The Inquilinary Revolt of 1925

Inicio del periodo escolar: Hacia donde vamos

Aprueban acuerdo para evitar la doble imposición y prevenir la Evasión Fiscal THE InformeINQUILINARY de MercadoREVOLT OF Laboral 1925

Bill Gates - Warren Buffett Life and Tips of Two Successful Men

Julio María Sanguineti Freedom of the press and Justice Pillars of EL SISTEMA PENAL ACUSATORIO Y Democracy LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS

ISSN 1726-0485 Edición Marzo ‘17 rbc.com.pa Colaboradores en esta edición José Javier Rivera J. Rafael Fernández Lara Consejo Giovana del C. Miranda Garzola Editorial Lisbeth Martéz Albin Rodríguez Mariela de Sanjur

José Javier Rivera J. Giovana del C. Miranda G.

Portada y Diagramación: Virginia Medina

Fotografía: Mariela De Sedas de Sanjur Rivera, Bolívar y Castañedas

@rbc_abogados

RBC Abogados

MARCH 2017

06 Editorial INSTITUTIONAL Content CRISIS IN PANAMA

19. Polítics THE INQUILINARY REVOLT OF 1925

22. Panamanian Economy MONTHLY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY INDEX, JANUARY 2017

36. World Economy TAX REVENUE IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIB- BEAN CONTINUED TO GROW UP IN FAVOR OF LOW ECONOMIC GROWTH

49. Ilustrious People BILL GATES - WARREN BUFFETT

56. Sport Capsule 65

59. Cultural Capsule Invited Writer

ADDRESS BY JULIO MARÍA SANGUINETI AT EXPOCOMER 2017 INAU- GURATION 08 Norms Consult of interest Doctrine TOURISM PROMOTION FUND & Juris- prudence

IMPORTATION TAX EXEMPTION FOR 14 PEOPLE WITH DIS- ABILITIES 17 Legislación y Economía March 2017

Editorial INSTITUTIONAL CRISIS IN PANAMA

José Javier Rivera - Attorney [email protected]

he recent revelations made by newspaper La Prensa concerning donations and contracts of pro- fessional services and Tother natures processed by a plural number of members of the Assembly of Depu- ties have had a great impact on citizenship.

Simultaneously, the Supreme Court of Justice, through a ruling of the Plenary, declared un- constitutionality of a regulation issued by the community interest and which are grounds for Comptroller General of the Republic that intend- distribution without any control by the MEF or the ed to regulate said donations and confirmed that Comptroller or even the National Bank of Panama. these monies processed by deputies are not con- However, added value of investigation of the afore- templated within faculties that Constitution grants. mentioned newspaper is that it produces at mo- ment in which the Assembly discusses the bill Faced with this reality, which affects public resourc- that introduces reforms of transcendence to the es, it is up to the Supreme Court to admit a criminal rules that must govern next electoral tournament. complaint that has been filed against the president of the Assembly, who is the person who authorized At this point, it should be borne in mind that, if this procedure so that the deputies will process this criminal complaint is accepted against depu- and arrange the destination of these donations. ties of the Assembly, the Supreme Court of Jus- tice will have jurisdiction over these proceedings. These donations, in fact, replace the so-called In turn, it is responsibility of the Assembly of Deputies 6 circuit items that for several decades have been to judge the judgments of the Court, respectively. delivered to the deputies to carry out works of The third element in this equation is that be- Legislación y Economía March 2017

fore revelations of the newspaper La Prensa, certain deputies were publicly saying that this state body should investigate president of the Republic on accusations of lawyer Ramon Fon- seca on payments received from the Construc- tor Odebrecth, Due to public works in the country.

This being the case, it is a situation in which decision of the Supreme Court of Justice on the criminal complaint against the Presi- dent of the Assembly is anxiously awaited. As if everything wasn’t enough, now deputies have proposed that they be awarded a subsidy of five balboas for each resident in electoral circuits, as official support for political campaigns. A new form of circuital departure.

Looking closely, what is happening in Venezuela, where Supreme Court, attempted a coup d’etat by dissolving the House of Representatives, with op- position majority, remains to be pending to avoid institutional deterioration that corrodes this country. Returning to Panama, it is up to the Supreme Court of Justice, to resolve in strict adherence to the law, admission of this criminal complaint and to the citizens to reject this new scheme of the subsidy of five balboas intended by the deputies.

But from a much broader perspective, the reality is that a reasonable formula must be found so that the candidates for deputies have sufficient resources to make a worthy campaign and that there are no barriers to entry that mean that only Representatives of companies or guilds have access to political life, in the same order of ideas, and in view of the seriousness of the cases that have arisen, avoid a fratricidal war between the Executive Branch and the Legislative Branch.

