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CHAPTER II LIFE HISTORY of the GRAYLING (Thymallus Arcticus) IN CHAPTER II LIFE HISTORY OF THE GRAYLING (Thymallus arcticus) IN BEAUFORT SEA DRAINAGES IN THE YUKON TERRITORY a: w ~ M. de BRUYN Q. cC P. McCART :I: 0 ERRATA- VOLUME FIFTEEN TABLE OP CONTENTS line 2: "LANDS" should read "LAKES" line 24: "SPRING TIED" should read "SPRING FED" Chapter I p.l7, COMMENTS, line 3: "large on" should read "large one" p.49, Conductivity: "7200" should read "200+" p.l41, COMMENTS: "0 ygen levels" should read "Oxygen levels" p.l52, Sample locality: "3 1/2 m" should read "3 1/2 miles" p.l54, Sample locality: "2 mi" should read "2 miles" Chapter II p.3, line 21: "Aquatic Environments Limited, Winter Data Report" shoud read "Chapter I of this volume" p.4, line 12: "60 F" should read "15 C" p.7, line 17: "the fish had been aged" should read "the ages of the fish had been determined" p.S, line 8: "For the purpose of aging" should read "To determine age" p.22, line 12: "ration (Table IV). the sex" should read "ratio (Table IV). The sex" p.22, line 14: "the Age" should read "the age" p.23, line 13: "fecudnity" should read "fecundity" p.27, line 9: "Probably" should read "Probable" p.27, line II: "the occurance" should read ", and the occurrence" p.28, line 4: "downstream" should read "upstream" p.30, line 2: "Craig, 197 3" should read "Chapter III of this volume" p.38: Delete references: "Aquatic Environments Limite!!!. 1973 .... " "Craig, P.C. 1973 ... ." Add references: "Brown, J .E. 1970. Permafrost in Canada- Its influence on northern development. Univ. of Toronto Press, Toronto." "Duncan, D.B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, II: 1-42." ) ---~:---- --~------~~------------~--- -----~-------- --------- ---------------------------- L [ TABLE OF CONTENTS [ Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 [ ~.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 1 .1 Physiography 1 [ .2 Streams 2 [ .3 Lakes 4 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 5 [ 4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 8 .1 Distribution of Grayling in the Study Area 8 c .11 Firth River 9 [ .12 Babbage River System 10 .13 Other Mountain Streams 11 [ .14 Tundra Streams 11 .15 Lakes 12 .2 Age & Growth c ~~- [ .21 First Year Growth 13 .22 Growth of Older Fish 16 [ .23 Comparison with Growth in Other Areas 21 .3 Age at Maturity 21 [ .4 Sex Ratios 22 [ .5 Egg Size, Fecundity and Frequency of Spawning 22 ,6 Spawning Period 25 [ .7 Fry Emergence 26 .8 Spawning and Rearing Areas 27 L .9 Movements in Streams and Overwintering Areas 29 [ - i - ~--'\..,.__ _____ _ [ [ .10 Food Habits 35 .11 Parasites 37 [ [ LITERATURE CITED 38 PLATES Following page 39 [ L [ [ c [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ - ii- F_, -~-----~---- "'- ----- -----~~--~~----------~~~-------· / [ [ LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES [ Follows Page Figure 1. Map of the study area showing the location of streams 2 [ and lakes. Unnamed waterbodies have been assigned a number. Black triangle indicates location of sam­ [ pling site at the head of the Firth River Delta. [ Figure 2. Location of spring-fed aufeis fields in the study 4 area. [ Table 1. Distribution of fish species in lakes examined during 4 fisheries investigations in Beaufort Sea drainages in [ the Yukon Territory, 1972. [ Figure 3. Fish sampling sites. 10 [ Figure 4. Distribution of grayling in samples. Closed circles 12 are sites at which adult and juvenile grayling were captured. Open circles are those at which young-of­ [ th~-year were taken. [ Figure 5. Comparison of late summer growth of fry from Stream 16 1000 and Trail River. Temperature at the two study [ sites also shown. [ Figure 6. Comparison of age-length relationships determined 20 from both scales and otoliths for grayling from the r Lower Firth River. Figure 7. Comparison of age-length relationships determined 20 from both scales and otoliths for grayling from rL Trout Lake. [ [ iii [ [ Follows Page Figure 8. Comparison of growth rates of grayling from the 22 L~ Firth River, Trout Lake 100 with those of other populations from Alaska and the Canadian Arctic. [ Figure 9. Numbers of males and females in various size classes 24 in samples from three localities in the Yukon [ Territory. [ Figure 10. Seasonal development in egg size for mature grayling 26 from three locations on the Yukon North Slope. [ Figure 11. Probable spawning areas for grayling along the 28 c Yukon North Slope. [ [ [ [ [ ._,r [, r~ L [ [ iv r- [ [ 1.0 INTRODUCTION The grayling (ThymaZZus aratiaus), an important sport fish, [ is one of the most widely distributed species in the Western [ Arctic (Plate 1). This report describes the distribution and life history of the species in Beaufort Sea drainages of the [ Yukon Territory. These studies are part of the efforts being expended to determine the ecological impact of the construction [ and operation of the gas pipeline proposed by Canadian Arctic [ Gas Study Limited. The studies were conducted