DOCSLIB.ORG

An Investigation Into the Role of Genetics in the Tolerance

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Investigation Into the Role of Genetics in the Tolerance AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ROLE OF GENETICS IN THE TOLERANCE OF TEXAS LIVE OAKS TO Ceratocystis fagacearum A Dissertation by MYRON CROWLEY GRAY Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2007 Major Subject: Plant Pathology AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ROLE OF GENETICS IN THE TOLERANCE OF TEXAS LIVE OAKS TO Ceratocystis fagacearum A Dissertation by MYRON CROWLEY GRAY Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved by: Chair of Committee, David A. Appel Committee Members, Bruce A. McDonald Heather H. Wilkinson Michael A. Arnold Head of Department, Dennis C. Gross May 2007 Major Subject: Plant Pathology iii ABSTRACT An Investigation into the Role of Genetics in the Tolerance of Texas Live Oaks to Ceratocystis fagacearum. (May 2007) Myron Crowley Gray, B.S., Colorado State University; M.S., Colorado State University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. David A. Appel The fungus Ceratocystis fagacearum (Bretz) Hunt causes the vascular disease of oak wilt and has been decimating live oaks (Quercus virginiana Mill. and Quercus fusiformis Small.) and red oaks (Quercus texana Small and Quercus marilandica Muenchh.) in Texas. The purpose of this research was to test the hypotheses that live oaks have heritable tolerance to oak wilt, and that allozyme markers are associated with this tolerance. One-year-old half-sib and two-year-old clonal progeny of live oaks (Q. fusiformis) were grown from acorns and ramets from a disease center and then challenged with C. fagacearum. Allozyme analyses were used to compare the pre- and post-epidemic populations in two natural disease centers to search for alleles associated with survivability and decreased crown loss. Half-sib and clonal challenge tests supported the hypothesis that heritable tolerance to the pathogen occurs in live oaks. The progeny tolerances seen in half-sib and clonal groups did not correlate with parental tree performance. This finding suggests that the tolerance of one-year-old seedlings in the greenhouse setting is not a good predictor of how mature trees will do in a natural setting. Seedlings may not be a good model for testing tolerance to a pathogen. The ability to survive this vascular pathogen is containment, and seedlings may be too small to test this type of tolerance. The clonal groups from post-epidemic trees performed better than the seedlings. They may have an increased resistance because they are mature or they may have a post- disease immunity. No significant allele frequencies between pre- and post-epidemic trees were consistent among sites or with previous research. The different disease sites had remarkably similar allele frequencies which indicate high levels of gene flow among iv sites. Both sites were found to contain significant numbers of clones, but the Izoro site had significantly larger clonal groups. Sites were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium which indicates substantial sexual reproduction and not just clonal reproduction is taking place. Several cases of linkage disequilibrium occurred at the Izoro site, but population structure was responsible in all but one case. v DEDICATION I owe a great debt to Margaret Mossman and Mary Burger for being mentors throughout my life. I am very lucky to have known such inspiring souls. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee chair, Dr. Appel, and my committee members, Dr. McDonald, Dr. Wilkinson, and Dr. Arnold, for their guidance and support throughout the course of this research. I want to thank to Dr. Starr for taking the time to serve as a substitute during my preliminary exams and Dr. Hart for help with data interpretation. I also want to thank Francis Pate for constructing the mist chamber that was central to this research and Tom Kurdyla for preparing fungal inoculum that was also central to this project. I would also like to thank the department faculty for making my time at Texas A&M University a positive experience. Your patience was much appreciated. I also thank my family for their encouragement and support vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT......................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION..................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.......................................................................... 1 II LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................... 4 Prior Research......................................................................... 4 Live oak taxonomy ............................................................ 4 Disease history, impact, and control.................................. 5 Epidemiology..................................................................... 8 Present Research ..................................................................... 13 Allozymes .......................................................................... 13 III SEEDLING AND CLONE EXPERIMENTS ............................... 16 Materials and Methods............................................................. 17 Acorn collection................................................................. 17 Growth of seedlings ........................................................... 20 Inoculation procedure ........................................................ 