In this crisis, it is usually known how and when start but not those who really benefit. Take care. L&E

It will dawn and see… 7 Legislación y Economía March 2017

Invited Writer

ADDRESS BY JULIO MARÍA SANGUINETI AT EXPOCOMER 2017 INAUGURATION

ruguayan former president, José Colombia you, Viceroyalty of the Rio de la María Sanguinetti Coirolo, was the key- Plata and then the United Provinces, we Unote speaker at inauguration of the both dream of a federal structure because thirty-fifth version of EXPOCOMER on Justo José Arosemena spoke of federal- March 22, whose speech on educa- ism and our Artigas also spoke of initial tion, among other topics, was stand- federalism of a great structure based ing ovation, which We proceed to tran- on respect for special sovereignty in the scribe to the delight of our readers: peoples, misunderstandings, selfish- “Minister of the Presidency, gentlemen ness, prevented us, but here we are inde- ministers, authorities of the Chamber, pendent nations that in addition we have dear friends all, no doubt that Panama had in our ports, in our outings to the sea and Uruguay have a link that the dis- the conditions of our freedom, our pros- tance of our strange American geog- perity and preservation of our freedom. raphy unites us and personally I have been a witness throughout more than a Countries with ports, with outlets to the century of life, more than half a century sea, are open countries, in the ports peo- of life, journalistic and political of every- ple are known, various are intercommu- thing that has been and is still Panama. nica, nations trade, commerce is peace, commerce is a condition of peace, when Naturally, we identify ourselves because trade disappears and countries Are we are countries with a minor geography locked behind protectionist barriers or in front of great colossi born, we build, our selfish interests, begins instead to de- 8 autonomy, our independence of major velop intolerance, loss of prosperity, di- conglomerates; New Granada the Great vision and not those that should be the Legislación y Economía March 2017

substantive values for any future nation, where they should be and well that old so that we have lived all that newly Re- houses must be restored to maintain liv- membered the President of the House ing atmosphere of a Beautiful Panama. when we participated in the so-called Juan, those conversations that restored I say all this with optimism and with joy political dialogue after moments of ad- because I feel that a people who has been versity, of anger, of confrontation, all able to these things will also be able to that I have shared with many Panama- overcome bad times and challenges that nians, moments of pain, moments of an- this strange world poses that we are living guish and moments of hopes like that. and I say strange world because when the wall fell of Berlin we all thought that we That is why today before we start talking had reached the eternal peace of which about our problems, I say in these few Emanuel Cano spoke, we didn’t discuss hours that I have been in Panama I feel a democracy, we didn’t discuss economy great sense of optimism and recognition, I of state, there were no more hegemonies have been in the channel in the new chan- disputing the cold war that tremendous nel I have lived all the adventures that have cold war that was behind guerrillas and happened , The hopes of the treaty, fears that was behind the blows of state bleed- in those moments that were not going to ing all our Latin America, that is a story be fulfilled, fears that Panama wouldn’t that has not yet been told enough, we be able to effectively manage that Canal were part of that cold war on hot border and today we see it not only prosper if and on bloody border we think about it. not enlarged and that is not only a Pana- manian pride if not of all Latin America. A little of walking we found things as strange as on one hand the world per- I have also traveled, there the Casco ceived what was called a globalization, Viejo, for years I wasn’t, I have been had already been happening but as the many times in Panama, I usually go but I story usually doesn’t notice until there haven’t been in the Casco for a long time, are certain moments that give perspec- I found a process of auspicious restora- tive, was a Globalization different first one tion I came across the recreation of the of Spain and Portugal of which we were Colonial atmosphere, of the atmosphere children all us was led by those shipping of the nineteenth century, of the flowering powers of the time the second great glo- guayacanes with their bright yellow and balization the one of century XVIII and optimistic, of the red tiles, restaurants, XIX, ends of century XVIII and XIX that bars, people walking cheerful people, command England with the Industrial tourists and that I think it is something Revolution Also had parameters and he- that speaks of the Panamanian identity gemonies, this third globalization does and that also speaks of an enormous not have an organization does not have tourist potential like the one that has a clear leadership power has dispersed been talked about because that old hel- United States and Russia hegemonic met represents a treasure, take care of powers then have yielded the ground, it, continue it restoring it, they prevent Asia has grown China is the new great it to distort it as it usually happens, the actor but the other Side we see some- structuring and real estate that they want thing as contradictory as the technologi- skyscrapers of a height so Panamá is full cal explosion takes us to ever-conceived 9 of skyscrapers and well that they are well frontiers of knowledge, Or on the other Legislación y Economía March 2017

hand an incredible war of religion like those in sixteenth and seven- teenth centuries con- fronted Europe and that today radicalism of a sector of Muslim world has all of our West in vilo.

