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Phd AL Brochet UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES DU LANGUEDOC FRANCE CONSEQUENCES OF DUCK MOVEMENTS FOR SEED, INVERTEBRATE AND PARASITE DISPERSAL by Anne-Laure Brochet Dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Science (Biology) 1 « Il ne faut pas penser à l'objectif à atteindre, il faut seulement penser à avancer. C'est ainsi, à force d'avancer, qu'on atteint ou qu'on double ses objectifs sans même sans apercevoir. » Bernard Werber (Extrait de La Révolution des Fourmis) 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Cette thèse est le fruit de trois années camarguaises, riches en travail et en rencontres. Des captures de canards à l’identification des graines et des invertébrés, des collectes des échantillons dans les chasses aux conférences internationales, je tiens ici à remercier toutes les personnes que j’ai côtoyées au cours de cette formidable expérience scientifique et humaine ! Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier mes deux co-encadrants, Michel Gauthier-Clerc et Matthieu Guillemain, qui m’ont accompagnée tout au long de ces années. Ils ont toujours été présents, attentifs, compréhensifs, et surtout sources de nombreuses explications et solutions. Plus particulièrement un grand merci à Michel qui m’a permis d’entrer dans le « monde des canards » en m’offrant la possibilité d’effectuer mon stage de Master 2 à la Tour du Valat, et qui m’a également appris à avoir un véritable raisonnement scientifique. Un grand merci également à Matthieu pour sa disponibilité et sa rapidité de relecture, « l’homme qui corrige plus vite que son ombre » c’est lui, et qui en m’offrant la possibilité de réaliser cette thèse, m’a permis d’approcher enfin sur le terrain les canards camarguais ! Je tiens également à remercier les deux autres membres de mon comité de thèse, Andy Green et Hervé Fritz. Ils m’ont suivie tout au long de ces trois années, en participant non seulement aux réunions annuelles de mon comité, mais également en collaborant à toutes mes publications. Plus particulièrement un grand merci à Andy pour sa disponibilité malgré la distance, pour m’avoir fait partager toutes ses connaissances sur la dispersion par les oiseaux et pour m’avoir appris à rédiger un article scientifique. Un grand merci également à Hervé pour son regard extérieur et ses remarques extrêmement pertinentes, me permettant ainsi de découvrir des facettes cachées de ma propre thèse. Un grand merci aux membres de mon Jury de thèse pour avoir accepté d’évaluer ce travail. Merci plus particulièrement aux deux rapporteurs, Preben Clausen et Marcel Klaassen, qui auront à juger ce mémoire en avant-première. Je tiens également à remercier les deux structures qui m’ont accueillie pendant ces trois années, l’Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS) et le centre de recherche de la Tour du Valat. Elles m’ont accordé leur soutien financier et humain nécessaire à la réalisation de ce travail. 2 Acknowledgements A l’ONCFS, un immense merci : - à Jean-Marie Boutin, Chef du CNERA Avifaune Migratrice, pour avoir toujours répondu présent lors de mes sollicitations ; - à toutes les personnes des différents services de l’ONCFS que j’ai pu embêter au cours de mes démarches administratives. Plus particulièrement, un grand merci à Valérie Guérineau, Anne Floch et Catherine Jochum pour leur gentillesse et leur disponibilité ; - à Céline Arzel et Aurélie Davranche, désormais anciennes thésardes à l’ONCFS, pour leur amitié, leur soutien et leurs bonnes astuces à transmettre de thésard en thésard ; - à Jean Hars, pour m’avoir offert mon premier poste « d’après-thèse » (6 mois avant que je ne la termine !) et pour sa confiance en ma capacité de mener ces deux projets de frond ; - enfin à Jean-Baptiste Mouronval et Jonathan Fuster pour leur aide inestimable sur le terrain. Plus particulièrement, un grand merci à Jean-Baptiste qui m’a fait partager ses connaissances sur les canards et les zones humides. Un grand merci également à Jonathan pour les captures et les traques sans relâche des sarcelles, et enfin un grand merci à vous deux pour être de formidables collègues de travail. A la Tour du Valat, un immense merci : - à Jean Jalbert, Directeur de la Tour du Valat, pour avoir toujours gardé un œil sur mes travaux ; - à Patrick Grillas, Directeur Scientifique de la Tour du Valat, pour avoir toujours répondu à mes interrogations concernant les plantes camarguaises et pour avoir pris le temps de commenter plusieurs de mes manuscrits de son point de vue de botaniste ; - à Nicole Yavercovski, pour son aide pour l’identification des plantes camarguaises ; - à Jacqueline Crivelli pour son aide précieuse dans mes recherches de documents à la bibliothèque ; - à Marie-Antoinette Diaz qui veille avec bienveillance sur ce petit monde « tourduvalien », pour sa bonne humeur, ses