20 Half-sib analysis................................................................. 20 Evaluation of post-inoculation seedlings........................... 21 Half-sib group comparisons............................................... 21 Clonal group comparisons ................................................. 21 Comparative analyses performed....................................... 22 Statistical methods ............................................................. 23 viii CHAPTER Page Results...................................................................................... 25 Comparison among live oak half-sib groups for tolerance to oak wilt ...................................... 25 Comparison of live oak parents and half-sib progeny for tolerance to oak wilt.................................... 30 Comparison between pre- and post-epidemic live oak seedling tolerances to oak wilt .......................... 39 Comparison of stem inoculation versus root inoculation of live oak seedlings ............................. 39 Comparison of stem height among live oak half-sib seedling groups ........................................... 39 Comparison of clonal resistance to parental resistance of live oaks ....................................... 42 Comparison of latent period between inoculated live oak seedlings from pre- and post-epidemic parents ....................................... 48 Comparison of ramet production between live oak groups.................................................. 48 IV POPULATION EXPERIMENTS.................................................. 49 Materials and Methods............................................................. 50 Locations of live oak leaf collections ............................... 50 Tree Sampling................................................................... 51 Allozyme procedure.......................................................... 51 Gel evaluation ................................................................... 53 Statistical analyses ............................................................ 53 Results...................................................................................... 56 Allele frequencies of populations ..................................... 56 Alleles compared for average crown loss ......................... 60 Genotype diversity and additional genotype characteristics................................................. 61 Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium ................................ 65 Linkage-disequilibrium..................................................... 66 F-statistics ......................................................................... 70 Genetic distance and similarity......................................... 70 Heterozygosity .................................................................. 71 ix CHAPTER Page V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .............................................. 73 Recommendations for Future Research.................................. 94 LITERATURE CITED ........................................................................................ 96 APPENDIX A...................................................................................................... 106 APPENDIX B ...................................................................................................... 107 APPENDIX C ...................................................................................................... 109 APPENDIX D...................................................................................................... 110 APPENDIX
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Checklist of Illinois Native Trees
    Technical Forestry Bulletin · NRES-102 Checklist of Illinois Native Trees Jay C. Hayek, Extension Forestry Specialist Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Sciences Updated May 2019 This Technical Forestry Bulletin serves as a checklist of Tree species prevalence (Table 2), or commonness, and Illinois native trees, both angiosperms (hardwoods) and gym- county distribution generally follows Iverson et al. (1989) and nosperms (conifers). Nearly every species listed in the fol- Mohlenbrock (2002). Additional sources of data with respect lowing tables† attains tree-sized stature, which is generally to species prevalence and county distribution include Mohlen- defined as having a(i) single stem with a trunk diameter brock and Ladd (1978), INHS (2011), and USDA’s The Plant Da- greater than or equal to 3 inches, measured at 4.5 feet above tabase (2012). ground level, (ii) well-defined crown of foliage, and(iii) total vertical height greater than or equal to 13 feet (Little 1979). Table 2. Species prevalence (Source: Iverson et al. 1989). Based on currently accepted nomenclature and excluding most minor varieties and all nothospecies, or hybrids, there Common — widely distributed with high abundance. are approximately 184± known native trees and tree-sized Occasional — common in localized patches. shrubs found in Illinois (Table 1). Uncommon — localized distribution or sparse. Rare — rarely found and sparse. Nomenclature used throughout this bulletin follows the Integrated Taxonomic Information System —the ITIS data- Basic highlights of this tree checklist include the listing of 29 base utilizes real-time access to the most current and accept- native hawthorns (Crataegus), 21 native oaks (Quercus), 11 ed taxonomy based on scientific consensus.