Today this morning we saw some scenes of London a while ago with the palace, historic parliament surrounded by a larger or smaller at- tack but keep that world of fear alive and fear and fear are not good counselors and yet we in quantity, as we don’t have to discuss are In a world of fear, fear of immigration with the subject, as we don’t have to dis- has Europe, fear of terrorism has Europe, cuss with the times because science and United States the same, England is leav- technology have always been imposed ing Europe out of fear, England old men since the times of the Paleolithic in which dreaming of empire that will not return we have divided it, time of the Unpol- voted to leave Europe, The youth of Eng- ished stone era of polished iron bronze land voted to stay or found a world of op- stone that is inevitable, we read in the portunities for them, a country divided by newspapers, I also read it in a newspaper fear America also split in two, divided in here this ideological globalization, not two, also by fear, by the fear of an indus- lords globalization is neither liberal nor trial society that will not return , Because conservative, globalization is an abrupt the exploitation that has been done to technological expansion that jumps the divide the country of which immigration border with its world of communication is the result of unemployment is an im- with its world of technology, with its con- mense fallacy, first because the United sumer society, with its knowledge so- States has no unemployment and be- ciety and that is beyond any hegemony cause the industrial world is not going to with all the risks that this entails because return because that is a different stage, it is a globalization without proper con- today is another industry that there is duction and so much that we have paid and no more the traditional is another, is in the financial world with its instabilities, a world of different communication that with its regulations with its lack of driving is not going to be will not return that the that has taken the country and the world United States was divided and is still di- to situations like That we live in 2008, vided by fear and distrust in a scenario in then we are in that globalization that is which the backdrop is another expression on the one hand a consumer society that of fear, it is the uncertainty of technologi- democratizes and allows the simple peo- cal impact, not only taxi drivers have a ple and the common people to accede to 10 Uber in their future we all have a Uber for- that which was only patrimony of an elite. ward That we are threatening our activity Legislación y Economía March 2017

At the same time, consumption of con- feed back corruption that is very serious stant drunkenness of fashion, the con- and that is a topic of all societies comes stant drunkenness that also generates to be House of Commerce when it makes anguish and uncertainty, a knowledge a public campaign on issue because society, an information society that on corruption is not, corruption, we think, one hand puts us in front of media as Let us think with depth and conscience humanity has never had risks as well be- it is usually spoken of the political world cause all this impacts on our personal life and it is true that in the political world and also in our democratic life we think there has been corruption and we are of representative democracy nineteenth seeing it in Brazil, in Argentina, in many century twentieth century parliaments, parts but also it is true that behind a cor- government here parliament there, par- rupt there is a corruptor and the corrup- liament voice of the town, today it is clear tor comes from private sphere not from that impact of media, impact of social the public sphere, it means that it is the networks has broken that concept of rep- whole society that is involved in rescu- resentation and today we talk about what ing values of honesty, old values of bour- they say networks that nobody knows geois civilization that was born there in where they come from, that is a head- the renaissance with ethics of work with less monster but which impacts if not freedom Individual, with freedom of com- what Egypt says that shot down Mubarak merce with all that made possible the that seemed as eternal as the pyramids development of our Western civilization, and that one day fell or that the networks corruption corrodes the soul corrodes the managed by two or three young boys spirit and condemns in the end to people collapsed all their power but they also not only the one of discredit and dis- didn’t build anything because they had trust in political institutions if not also To an enormous capacity of destruction and weigh their economic development that from there nothing came up the point of can’t be possible but with large invest- course they returned to a military dicta- ments that are only daughters of trust torship then this that is saying to us, calls and that are not deposited where there is us to pessimism? No, it summons us to the fear of illegality, bribery or litigation. understand that we have to handle these tools with prudence and wisdom and that This we must define as a society to un- we have to locate them within our insti- derstand that this starts from the family tutional systems of our legal system, our and starts from school and permeates us habits of behavior, we have to go to the all and that we all compromise, there are rescue of those elements of institution- certainly no magic formulas to transform ality and our Latin America that I also this scourge because there is nothing look at that world of optimism in the 80s, more difficult than the spirit of humans to showed a great wave of democratiza- be able to change but there are two tools tion after the 1960s and 1970s so many the two tools are free press and inde- dictatorships had brought us and looked pendent justice, with free press and with hopefully not that has ceased to have independent justice any country will be serious problems in democracy that Are able to face without fear, of course appro- fundamentally today two, one corruption priate laws that ensure transparency and the other populism one of moral nature accountability and those are the mecha- another of political nature but both defi- nisms are those tools, they are not magic, 11 nitely primes brothers who sometimes they are an effort that must be collective Legislación y Economía March 2017