tablettes de chocolat noir et pour avoir répondu à mes nombreuses questions d’ordre pratique ; - à Olivier Pineau pour son aide précieuse sur le terrain (capture de canards et radio- tracking) et pour résoudre de nombreux problèmes, bien souvent de dernière minute, ainsi que ses connaissances intarissables sur la Tour du Valat ; - enfin à tout le personnel de la station. La liste est un peu trop longue pour être citée ici, mais je vous remercie TOUS pour votre accueil et pour les divers échanges que nous eu. Acknowledgements 3 Je tiens également à remercier différentes personnes que j’ai côtoyées au cours de cette thèse, de Camargue ou d’ailleurs, merci : - aux propriétaires et gestionnaires de chasse en Camargue, pour m’avoir permis de prélever des échantillons sur les canards ou de collecter des graines sur leur domaine ; - à M. Marignol, Chef-Pilote à l’Aéroclub Vauclusien, qui m’a fait découvrir la Camargue vue de haut, de jour et de nuit, pour sa patience à suivre les transects lors du suivi par télémétrie des sarcelles ; - à Christelle Lucas pour ses nombreux coups de main sur le terrain sur terre ou en l’air ; - à Johan Elmberg & Lisa Dessborn, deux chercheurs suédois, passionnés eux aussi de canards, pour nos échanges à propos de ces oiseaux à l’échelle européenne ; - à tous les co-auteurs des articles présentés dans ce travail de thèse, pour leur aide et leurs commentaires constructifs. Après les journées de travail, il y a la vie de « stagiaire » à la Tour du Valat, une petite « communauté » se retrouvant au coin du feu en hiver ou autour d’un barbecue l’été. Encore une fois la liste serait trop longue étant donné le nombre d'étudiants qui j’ai vu défiler tous les ans, sans avoir le temps d’apprendre à tous les connaître. Je vous remercie TOUS pour avoir su animer chaleureusement ce petit coin perdu de Camargue. Plus spécialement un grand merci à Aline, Camille, Ali et Jocelyn, « stagiaires longue durée tourduvaliens» (en d’autres termes : thésards), pour tous nos échanges et nos entraides. Je souhaite également remercier plus particulièrement mes premiers stagiaires, Frédéric Albespy, Fabricio Basilio de Almeida et Victor Pavesi, qui m’ont permis de tester mes capacités d’encadrement, mais qui m’ont sans aucun doute apporté plus de choses que je n’ai pu leur en apprendre. Pour finir, je souhaite remercier de tout mon cœur quelques proches personnes, à cent lieues des canards et de la recherche mais présentes avant, pendant et après ma thèse. Un amical merci à mes trois « Louloutes », Aurélie, Céline et Karine, pour leur amitié à toute épreuve et pour le partage de nos expériences dans des parcours très différents. Un perpétuel merci à mes parents, pour m’avoir laissé faire ce que j’aimais, et pour me soutenir dans tous les projets que je mène. Un fraternel merci également à mes deux grands frères, Thomas et Guillaume, et à leur petite famille, sur qui je peux toujours compter, bien que la vie nous ait dispersés aux trois coins de la France. Enfin un éternel merci à Philippe, à mes côtés depuis toutes ces années, respectant mes choix professionnels, souvent au dépend d’autres plus personnels, m’offrant cependant tout son aide, son soutien et ses sentiments les plus sincères. MERCI à vous tous! FOREWORD Le sujet originel de cette thèse portait sur « les déplacements locaux des sarcelles d’hiver (Anas crecca) et les conséquences pour la dispersion des graines, des invertébrés et des agents pathogènes au sein d’un quartier d’hivernage ». Comme de nombreuses thèses, ce thème s’est vu élargi au fil des mois. Dans le cas de ma thèse, j’ai étudié d’autres espèces de canards, bien que la sarcelle d’hiver soit restée l’espère phare de mes travaux, et la dispersion une plus large échelle spatiale. Ne pouvant isoler une espèce de tout son contexte « écologique », il a été particulièrement intéressant d’intégrer la communauté de canards dans son ensemble, leurs mouvements migratoires et la dispersion à longues distances au sujet initial. Des domaines très variés ont été explorés lors de ces années camarguaises. Aussi, par souci de concision, les résultats présentés tout au long de ce manuscrit de thèse ne constituent pas un état des lieux exhaustif du travail réalisé, des connaissances acquises ou des publications scientifiques issues de ces trois années de thèse. Un certain nombre de documents se retrouvent ainsi en annexes. Mon travail de thèse a consisté à passer de nombreuses heures sur le terrain à capturer des canards en hiver ou à découvrir les plantes des zones humides en été, ainsi que d’autres nombreuses heures au labo, assise derrière une loupe binoculaire à chercher des graines ou des invertébrés dans les fientes de canards. Le temps restant, je l’ai consacré à rédiger des articles scientifiques en anglais, qui ont été ou qui seront soumis dans des revues internationales.
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