    [Show full text]
  • Thierry Lamant
    l1~ternational Oaks ' ' •• e Probl by Thierry Lamant Office National des Forets Conservatoire de Resources Genetiques Ardon, France and Guy Sternberg Starhill Forest Arboretum NAPPC Oak Reference Collectioit Petersburg, Illinois USA he nomenclature of the genus Quercus is a nightmare for non-taxonomists. It can be very difficult even for skilled scienti. ts to navigate the jungle of Latin names and conflicting authors and some may find their research results, botanical collections, herbaria, or nursery catalogs con1promised by confusion. Here is an overview of the situ­ ation, presented by non-taxonomists for the benefit of other non-taxonomists. One of the main difficulties encountered with oak name involves different authors applying the sa1ne name to differ­ ent species. An exan1ple can be found 1n the trees for1nerly known as Q. prinus L. in the United States. This old name covered at ]east two different species (Q.n1ontana Willd. in common usage, but perhaps more correctI y by priority of publication Q.michauxii Nuttall). It is not clear which speci- lnterncztional Oaks tnen Linna eus used for his type. In cur­ rent literature, the name Q. prinus is be­ ing discarded for thi s reason. These species have a close relative, the dwarf chestnut oak Q. prinoides L. Among other names, it has been cal1 ed Q. prinus var. pu1nila Michx. Q. prinus var. hun1ilis Marshall, and Q. prinus var. chincapin F.Michx. But since Q. prinus itself is a confu ·ed name where does Foliage of 1he Texas oak specie\· Quercus buckelyi Nixon and Dorr (fo rmerly known tf\· Quercus texana) this leave the dwarf chestnut oak? It at rhe New Mexico tv/ i /ita r.v lnstitut e in Roswell, seems closest to the yellow chestnut oak Ne\1' M e.ri('O.
    [Show full text]
  • Texas Big Tree Registry a List of the Largest Trees in Texas Sponsored by Texas a & M Forest Service
    Texas Big Tree Registry A list of the largest trees in Texas Sponsored by Texas A & M Forest Service Native and Naturalized Species of Texas: 320 ( D indicates species naturalized to Texas) Common Name (also known as) Latin Name Remarks Cir. Threshold acacia, Berlandier (guajillo) Senegalia berlandieri Considered a shrub by B. Simpson 18'' or 1.5 ' acacia, blackbrush Vachellia rigidula Considered a shrub by Simpson 12'' or 1.0 ' acacia, Gregg (catclaw acacia, Gregg catclaw) Senegalia greggii var. greggii Was named A. greggii 55'' or 4.6 ' acacia, Roemer (roundflower catclaw) Senegalia roemeriana 18'' or 1.5 ' acacia, sweet (huisache) Vachellia farnesiana 100'' or 8.3 ' acacia, twisted (huisachillo) Vachellia bravoensis Was named 'A. tortuosa' 9'' or 0.8 ' acacia, Wright (Wright catclaw) Senegalia greggii var. wrightii Was named 'A. wrightii' 70'' or 5.8 ' D ailanthus (tree-of-heaven) Ailanthus altissima 120'' or 10.0 ' alder, hazel Alnus serrulata 18'' or 1.5 ' allthorn (crown-of-thorns) Koeberlinia spinosa Considered a shrub by Simpson 18'' or 1.5 ' anacahuita (anacahuite, Mexican olive) Cordia boissieri 60'' or 5.0 ' anacua (anaqua, knockaway) Ehretia anacua 120'' or 10.0 ' ash, Carolina Fraxinus caroliniana 90'' or 7.5 ' ash, Chihuahuan Fraxinus papillosa 12'' or 1.0 ' ash, fragrant Fraxinus cuspidata 18'' or 1.5 ' ash, green Fraxinus pennsylvanica 120'' or 10.0 ' ash, Gregg (littleleaf ash) Fraxinus greggii 12'' or 1.0 ' ash, Mexican (Berlandier ash) Fraxinus berlandieriana Was named 'F. berlandierana' 120'' or 10.0 ' ash, Texas Fraxinus texensis 60'' or 5.0 ' ash, velvet (Arizona ash) Fraxinus velutina 120'' or 10.0 ' ash, white Fraxinus americana 100'' or 8.3 ' aspen, quaking Populus tremuloides 25'' or 2.1 ' baccharis, eastern (groundseltree) Baccharis halimifolia Considered a shrub by Simpson 12'' or 1.0 ' baldcypress (bald cypress) Taxodium distichum Was named 'T.