that must be an effort of the entrepreneur false enchantment and that makes the citizen of the business organizations that citizen probably listen to the demagogue, were always also very important the first and Aristotle 25 years ago warned us codes of ethics, first codes of ethics of and said there are pure forms and forms life commercial appear in the small Ital- impure monarchy can become tyranny ian cities of the Renaissance which is aristocracy can become oligarchy de- where the capitalism begins in northern mocracy, can become demagoguery and Europe in Flanders in what is now Holland what Aristotle said 25 years ago is still and Belgium and in northern Italy and are the same enemy of democracy and there such extraordinary cities so bright until is the citizen because democracy is an today because in addition to the trade exercise of rationality an exercise in vir- generated art generated history first tue of which everything depends on that trade manuals were made There manu- citizen vote that so often is unfortunately als of ethics the manuals of commitment drawn by the snake charmers who prom- of society and that is a collective com- ise the magic prosperity that alludes to mitment, we also talk about what is this that they increase the wages and they phenomenon of populism that is born as lower the taxes by magic and that either a disease of democracy one thing is the they fail the promises or much worse popularity another is this populist phe- they still fulfill and merge countries and nomenon that misrepresents this system then that is a duty of the citizen and the was born in Argentina more than 50 years citizen also must protect the parties, we ago and 60 years ago? Well it is a pathol- hear every day that the parties are dis- ogy that deforms democratic system, credited yes, yes the political parties in populism is born with a legitimacy of ori- general are not well, they are not good gin in an election installs a president who neither in Europe nor in our Latin America is installed later over institutions with but they are essential without that chan- messianic condition uses the state bud- neling of efforts without that channeling get in service of its structure and arms a of opinions there is no stable democra- whole structure of the state of politics so cy, we must take care of them, we must that the public place for the assembly, so preserve them, the citizen must com- that the shout is the substitute of the par- promise to be located on the sidewalk liament as political representation and of uncommitted front of everything does thus in abuse in authoritarianism are dis- not generate a democracy, I will go to a credited institutions and we are thus liv- place to express indignation is simply not ing dramas like the one today is the sister a way To govern in this way, fascisms Republic of Venezuela that is already be- from Mussolini from first Peron or from yond politics in a real humanitarian crisis Commander Chavez have generally risen in Venezuela, today is an accomplished from these public squares, no, the public example of what that pathology means square is necessary and must be free, but that perversion of democracy that in the the square doesn’t replace representa- name of the people ends up condemning tion and democracy is an exercise of rea- it in the name of Justice ends by abolish- son In which the citizen is fundamental. ing it because today a society as rich as These are the scourges we have but we vital as the Venezuelan shouldn’t be in must look to the future and as we said the if and this leads us then to the fact just as I am optimistic in the face of a 12 that the citizen is very important behind Panaman who has been capable of so a disenchantment there is usually a false many things and will have to be capable Legislación y Economía March 2017

of other things, as long as he confronts is a fundamental service that should be these evils that We are talking to the ex- provided for the exclusive benefit of the tent that they strengthen parties in which children and adolescents they will forge they respect the laws that generate the not be our future if not our own present. conditions of transparency and maintain the freedom of the press in which it af- We are then as we say in a confused world firms and consolidates every day more and difficult reason to hold more than independence of the judges and in this ever to eternal values the contents are all way we will certainly To look but all this different but values are always the same, happens in the end by a decisive factor freedom today allows us to express things that is the one that today Latin America very different from what we said and do has like a bottleneck for its development things we did but still freedom, freedom and that is the education, the deficien- of trade remains freedom of trade, politi- cies that we still suffer in the education, cal honesty is still political honesty the unfortunately our countries are not well cult of legality remains the substance of in the Education the steps that is the UN democracy and in the midst of this explo- evaluation system that is internationally sion more than Never to hold on to those the best known are 65 countries there are values ended with a classic that said “in 8 only, 8 of latin america we should be public affairs a respectful fear, is the one t All of us are there but we are between that enforces laws especially those es- 45 and 65 place that is the last 8 coun- tablished for benefit of the most needy tries we are, Argentina and Uruguay that and respect in turn governments that are we were pioneers in popular education happening we love beauty with simplic- today we no longer have the results that ity and knowledge without arrogance we we had, when we felt the vanguard of a make of fortune an opportunity to make culture That grew, yesterday said Presi- and not a motive of and pride in Athens dent Macri, 60% of Argentina, 60% of the no one should be ashamed or ashamed boys who leave high school do not have of being poor, but of doing nothing to an adequate reading comprehension we overcome it.” “Pericles year 431 BC.” are talking about Argentina the homeland “ L&E of Sarmiento and Jorge Luis Borges then that Is putting in front of a subject that is a fundamental instrument there are ad- versities, there are confrontations and let me say with pain that one of the major drivers of education in Latin America is the union guilds of teachers unfortunately, who have not been a Factor of change instead of being in front of all of us crawl- ing on the new roads have been a factor resistant to change we have seen in Mex- ico We see it in Argentina we have seen it in Uruguay and it should not be that way, but on the contrary it should be in the vanguard, salary claims are welcome because in general education is not well paid 13 anywhere but it is also true that Education Legislación y Economía March 2017

