator to regulate pest populations. Crustaceans in the subclass Copepoda are almost Globally, container-inhabiting mosquitoes re- universally distributed in aquatic habitats. Many main an important source of public health concern copepods are free living, whereas others can be par- with regard to disease transmission. The pathogens asitic on fish (Pennak 1989). Of the free-living co- that cause yellow fever, dengue, and, more recently, pepods, members of M ac r o cy c lop s, M eg a lo cy c lop s, West Nile in the Western Hemisphere can be trans- and Mesocyclops have been reported as predators mitted via mosquito species that use artificial con- of mosquito larvae with promising potential as bi- tainers as their larval developmental site. One such ological control agents against larval Aedes, Anoph- species, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, is a vector of eles, and Czlex (Nasci et al. 1987; Marten 1989, St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) and more recently has 1990a, 1990b; Marten et al. 1989; Calliari et al. been found to be infected with West Nile virus in 2003; Dieng et al. 2003). Mesocyclops longisetus several areas of the United States (Sardelis et al. (Thiebaud) has been reported to effectively reduce 2001). Moreover, Ae. albopictus has been reported or eliminate larval populations of Anopheles albi- to be a potential vector of SLE, dengue, and West manus Wiedemann in roadside ditches and cattle Nile virus under laboratory conditions (Harwood watering ponds (Marten et al. 1989), as well as Ae- and James 1979, Rai 1991, Tirrell et al. 2001). Giv- des aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopicras (Skuse) in en the medical importance of container-inhabiting container habitats (Schreiber et al. 1993, Marten et mosquitoes, we investigated M. longisetus for its al. 1994, Manrique-Saide et al. 1998). However, not potential as a predator on instars of Ae. albopictus all copepod species prey equally on all mosquito and Cx. quinquefascialus under laboratory condi- larvae. Riviere et al. (1987) and Rawlins et al. tions. (1997) found that Mesocyclops aspercornis (Da- day) and M. longisetus effectively reduced Ae. ae- MATERIALS AND METHODS gypti larvae in tires but were relatively ineffective Mesocyclops longisetus was against some Culex species. Also Dieng et al. obtained from a col- ony maintained at the John A. Mulrennan (2003) reported that Macrocyclops distinctus (Fiich- Sr. Public Health Entomology Research and Education ard), Megalocyclops viridis (Jvine), and Mesocy- Center (PHEREC; Florida A&M University, Panama City, clops pehpeiensis Hu exhibited limited predation on FL). This colony originated from the New Orleans Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles compared with Ae. Mosquito Control Board (New Orleans, LA). Co- albopictus larvae. Prey preference, therefore, might pepods were reared at room temperature (25"C) in an 18.9-liter plastic container and maintained on I This study was conducted by MKFS as part of the Paramecium caudatum as a source of prey follow- requirement to attain an M.S. degree at Florida A&M Uni- ing the procedures of Riviere et al. (1987). Prey versity. were colonized in similar types and sizes of con- ' College of Engineering Sciences, Technology, and Ag- tainers as M. longisetus. riculture, John A. Mulrennan Sr. Public Health Entomol- Larval Ae. albopictus (obtained as eggs from a ogy Research and Education Florida Center, A&M Uni- colony maintained at the U.S. Department of Ag- versity, 4000 Frankford Avenue, Panama Clty, FL 32405. riculture, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Vet- 3 Present address: Center for Viticulture, 1650 Summit erinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL) quin- Lake Drive, Suite 103, Florida A&M University, Talla- and Cx. hassee,FL 32317. quefasciatus (obtained as eggs from a colony a To whom correspondence should be addressed- maintained at PHEREC) were used as prey in all 5 Sarasota County Mosquito Management Services, predator preference tests. Each mosquito species 5531 Pinkney Avenue, Sarasota, FL 34233. was reared separately at room temperature and fed 305 306 JourNnr-oF THEAMERTcAN Moseurro Cowrnol AssocnnoN Vol. 20, No. 3 + Table 1. Mean SE mortality (24h) of Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatas lst- through 4th-stage larvae (I-IV) in the