    [Show full text]
  • Missouri Environment and Garden Newsletter, March 2015
    Missouri March 2015 Volume 21, Number 3 Mizzou Plant Diagnostic Clinic 2015 The Mizzou Plant Diagnostic Clinic (PDC) is open all year to receive plant samples that are affected by a disease or disorder. The PDC can also identify pesky weeds, plants of interest, mushrooms and insects or spiders. Last year the Clinic processed 445 samples, over 50% of these consisted of ornamentals, turf, and fruit or vegetable producing plants. Diseases ranged the gamut from anthracnose to wilts, making it an interesting year in the Plant Clinic. In 2014, most woody ornamentals were diagnosed with leaf spots and vascular wilt diseases. Bacterial blights and root rots were most problematic in herbaceous ornamentals. On zoysiagrass lawns, both chinch bugs and large patch were most often diagnosed. The food producing plants had a myriad of issues ranging from root rots to leaf spots. The PDC is open all year. It is encouraged that you get a diagnosis before applying pesticides or other controls, as this will allow for selection of a control measure that will most effectively deal with your precise pest problem. The PDC is open for sample drop off, Monday Figure 1: Oak wilt (Ceratocystis fagacearum) on Nuttall oak through Friday from 9am to 4pm. Sample can also be mailed directly (Quercus texana) Photo by Paul A. Mistretta, USDA Forest to the PDC or dropped off at your local extension office. If possible, Service, Bugwood.org take a picture of the sick plant before digging it up; if several plants are affected a picture of the entire planting is also encouraged.
    [Show full text]
  • Clonal Population Structure and Genetic Variation in Sand-Shinnery Oak, Quercus Havardii (Fagaceae)1
    American Journal of Botany 85(11): 1609±1617. 1998. CLONAL POPULATION STRUCTURE AND GENETIC VARIATION IN SAND-SHINNERY OAK, QUERCUS HAVARDII (FAGACEAE)1 STEVEN G. MAYES,MARK A. MCGINLEY, AND CHARLES R. WERTH2 Ecology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409±3131 We investigated clonal population structure and genetic variation in Quercus havardii (sand-shinnery oak), a deciduous rhizomatous shrub that dominates vegetation by forming uninterrupted expanses of ground cover over sandy deposits on the plains of western Texas, western Oklahoma, and eastern New Mexico. Isozyme electrophoresis (15 loci coding 11 enzymes) was used to recognize and map clones arrayed in a 2000-m transect (50-m sample intervals) and a 200 3 190 m grid (10-m sample intervals). Ninety-four clones were discovered, 38 in the transect and 56 in the grid, resulting in an estimated density of ;15 clones per hectare. Clones varied greatly in size (;100±7000 m2), shape, and degree of fragmen- tation. The larger clones possessed massive interiors free of intergrowth by other clones, while the smaller clones varied in degree of intergrowth. The population maintained substantial levels of genetic variation (P 5 60%, A 5 2.5, Hexp 5 0.289) comparable to values obtained for other Quercus spp. and for other long-lived perennials. The population was outcrossing as evidenced by conformance of most loci to Hardy-Weinberg expected genotype proportions, although exceptions indicated a limited degree of population substructuring. These data indicate that despite apparent reproduction primarily through vegetative means, Q. havardii possesses conventional attributes of a sexual population.