Norms of INTEREST

TOURISM Photography by: La Prensa PROMOTION Giovana del C. Miranda G. - Attormey FUND [email protected]

aw 9 of March 14, 2017 was recently sanc- tioned, which created the Tourism Promotion LFund, managed through a management trust, whose objective is to finance international promotion of Panama, as a tourist destination country, to improve tourist activity through all means and strategies that are required.

It is important to note that assets of the Fund will consist of contributions from Cen- tral Government or from State entities; private contributions, national or international, among others, and establishes that contributions of the central government will not exceed twenty million dollars a year. 14 Legislación y Economía March 2017

The funds of the Fund will be man- be used in the processes for the selec- aged through an administration trust, tion of campaign contractors and pro- which must ensure the receipt of re- motional activities, consultants, cus- sources in a timely and efficient man- tody companies and external auditors. ner to guarantee availability of the same. It should be noted that contractor selec- The Fund will have a Board of Directors, tion will not be subject to application of which will be managing body of its assets, Law 22 of 2006, establishing the follow- whose objective will be to define the in- ing mechanisms for contracting services: vestment policy of Fund and will be com- 1. Direct contracting for those services posed of seven (7) directors, appointed with unique characteristics or market lead- for a phased period of five to seven years. ers. The price competition for best value.

Board of Directors shall submit an annual The aforementioned Law will not come into report of its management to the Tourism Au- effect until August 1, 2018, so that we have thority, the Office of the Comptroller General more than a year, so that things are done of the Republic and to the Ministry of Economy as they should be and that the Fund really and Finance no later than May 31 of each year. meets the objectives for which was created.

On the other hand, National Bank of Pan- Several sectors have welcomed initiative of ama has been designated as trustee to Government, which has participation of pri- manage the trust and the resources of vate sector and whose main objective is the the Fund may not be used for any pur- permanent promotion of country’s tourist pose other than those expressly indicat- destinations in international markets to be ed in the law and in the trust agreement. more competitive, by taking actions in the It will be the responsibility of the Board of way more expeditious, with aim of a sus- Directors to define the guidelines for pro- tained growth of hand of private sector. L&E curing goods and contracting services to

RESIDENT PERMISSION FOR ECONOMIC SOLVENCY BY REAL ESTATE

Giovana del C. Miranda G.- Attormey [email protected]

he Ministry of Public Security issued Ex- and dependents, will not be allowed Bearer shares. ecutiveT Decree No.147 of March 17, 2017, which modifies paragraph III of article 193 that regu- The reform is based on the fact that when De- lates relative of residence permit for own eco- cree Law 3 was approved it had been established nomic solvency by investment in real estate. in a certain way that the Director could consider the application when the foreigner by force ma- Within this context, it must be the case that title of jeure or unforeseen event can’t sustain owner- immovable property is in the name of a corpora- ship of property, now with the reform They will tion, foreigner may request permission provided have to present the shares in their name. L&E actions are nominal and are in name of applicant 15 Legislación y Economía March 2017

WIDE UNIVERSAL SCHOLARSHIP COVERAGE

Giovana del C. Miranda G.- Attorney [email protected]

ith approval of Law 13 of March W22, 2017 published in Official Gazette No.28243, Law 18 of 2010 on financing of Universal Scholarship Program, as of January 2, 2018, is amended. To students of particular centers of the country whose enrollment and monthly payment doesn’t surpass two thousand balboas annual. L&E DIRECT SANCTION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INFRACTIONS