presence (treatment) or absence (conuol) of a single adult Mesocyclops longisetus in laboratory studies conducted at l0 and 30'C. (Mean of 8 replications of 40 individuals per instar for each mosquito species.) Temperature Species Treatment Control 10'c Ae. albopictus I 16.1+ 1.1a 6.1 + 0.6 II 10.6+ l.0b 4.9 + O.7 ilI 4.3+ l.Oc 2.1 + O.4 N 2.3 + O.4c 2.O+ 0.4 Cx. quinquefasciatus I 13.6+ 1.0a 4.6 + O.4 il 11.8+ 1.4a 3.9 + O.7 m 3.8 + 0.8b 2.O+ O.4 IV 2.0 + 0.6b 1.6+ O.4 30'c Ae. albopictus I 30.0 + 4.9a 3.3 + O.7 II 23.O+ 2.5b 2.4 + 1.5 In 4.9 + 2.1c 1.6+ 0.5 IV 3.9+ l.2c 1.5+ O.5 Cx. quinquefasciatus I 26.8+ 1.8a 3.0 + 0.5 II 23.O+ 2.5a 2.4 + 1.5 III 4.6 + 0.8b 1.4+ 0.5 IV 2.9+ 1.1b 0.9 + 0.3 rTreatment mems within a data block (I-IV) for each species and temperature followed by a different letter ile significantly different (P < 0.05) by the Student-Newman-Keuls mean sepilation test. an aqueous 5Vo rllixttre of liver powder and brew- from M. longisetus was calculated as follows by the er's yeast following the methods of Munstermann modified formula of Abbott (1925\. and Wasmuth (1985) and Jones and Schreiber no. (1997\. surviving larvae without predator - no. surviving larvae with nredator Separation of mosquito larvae into instars (lst x 100 through 4th) used size as the criterion (Soumare no. survivingtu*u" *itr,*fir"outo. 2OO2). Becatse predator size can influence prey se- Statistical analyses: Mean larval mortality per lection, adult M. longisetus were measured before instar, within each species and instar combination + each study. They averaged 3.80 0.10 mm (dorsal at 1O and 30oC, were separately subjected to edge of carapace to beginning of caudal filaments) ANOVA (Proc GLM. SAS Institute 1990) after -t by 1.60 O.l2 mm (midway dorsal width of car- tfi 1 1','r.ansformaiion. Student-Newman-Keuls apace). Mesocyclops longisetus were held for 24 h multiple comparison test was performed separately without food before studies commenced. on the mean larval mortality for each species that Individual instar and species: Single adult co- resulted from M. longisetus predation at each tem- pepods were placed with 40 larval cohorts per in- perature (Cochran and Cox 1957). Paired r-tests star of each species in separate tissue culture plate were performed separately on mean mortality from wells (35 mm diameter and l8 mm deep) that con- copepod predation within and between instar co- tained 10 ml of dechlorinated tap water. Culture horts for each species at each temperature (Cochran plates with larvae and copepods were then incu- and Cox 1957). All differences were considered bated in climate-controlled chambers at either l0 or significant at P <0.05. All data reported in tables 30'C. Controls consisted of 4O larvae without a co- and figures are nontransformed. pepod and were handled similarly. Mixed instar-species interaction: To determine RESULTS the relative capacity of M. longisetus to consume mixed larval instars of both mosquito species, 40 At 10 and 30'C, mortality of lst-stage Ae. al- larvae (i.e., 2O Aedes and 2O Culex) were placed bopictus larvae from M. longisetus predation was together in a tissue culture plate well with a single significantly greater when compared with mortality unfed copepod. Culture plates were then incubated of the other instars of this species (Table 1). Also, at either l0 or 30'C. Controls were handled simi- mortality of 2nd instars was significantly greater larly. compared with 3rd and 4th instars. At both tem- All studies were conducted at both temperatures peratures, no significant difference in larval mor- on the same day and replicated 8 times. After 24 tality was observed between 3rd and 4th instars. h, larval mortality (i.e., dead and consumed) was At either temperature, mortality of lst- and 2nd- calculated by subtracting the number of surviving stage Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae was significantly larvae from the total number of initial larvae of greatet as a result of M. longisetus predation, when each species and instar. Percent larval predation compared with the other instars of this species (Ta- SpprBNaeBn2004 CopEpoo PtgY PngrunBNcr, 307 ble 1). However, no significant difference in mor- a) m. tality was observed between lst and 2nd instars or AAEDES flCULEX between 3rd and 4th instars at either temperature.
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