    [Show full text]
  • Quercus (Fagaceae) in the Utah Flora
    Great Basin Naturalist Volume 46 Number 1 Article 7 1-31-1986 Quercus (Fagaceae) in the Utah flora Stanley L. Welsh Brigham Young University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn Recommended Citation Welsh, Stanley L. (1986) "Quercus (Fagaceae) in the Utah flora," Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 46 : No. 1 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol46/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. — QUERCUS (FAGACEAE) IN THE UTAH FLORA Stanley L. Welsh' Abstract —Reviewed are the oak taxa as they are presently understood in Utah. Keys and descriptions are included, occurrences are cited, and problems of hybridization are discussed. Named as new varieties from Utah are Qticrcus gambelii Nutt. var. honina Welsh and Qucrcus havardii Rydb. var. tuckeri Welsh. Both varieties occur in southeastern Utah. Qttercus eastwoodicie Rydb. is proposed as a hybrid. The native oaks have been a source of con- ella Greene, and Q. havardii Rydb. Within fusion ahnost from the beginning of botanical those complexes the species concepts are mostly exploration, and a huge bibliography has ac- clear and unarguable, but they have no really cumulated dealing with the oaks of Utah and apparent barriers to hybridization, and interme- the West (Harper et al. 1985). Collection of diates are known between nearly all of them, the materials serving in typification of the ear- The following taxonomic treatment is based liest known portion of the complex of species on the examination of more than 300 specimens existing in Utah confounded interpretation "i Utah herbaria and more than three decades of from the beginning.
    [Show full text]
  • An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the North American Oaks
    Article An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the North American Oaks (Quercus Subgenus Quercus): Review of the Contribution of Phylogenomic Data to Biogeography and Species Diversity Paul S. Manos 1,* and Andrew L. Hipp 2 1 Department of Biology, Duke University, 330 Bio Sci Bldg, Durham, NC 27708, USA 2 The Morton Arboretum, Center for Tree Science, 4100 Illinois 53, Lisle, IL 60532, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The oak flora of North America north of Mexico is both phylogenetically diverse and species-rich, including 92 species placed in five sections of subgenus Quercus, the oak clade centered on the Americas. Despite phylogenetic and taxonomic progress on the genus over the past 45 years, classification of species at the subsectional level remains unchanged since the early treatments by WL Trelease, AA Camus, and CH Muller. In recent work, we used a RAD-seq based phylogeny including 250 species sampled from throughout the Americas and Eurasia to reconstruct the timing and biogeography of the North American oak radiation. This work demonstrates that the North American oak flora comprises mostly regional species radiations with limited phylogenetic affinities to Mexican clades, and two sister group connections to Eurasia. Using this framework, we describe the regional patterns of oak diversity within North America and formally classify 62 species into nine major North American subsections within sections Lobatae (the red oaks) and Quercus (the Citation: Manos, P.S.; Hipp, A.L. An Quercus Updated Infrageneric Classification white oaks), the two largest sections of subgenus . We also distill emerging evolutionary and of the North American Oaks (Quercus biogeographic patterns based on the impact of phylogenomic data on the systematics of multiple Subgenus Quercus): Review of the species complexes and instances of hybridization.
    [Show full text]
  • A Perspective on Quercus Life History Characteristics and Forest Disturbance
    A PERSPECTIVE ON QUERCUS LIFE HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS AND FOREST DISTURBANCE Richard P. Guyette, Rose-Marie Muzika, John Kabrick, and Michael C. Stambaugh1 Abstract—Plant strategy theory suggests that life history characteristics reflect growth and reproductive adaptations to environmental disturbance. Species characteristics and abundance should correspond to predictions based on competi- tive ability and maximizing fitness in a given disturbance environment. A significant canonical correlation between oak growth attributes (height growth, xylem permeability, shade tolerance) and reproductive attributes (longevity, acorn weight, and the age to reproduction) based on published values indicates that the distribution of oak attributes among species is consistent with r and K selection theory. Growth and reproductive attributes were used to calculate an index reflecting the relative values of the r and K strategies of oak species. This index was used to examine changes in the dominance of oak species at nine sites in the Ozarks. Changes in oak species dominance and differences in their landscape distributions were consistent with predictions based on their r and K index values and estimates of forest disturbance. INTRODUCTION economically in North America. In addition to the 90 recog- Plant strategy theory suggests that life history character- nized species in North American (Flora Committee 1997) istics reflect growth and reproductive adaptations to popula- there are at least 70 hybrids in Northeastern Forest tion density, environmental disturbance, and stress (Grime (Gleason and Cronquist 1991) and about 23 species in the 1979, Odum 1997). Species attributes and abundance Central Hardwood Region (Nixon 1997). As a group, oaks should correspond to predictions based on competitive have wide ecological amplitude and can dominate highly ability and maximizing fitness in a given disturbance environ- varied environments.