Giovana del C. Miranda G.- Attorney [email protected]

xecutive Decree No. 5 of February 1, 2017 from the Site newly committed tnfringement or published in Official Gazette 28255-A issued by when newly committed the infringement is sur- EMinistry of Environment regulates procedure of prised by instruments or signs of infringement. direct sanction for environmental infractions, establishing that any person who is caught by tech- One important aspect of the decree is that it has been nical staff of Ministry Of Environment or members established that imposition of the fine doesn’t imply of the National Police, National Border Service or a tolerance of offense committed, so it must be ac- Aeronaval, committing some environmental in- companied by a corrective order and/or confiscation fraction, will be submitted to the process of direct of proceeds of infringement. Offender to clean, re- sanction; without prejudice to the civil or crimi- store, mitigate and compensate for damage caused. nal liability that may derive from their conduct. Finally, we can indicate that in case of events The Decree in question, specifies precisely the where the assumptions of flagrancy are not ful- conduct that is considered for application of di- filled or where alleged violation is of greater se- rect sanction procedure and it will be consid- riousness or extension, corresponding regu- ered that the person has been caught commit- lar sanctioning process will be applied. L&E 16 ting the infraction, when public servant has seen committing the infraction has seen him flee Legislación y Economía March 2017

Consult Doctrine & JURISPRUDENCE IMPORTATION TAX EXEMPTION FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES

Source: Attorney General’s of the Administration

he Office of the Attorney General as modified by article 65 of Law 15 of the Administration issued Consul- of May 31, 2016 , Doesn’t contem- tation C-026-17 of March 6, 2017 and plate companies that bring articles Tthrough which it acquitted a ques- for commercialization in general. tion raised by the Director General of National Disability Secretariat, who It adds that Article 65 confers on the inquired whether benefit of exemp- Executive Body the power to exempt tion from import tax granted to per- from payment of all tariffs the ar- sons with disabilities by Law 42 of ticles, materials and equipment to 1999 as amended by Law 15 of May be used by persons with disabilities 31, 2016 is applicable to compa- and their family with respect to them. nies that bring articles for marketing. He maintains that, under the legal After examining corresponding legal norm,exemption from customs duty rules, the Attorney General of the Ad- is directed at importation of medi- ministration states that the benefit cines, medical devices, prostheses, of exemption from import tax grant- vehicles adapted for personal use, 17 ed by article 61 of Law 42 of 1999, as well as articles, materials, train- Legislación y Economía March 2017

ing equipment, assistive devices and care, as well as to educational cen- instruments required by educational ters; Rehabilitation; Employers; Pro- institutions, rehabilitation centers, tected workshops in need of articles, workshops, employers and persons materials, training equipment, auxil- with disabilities and their families. iary devices and tools to improve the quality of life of people with disabili- In this regard, it brings up the defini- ties; However it doesn’t apply to those tion of disability contained in Law 42 natural or legal persons, who do so as that was modified by Law 15 of 2016 a result of a commercial activity. L&E when considering that it is the condition in which a person presents physical, mental, intellectual and sensorial deficiency, either of nature permanent or temporary, which lim- its the ability to exercise one or more essential activities of daily life, which may be caused or aggravated by the economic and social environment.

Likewise, it refers to the fact that there is a special protection in favor of dis- abled, which is located within what are known as distinct legislative guarantees, which are those established in favor of the weakest (favor debilis) and are a modality of so- called moderate positive actions that seek, through differentiation of treatment, to reduce or eliminate existing inequalities between different groups or genders of society.

The Office concludes that it is an exclusive right for persons with disabilities and their families (up to first degree of consan- 18 guinity), extending to institutions in charge of their Legislación y Economía March 2017

Politics Rafael Fernández Lara - Abogado Independiente [email protected] THE INQUILINARY REVOLT OF 1925 At the beginning of the second decade of twentieth century, specifically during government of Constitutional President Rodolfo Chiari Robles for period 1924-1928, the Republic of Panama went through a series of complex situations during the presidential term, including an indebted nation Because of the public works of previous government of President Belisario Porras Barahona.