through Northern Engineering Services Limited. They were concentrated on streams [ and lakes along the proposed pipeline route from the Alaska­ Yukon border east to the Yukon-Northwest Territories border. [ 2.0 'DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA c The study area and the names of the major drainages are shown [ in Figure 1. [ .1 Physiography [ There are three major physiographic divisions within the study area: [ 1. The Arctic Coastal Plain including the zone between [ the Beaufort Sea Coast and the 500 feet contour to [ the south. In the study area, the plain is very narrow ranging from less than 5 miles in the vicinity of Fish [ Creek to little more than 18 miles in the vicinity [ -1- -~----~, [ [ of the Walking River. The topography of the plain in the study area is somewhat rolling, not nearly as L level as it is further west in Alaska (eg. in the vicinity of Prudhoe Bay). In the more level areas drainage is [ poor with extensive marshy areas and shallow, often [ undrained lakes and ponds. [ 2. The Arctic Foothills include the area between approximately the 500 feet and 2500 feet contours. The hills are [ typically rounded. Drainage is good and there are a number of small lakes scattered throughout the area. [ c 3. The Arctic Mountains including in our area, from west to east, the British, Barn and a small portion of the c Richardson Mountains. There are few lakes within the mountains but a number of important streams originate [ there. [ .2 Streams [ In this area, the streams important to grayling can be placed in two general categories, Mountain Streams and Tundra Streams. [ [ Mountain streams originate in the Arctic Mountains and flow northward, through the foothills and across the coastal plain to enter [ the Beaufort Sea. These are generally large streams, frequently braided, both in their headwaters and near their mouths (Plate 2). Water [ [ -2- I r--1 c-1 l"1 r-J ~ r-l L1 r--'j L1 r-1 r-1 rJ L'TJ rT1 . J L, '71 rJ r. J <D Lake 104 ® Lake 103 @ Firth Lake @ Lake 107 @ Lake 108 ® Lake 105 <V Lake 110 ® Lake 100 ® Lake 109 ® Bloomfield Lake ® Lake 102 @ Lake 106 @ Lake 101 ~ Trout Lake ® Peat Lake 0 miles 50 <{ ~ z (/) 0 <{ ~ zj.,..: _J :::> 0·~ ~I . <{ >- :::>'Z >-I Figure 1. Map of the study area showing the location of streams and lakes. Unnamed water bodies have been assigned a number. Black triangle indicates location of sampling site at the head of the Firth River Delta. ----------- ------ ----------------------------------------· levels fluctuate considerably both during the spring and early summer when snow melt occurs and later in the summ~r and early fall as the result of rainstorms in the mountains. During freshets the mountain streams become quite turbid. There are major springs on some of the mountain streams (Fish Creek, the Firth and Babbage Rivers, Joe and Canoe Creeks) and segments of these streams, in the vicinity of perennial springs, flow throughout the winter (Plate 3). Such springs can often be identified by the large areas of aufeis (layered ice) which form downstream during the winter and may remain throughout the summer (Plate 4). Spring ci areas are often important to spawning and overwintering fish .. (Craig, 1973). The locations of some important springs and extensive aufeis areas are indicated in Figure 2. Some mountain streams -. in our area are apparently without drainage from perennial springs. These include the Blow and Trail Rivers. Tundra streams are typically small streams which originate in the foothills or the Arctic Coastal Plain. Their primary sources of flow are melt-water, runoff and lake drainage. In our area, "' -,: only one perennial source of groundwater has so far been identified -" on a foothills stream, this a minor seep on the Spring River (Aquatic Environments Limited, Winter Data Report). For this reason, tundra streams, almost without exception, are frozen to the bottom throughout the winter. -3- Summer flows in the foothills streams tend to fluctuate less than those in mountain streams. Banks are generally stable supporting a thick growth of dwarf willow and birch with a heavy mat of mosses beneath (Plate 5). In many places, particularly on the Arctic Coastal Plain, the foothills streams are "beaded" (Brown, 1971). Large pools (the beads) have formed where massive ground ice has melted out. These pools, the bottoms of which are covered with organic debris, alternate with straight stretches of stream (Plate 6). Where velocities are sufficient, the latter are characterized by gravelly riffles. Water temperatures in the tundra streams are generally higher than those in mountain streams, sometimes exceeding 60°F • • 3 Lakes There are two types of lakes important to grayling in our study area. These are Tundra Lakes and Foothill Lakes (Plates 7 and 8). The former are situated on the Arctic Coastal Plain. They are generally shallow and weedy: Firth Camp Lake has a maximum depth of approximately 2.5 m and Lake 100 a maximum depth of approximately 3.0 m.
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