    [Show full text]
  • The Distribution of the Genus Quercus in Illinois: an Update
    Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science received 3/19/02 (2002), Volume 95, #4, pp. 261-284 accepted 6/23/02 The Distribution of the Genus Quercus in Illinois: An Update Nick A. Stoynoff Glenbard East High School Lombard, IL 60148 William J. Hess The Morton Arboretum Lisle, IL 60532 ABSTRACT This paper updates the distribution of members of the black oak [section Lobatae] and white oak [section Quercus] groups native to Illinois. In addition a brief discussion of Illinois’ spontaneously occurring hybrid oaks is presented. The findings reported are based on personal collections, herbarium specimens, and published documents. INTRODUCTION The genus Quercus is well known in Illinois. Although some taxa are widespread, a few have a limited distribution. Three species are of “special concern” and are listed as either threatened (Quercus phellos L., willow oak; Quercus montana Willd., rock chestnut oak) or endangered (Quercus texana Buckl., Nuttall’s oak) [Illinois Endangered Species Pro- tection Board 1999]. The Illinois Natural History Survey has dedicated a portion of its website [www.INHS.uiuc.edu] to the species of Quercus in Illinois. A discussion of all oaks from North America is available online from the Flora of North America Associa- tion [http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/FNA/] and in print [Jensen 1997, Nixon 1997, Nixon and Muller 1997]. The National Plant Data Center maintains an extensive online database [http://plants.usda.gov] documenting information on plants in the United States and its territories. Extensive oak data are available there [U.S.D.A. 2001]. During the last 40 years the number of native oak species recognized for Illinois by vari- ous floristic authors has varied little [Tables 1 & 2].
    [Show full text]
  • LEGEND • Acer Rubrum • Ilex Opaca • Prunus Virginiana‘ Schubert ‘ FULL SUN • Acer Buergerianum • Ilex ‘X Nellie R
    FACT SHEETS \\ TREES LEGEND • Acer rubrum • Ilex opaca • Prunus virginiana‘ Schubert ‘ FULL SUN • Acer buergerianum • Ilex ‘x Nellie R. Stevens ‘ • Prunus x yedoensis • Acer campestre‘ Queen Elizabeth ‘ • Ilex ‘x Conaf ‘ • Quercus acutissima • Amelanchier arborea • Juniperus virginiana • Quercus bicolor PART SUN/SHADE • Betula nigra • Koelreuteria paniculata • Quercus imbricaria • Carpinus betulus‘ Fastigiata ‘ • Liquidambar styraciflua‘ Rotundiloba ‘ • Quercus lyrata FULL SHADE • Cedrus deodara • Maackia amurensis • Quercus muehlenbergii • Celtis occidentalis • Magnolia grandiflora • Quercus phellos • Cercidiphyllum japonicum • Magnolia virginiana • Quercus shumardii RESISTANCE TO DEER DAMAGE • Cercis canadensis‘ Pink Trim ‘ • Magnolia ‘x Elizabeth ‘ • Quercus texana NORTHERN HERALD • Metasequoia glyptostroboides • Sambucus canadensis • Chionanthus virginicus • Nyssa sylvatica • Sassafras albidum NATIVE • Cladrastis kentukea • Ostrya virginiana • Stewartia pseudocamellia N • Cornus Rutgan‘ STELLAR PINK ‘ • Parrotia persica • Styphnolobium japonicum NON-NATIVE • Cornus mas • Picea abies • Styrax japonicus N • Cryptomeria japonica • Picea glauca • Syringa reticulata • Eucommia ulmoides • Picea glauca var. dens • Thuja‘ Green Giant ‘ BLOOM SEASON • Ginkgo biloba‘ Princeton Sentry ‘ • Picea orientalis • Thuja occidentalis‘ Techny ‘ • Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis • Platanus x acerifolia • Tilia tomentosa • Gymnocladus dioicus • Prunus x incamp‘ Okame ‘ • Ulmus parvifolia Sources: Missouri Botanical Garden • Halesia carolina • Prunus
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Prescribed Fire on Shinnery Oak (Quercus Havardii)