60% of workers, whose presence was certainly lso in that period would be proclaimed important for the country’s economy, more than Athe independence of denominated Republic anything for the owners of houses located in of or Revolution of Tule the 25 of February of the neighborhoods of El Chorrillo, Marañón, San 1925 on the part of Guna, that inhabited Guna Miguel, Calidonia, Malambo in Panama City, Yala reserve, Guna of Madugandi and Guna of Folk River and Rainbow City in the city of Colón. Wargandi, whose territory includes a fringe of land to the north of the Province of Darién and All these privately owned houses were built since to the east of the Province of Colón to bor- end of 19th century for the purpose of housing der with Colombia and the insular territory the workers who came to build the Interoce- of San Blas Islands. This event culminated in anic Canal in Panama. Most of these houses peace agreement signed on March 4, 1925 be- were of wood, with rooms separated by thin tween indigenous rebels, instigated by Ameri- walls, zinc roofs, unhealthy and uncomfortable, can and adventurer Richard Marsh, and an of- and with restricted access to sanitary services. ficial commission of our national government. During his administration, Rodolfo Chiari Robles On the other hand, at the end of construction of imposed reforms and additions to the Fiscal the Panama Canal on August 15, 1914, many of Code, imposed a change in tax of urban proper- the ethnic groups that had participated in its con- ty, which went from 2% over the probable gross struction didn’t return to their country of origin annual income, to five per thousand (0.005) and it is estimated that during the construction on the cadastral value of the property. Enact- of the Panama Canal between 1904 and 1914, ment of Law 29 of February 11, 1925, aimed at company in charge of the great work of the US implementing reforms to Fiscal Code, caused government hired about 100,000 foreign workers, owners of commercial and non-commercial including thousands of Afro-Caribbean workers, properties to show their deep dissatisfaction 19 Legislación y Economía March 2017

with new tax increase, until considered it as a movement, who provided their experience to or- limitation to possibility of making business of ganize the masses, among them Peruvian social- having properties in country profitable. However, ists Luis Francisco Bustamante, Nicolás Terreros rents were increased by between 25% and 50%. and Esteban Patlevitch, tolish Sara Gratz and Co- lombian Carlos Manuel Céspedes. Obviously, the Faced with this situation and neglect of differ- movement had participation of well-known Pan- ent governments that didn’t make laws to protect amanians such as Carlos Sucre, Domingo Turner, tenants, the League of Tenants and Subsistence, Diogenes de la Rosa, Samuel Casis, Manuel Luis linked to General Workers’ Union (SGT), was cre- Rodríguez and Eugenio Cossani among others. ated, a strong movement that at the time came to count With approximately 6,000 members. The After several demonstrations, on 1 October League called for non-payment of rents. A few 1925 a strike was declared for non-payment of months later, beginning in October, there were leases. A few days later, on 10 October, a con- outbreaks of tenants’ strike with their refusal siderable protest was held in the Plaza de San- to pay the lease fees, which caused homeown- ta Ana, which police immediately surrounded ers to complain to the national authorities about with the consequence of a confrontation be- this. Economic interests were being affected. tween authorities and organizers, which unfortunately resulted in four deaths and seven The government said that the so-called “League wounded, According to the written media of the of Tenants and Subsistence” had received support time. Facing the situation of potential danger to from many exiles residing in the country, among the established order, the First Battalion of Vol- whom we can mention as the most important unteers was established, which even included Don José María Blazquez de Pedro, born in Béjar, some soldiers of the independence, in order to Salamanca, Spain, Identified with anarchist ideas face the protests of the tenants, whose inscrip- and ideals, author of the book “Sangre de mi San- tions were made available in Municipal Council. gre”, published in Panama in 1924, and lived for some time in Colón and then moved to Panama. Importantly, as of November 3, 1903, our incipient Republic of Panama suffered from US military in- When in June 1925 problem of tenancy was re- trusions imposed in fact or at request of Panama- activated in the city of Panama, José María nian government. There were four intrusions for Blazquez de Pedro directed the same, having electoral reasons (1903, 1908, 1912 and 1918) and among its proposals to improve living condi- six others for other reasons (1912, 1915 (February tions of tenants and achieve a reduction in cost and April), 1918 (Chiriquí and Veraguas) and 1921). of rent. Other foreigners also participated in the With this back- ground, government on duty, concerned and frightened by the development of events of the tenancy protest, decided to apply Article 136 of the National 20 Constitution of 1904, which Photography by: La Estrella de Panamá Legislación y Economía March 2017

