Gundulići Vlaha Bukovca

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Gundulići Vlaha Bukovca Tatjana Juki ć [email protected] Ilirizam i tuma čenje snova: Gunduli ći Vlaha Bukovca ABSTRACT . Juki ć Tatjana, Ilirizam i tuma čenje snova: Gunduli ći Vlaha Bukovca (The Illyrian movement and the interpretation of dreams: Ivan Gunduli ć in the paintings of Vlaho Bukovac). „Pozna ńskie Studia Slawistyczne” 2. Pozna ń 2012. Adam Mickiewicz University Press, pp. 189–211. ISBN 978-83-232-2409-9. ISSN 2084-3011. Given the prominent position in the Croatian cultural imagination of Vlaho Bukovac’s 1895 painting of the Illyrian Movement, this article argues that the later accounts of early to mid- 19 th-century Illyrian politics and literature remain contaminated, and structurally so, by Bukovac’s treatment of the visual. This visual contaminant then points to more general political and cultural practices in Austria-Hungary at the time, including psychoanalysis, not least where psychoanalysis addresses the scope of image and the phantasmatic. Analyzing three paintings where Bukovac takes up the subject of literature cum the phantasmatic along- side Freud’s 1908 study of „Der Dichter und das Phantasieren”, I propose that in both litera- ture serves to indicate the political logic of metonymy or the metonymic logic of the poli- tical; furthermore, I show that Freud, unlike Bukovac, fails to sustain this logic precisely in places where he sets out to classify wishes. Keywords: the Illyrian movement, psychoanalysis, metonymy, painting, literature „Hrvatski preporod” Vlaha Bukovca iz 1895. godine pripada me ñu slike koje su obilježile imaginarij dvadesetog stolje ća za hrvatsku kulturnu povijest 1. Štoviše, ako bi trebalo izdvojiti sliku koja je za taj imaginarij konstitutivna (onako kako je za ilirizam konstitutivna, recimo, Draško- vi ćeva Disertacija ), teško da i jedna može ugroziti položaj Bukov čeva zastora za pozornicu Hrvatskog narodnog kazališta. Za po četak, kao zastor za pozornicu nacionalne kazališne ku će, on je bio zamišljen da kontaminira sve što se poslije 1895. ima proizvoditi kao _________________________ 1 Slika 1. Uz ljubazno dopuštenje Hrvatskog narodnog kazališta u Zagrebu. 190 Tatjana Juki ć Slika 1. Hrvatski preporod teatarska vizualnost. Zastor je slika kojom predstava po činje i završava; zastor je usto slika koja predstavu izme ñu činova može prekinuti i u nju se ubaciti poput interpunkcije ili nalik na sinkopu. On stoga zastire slike s pozornice, ali ih istodobno prekida i perforira. Ili, parafraziram li naslov poznate knjige Stephena Greenblatta, zastor se ponaša poput vidljivoga metka, odnosno metka same vizualnosti. On je u odnosu na predstavu isto- dobno njezino iznutra i njezino izvana, i stalno iznova premješta sve što predstava teži postaviti kao granicu. Nadalje, on premješta sve što pojedi- načna predstava teži postaviti kao granicu sebe prema drugim predstavama, ali i prema drugim izvedbama iste predstave, jer ostaje kontaminant koji razli čite predstave i izvedbe okuplja u kolektiv, i onemogu ćuje njihovu potpunu emancipaciju u jedinstven kazališni doga ñaj 2. Zahvaljuju ći zasto- ru, kazališna predstava stoga se htjela-ne-htjela konstituira kao plus d’un , _________________________ 2 Ve ć zato, predstava je prije svega doga ñaj samoga kazališta. S tim u vezi važna je i činjenica da je „Preporod” od Bukovca naru čen kao sve čani zastor, za otvorenje novoga kazališta. Kao