    plant diversity. Our data suggest that some plant spe- Effects of Prescribed cies may require or benefit from fire in specific sea- sons. Additional research is needed to determine the Fire on Shinnery Oak long-term effects of repeated fire over time. Key words: plant community restoration, shrub ecol- (Quercus havardii) ogy, Quercus. Plant Communities in Introduction hinnery oak (Quercus havardii Rydb.)-dominated Western Oklahoma S communities cover approximately 2 million ha in western Oklahoma, northern Texas, and southeastern 1 New Mexico (Peterson & Boyd 1998). Cultivation and Chad S. Boyd herbicidal control efforts have reduced the spatial ex- Terrence G. Bidwell2 tent of the shinnery range (Peterson & Boyd 1998) and fragmented its remaining distribution (Dhillion et al. 1994). This loss of shinnery habitat is compounded by Abstract lack of spread of existing communities (McIlvain 1954; Changes in structural and compositional attributes of Gross & Dick-Peddie 1979) and the apparent lack of re- shinnery oak (Quercus havardii Rydb.) plant commu- generation after successive years of cultivation. Histori- nities have occurred in the twentieth century. These cally, shinnery oak was reported as growing to heights changes may in part relate to altered fire regimes. Our of about 50 cm (Marcy 1854) and tallgrasses formed the objective was to document effects of prescribed fire in overstory of the plant communities (Osborne 1942). In fall (October), winter (February), and spring (April) contrast, shinnery oak may comprise up to 80% (Dhil- on plant composition. Three study sites were located lion et al. 1994) of the canopy cover of communities on in western Oklahoma; each contained 12, 60 ϫ 30-m the present-day landscape, tallgrasses have apparently plots that were designated, within site, to be season- decreased in abundance, and, in western Oklahoma, ally burned, annually burned, or left unburned.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Checklist of the Missouri Flora for Floristic Quality Assessment
    Ladd, D. and J.R. Thomas. 2015. Ecological checklist of the Missouri flora for Floristic Quality Assessment. Phytoneuron 2015-12: 1–274. Published 12 February 2015. ISSN 2153 733X ECOLOGICAL CHECKLIST OF THE MISSOURI FLORA FOR FLORISTIC QUALITY ASSESSMENT DOUGLAS LADD The Nature Conservancy 2800 S. Brentwood Blvd. St. Louis, Missouri 63144 [email protected] JUSTIN R. THOMAS Institute of Botanical Training, LLC 111 County Road 3260 Salem, Missouri 65560 [email protected] ABSTRACT An annotated checklist of the 2,961 vascular taxa comprising the flora of Missouri is presented, with conservatism rankings for Floristic Quality Assessment. The list also provides standardized acronyms for each taxon and information on nativity, physiognomy, and wetness ratings. Annotated comments for selected taxa provide taxonomic, floristic, and ecological information, particularly for taxa not recognized in recent treatments of the Missouri flora. Synonymy crosswalks are provided for three references commonly used in Missouri. A discussion of the concept and application of Floristic Quality Assessment is presented. To accurately reflect ecological and taxonomic relationships, new combinations are validated for two distinct taxa, Dichanthelium ashei and D. werneri , and problems in application of infraspecific taxon names within Quercus shumardii are clarified. CONTENTS Introduction Species conservatism and floristic quality Application of Floristic Quality Assessment Checklist: Rationale and methods Nomenclature and taxonomic concepts Synonymy Acronyms Physiognomy, nativity, and wetness Summary of the Missouri flora Conclusion Annotated comments for checklist taxa Acknowledgements Literature Cited Ecological checklist of the Missouri flora Table 1. C values, physiognomy, and common names Table 2. Synonymy crosswalk Table 3. Wetness ratings and plant families INTRODUCTION This list was developed as part of a revised and expanded system for Floristic Quality Assessment (FQA) in Missouri.
    [Show full text]