sve čani zastor, koji će obilježiti otvorenje kazališne ku će, on je od po četka sinegdoha svega što kazališni zastor čini i predstavlja; on je dio koji stoji za cjelinu te funkcije i toga djelokruga, prezasi ćen njihovim zna čenjem. Ilirizam i tuma čenje snova: Gunduli ći Vlaha Bukovca 191 istodobno više i manje od jednoga 3. Gotovo bi se moglo re ći da zastor zato ozna čava zapravo mjesto gdje je kazališna predstava – izvan sebe. Ra ču- nam pritom da frazu kakva je „izvan sebe” ne mogu rabiti neokrznutu njezinim zna čenjem u sferi psihi čkoga, što bi zna čilo da je zastor ujedno mjesto gdje može po četi psihoanaliza teatarske vizualnosti. Ujedno, to bi zna čilo da je Bukov čev „Hrvatski preporod” mjesto gdje može po četi psi- hoanaliza hrvatskog kazališta u dvadesetom stolje ću. Zato nije nevažno što je predmet Bukov čeve slike upravo kolektivna fantazma: devetnaest figura klju čnih za Hrvatski narodni preporod prilazi Ivanu Gunduli ću4. Njihov prilazak Gunduli ću evidentno koincidira s ula- skom u registar fantazmatskoga i sablasnoga, kao u kakvoj seansi s duhom starije hrvatske književnosti. Ne radi se samo o tome da povijesne ilirce od povijesnoga Gunduli ća dijele dva stolje ća, pa mu ilirci ni ne mogu pri ći osim kao privi ñenju. Rije č je prije o tome da je prostor kojim Bukov čev Gunduli ć dominira, a u koji ilirci ulaze, obilježen izrazitim oznakama sablasnoga i fantazmatskoga: iznad Gunduli ća se roje vile, a jedna takva vilinska utvara u uzlebdjelom prozirnom peplosu Gunduli ća je obgrlila, pa se Gunduli ć na sve čanome zastoru metonimijski preklapa sa sablasnim i dodiruje s fantazmatskim rojem iznad sebe. Takvo „gore” metonimijski kontaminira i ono što je „dolje”, ispod pjesnika: pod je prekriven cvije ćem, ali to cvije će odozgo bacaju vile, pa se ni ono ne da razdružiti od registra sablasnoga. Da se pritom ne može govoriti naprosto o Bukov čevu pose- zanju za postupcima karakteristi čnima za alegoriju (pa bi Gunduli ć ozna- čavao stariju hrvatsku književnost, a alegorija bi barem donekle normalizi- rala ono što u sablasnome i fantazmatskome uvijek uznemiruje, premješta _________________________ 3 Aludiram ovdje na formulaciju kojom se služi Jacques Derrida kad želi odrediti uvje- te politi čkoga: u kolektivu, „ja” je plus d’un , istodobno više od jednoga i ne više jedno (cf. J. Derrida, Spectres de Marx , Paris 1993, str. 18). Ta Derridina formulacija ovdje je posebno pertinentna jer je kazalište tradicionalno privilegirani prostor za zamišljanje zajednice, od- nosno prostor gdje se zajednica svaki put iznova konstituira kao fantazma – a onda i privile- girani prostor za domišljanje politi čkoga. 4 Ljudevit Gaj, Antun Mihanovi ć, Janko Draškovi ć, Dimitrije Demeter, Antun Mažura- ni ć, Stanko Vraz, Mirko Bogovi ć, Sidonija Rubido-Erdödy, Ivan Kukuljevi ć, Pavao Štoos, Petar Preradovi ć, Antun Nem čić, Vatroslav Lisinski, Branimir Livadi ć, Ljudevit Vukoti- novi ć, Dragutin Rakovac, Adam Mandrovi ć, Marija Ruži čka-Strozzi, Zvonimir Freuden- reich. Vide V. Kruži ć-Uchytil, Vlaho Bukovac. Život i djelo 1855.–1922. , Zagreb 2005, str. 367. 192 Tatjana Juki ć i destabilizira), upozorava činjenica da se u prikazu Gunduli ća Bukovac odlu čio za format povijesnog portreta, jednako kao i u prikazu devetnaeste- ro iliraca. Nekakva pretpostavljiva alegorija tako se na barem dvadeset mjesta dodiruje i preklapa s režimom prikaza karakteristi čnim za histo- rizam. Posljedica je toga da i historizam i alegorija gube svoja logi čna uporišta, te se i sami premještaju u registar sablasnoga i fantazmatskoga – upravo dakle u registar koji su inicijalno, svako za sebe, težili primiriti i stabilizirati 5. S tim je u vezi i predvorje anti čkog hrama u koje su, kao u kakav okvir, smješteni Gunduli ć i vilinski roj, i kamo ulaze ilirci. Samo naoko to je element koji u metonimijski vrtlog vila, cvije ća i Gunduli ća uvodi red, kao arhitektura koja će ograni čiti vrtloženje i uop će logiku metonimijskog širenja, te ih zadržati u zamislivoj unutrašnjosti slike. Naime, a kako poka- zuje Carl. E. Schorske, elementi anti čke arhitekture u Austro-Ugarskoj s kraja devetnaestoga i na po četku dvadesetoga stolje ća u funkciji su de- stabilizacije. Vrijedi to posebno za Secesiju, koja će se kao pokret artikuli- rati svega dvije godine poslije Bukov čeva zastora, i to, kaže Schorske, oko „rimske ideologije”. Prema Schorskeu, Secesija „nije sebe definirala samo kao puki salon des réfusés , nego kao novu rimsku secessio plebis , kojom se plebejci, prkosno odbacuju ći zlu vladavinu patricija, povla če iz repu- blike . Secesija je istovremeno proklamirala i svoju obnoviteljsku funkciju, nazivaju ći svoj časopis Ver Sacrum (Sveto prolje će). Taj naslov zasnivao se na starom rimskom obredu posve ćenja mladeži u vrijeme op ćenarodne opasnosti” 6. Tako se „arhitekt Secesije”, Josef Olbrich, za Kuću Secesije iz 1898. „nadahnuo... poganskim hramom”: Ulaz kao da uvla či poklonika u samo svetohranište umjetnosti. Ali sam unutrašnji prostor umjetnik je ostavio potpuno otvorenim (...). Tko je mogao unaprijed znati kakva će prostorna organizacija odgovarati zahtjevima izlaganja moderne umjet- nosti i obrta? Prostor muzeja Secesije time je prvi omogu ćio upotrebu pomičnih pregrada. Kao što je primijetio jedan kriti čar, izložbeni prostor danas mora biti _________________________ 5 Moglo bi se re ći da na Bukov čevu sve čanom zastoru dolazi do kratkoga spoja na mjestu kontakta alegorije i historizma, te da su upravo to mjesto i taj kratki spoj uporišta sablasnoga. 6 C.E. Schorske, Be č krajem stolje ća. Politika i kultura Fin-de-siècle Vienna. Politics and Culture , Zagreb 1997, str. 226 (istaknuo C.E.S.). Ilirizam i tuma čenje snova: Gunduli ći Vlaha Bukovca 193 promjenjiv, jer takva je i priroda modernog života „užurbanog, uskomešanog, lepršavog života, čiju mnogostruko zrcaljenu sliku tražimo u umjetnosti kako bismo zastali u trenutku nutarnje zamišljenosti i razgovora s vlastitom dušom” 7. Anti čki hram dakle konstitutivan je za Secesiju, ali je konstitutivan za- to što ocrtava prostor koji ne podliježe fiksnoj organizaciji, nego je otvoren i nestabilan: to je prostor koji predvi ña pomi čne pregrade i mobilnu mrežu prolaza, a onda i upis užurbanog, lepršavog, uskomešanog materijala – materijala koji podliježe kriteriju metonimijskog širenja. Sam taj prostor, drugim riječima, konstitutivno je metonimi čan. Pokazuje se tako ñer da je on konstitutivno fantazmatski jer sa svojim pomi čnim pregradama upozo- rava na činjenicu da vlastitu unutarnju organizaciju tretira kao predmet na čelno nedovršivoga domišljanja i zamišljanja. I zato, kad Wilhelm Schö- lermann, kriti čar kojega citira Schorske, kaže da nam takav prostor omo- gu ćuje da zastanemo u trenutku nutarnje zamišljenosti, nutarnja zamišlje- nost u stvari je precizan opis strukture samoga toga prostora.
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