read: Article 136 “The Government of the United same, among others, was organized by States of America May intervene at any point in the Dr. Demetrio Augusto Porras Jiménez. the Republic of Panama to restore public peace Events like 1925 and others in our his- and constitutional order if it has been disturbed tory teach us that governments should al- in the case that by virtue of a Public Treaty that ways be aware of claims of citizenship and Nation assumes or has assumed the obligation echo their aspirations in order to avoid diffi- that guarantees the independence and sover- cult situations that can be exploited by indi- eignty of this Republic”. This controversial ar- viduals with personal ideological pretensions. ticle of the National Constitution of 1904, approved in the first supreme law of our incipient Governments that enact inconsistent laws, republic, was later repealed although it was de- which don’t reflect opinion or wishes of differ- fended by some of our heroes, considering that ent sectors involved in the issue, create conflict- he “has avoided many embarrassing scenes, ing situations that affect the principle of peace Blood in the Republic, because the political pas- to maintain order in a participatory democracy. sions had been overflowed more than once, not only in electoral times, but on other occasions, Subsequent attempts by government adminis- “as we see in the cases already mentioned. trations to establish a legal regime that solved the problem of tenancy haven’t taken into ac- The government on duty invoked this article count the interests of both parties, which has and in the morning hours of October 12, 1925, now caused one of the parties to feel prejudiced American forces, approximately 600 Marines, in their investment, to the point that since the In under the command of General William L. As- the 1970s, not a single rental building was built, sister, occupied national territory to restore since many tenants didn’t pay to be protected public order. We can’t deny that President Chi- by law, and this led to deterioration of build- ari Robles was the subject of many messages ings and their lack of maintenance. That is why, of support from connoted Panamanians for in the end, it will be convenient to enact a legal their determination to request US military in- system that protects tenants and property own- tervention, as well as criticism of that decision. ers alike as much as possible, taking into account the reality of the market and that is in line The US Army forces remained in our country un- with objectivity in a environment of stability. L&E til October 23, that is, nine days, especially in the Santa Ana Park, and in the Park of Lesseps, where they installed all their military supplies. They then broke into premises of the Tenants’ League, located in Calle 12 de Octubre in the Maranon neighborhood, where they were killed, wounded and detained, and their foreign leaders deported on charges of “disturbing the national peace” and “fomenting The communist revolution.” The following year, 1926, President Chiari Robles, still in exercise of his functions, appointed a commission to elaborate a Tenancy Law that didn’t fulfill its purposes and continued to increase Leasing fee.

In 1932 a second strike arose in the heat of depression of the thirties. This one had re- 21 sults similar to the one of 1925, and the GS Magazine February 2014

RUNNING TITLE RUNNING Panamanian

Source: CGRP

MONTHLY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY INDEX, JANUARY 2017 ECONOMY

he Monthly Index of Economic Activ- ity (IMAE) in the Republic, for January 2017, an increase, explained by demand of lo- Tmeasured in terms of the original series at cal wholesale trade and Colon Free Zone. 1996 prices, grew by 4.95 percent, com- The transport and communications operations pared to same period of 2016. For the represented a positive result, mainly favored by ferred period, That categories of economic telecommunications, international passenger activity that presented the best performance transport by air, operations of Panama Canal were: trade, transport, storage and com- Authority and the movement of containers munications, industry, financial interme- measured in TEUs of National Port System. diation, construction, electricity and water, fishing, community, hotels and restaurants. Manufacturing production increased in some activities such as: food processing, paper and Rest of activities achieved a favorable in- plastics manufacturing, non-metallic mineral cidence, but at a lower rate, with the excep- products and metal processing; however, tex- tion of agricultural sector, which showed a tiles, chemicals and publishing and printing 22 decrease. Commercial activity registered showed negative rates. Construction, mining Legislación y Economía March 2017

and quarrying categories showed a favorable performance, due in part to construction generated by public sector, in buildings such as urban renewal in Colón, resumption of health sector projects, progress of Line 2 of the Metro, third bridge over the Canal, expansion and improve- ment of country’s road network, as well as construction of an electric and a mineral processing plant in Donoso district in the province of Colón.

Production in electricity and water category showed a positive rate, due to the higher hy- droelectric and solar generation of electricity, and also due to consumption of drinking water. In turn, decreased thermal generation and electricity consumption. Fishing activity showed a positive rate, due to better capture of export- oriented species, including fish and fillets; however, shrimp and other seafood products such as crustaceans and molluscs showed declines.

The provision of entertainment and recreation services was mainly favored by revenues from gross bets in gaming rooms of chance, from type A slot machines and sports betting rooms.

Among other services activities that presented positive rates, we have: hotel and restaurant activities, private education, public administration, domestic services, real estate activities and health services provided by the private sector.

The agricultural sector recorded a negative variation in activities such as: watermelon, melon, pineapple and banana, mainly for export, and also for cattle; On the contrary, they increased rearing of pigs, poultry, production of natural milk for the elaboration of derived products and cultivation of tomato. L&E

23 Legislación y Economía March 2017

CONSUMER PRICE INDEX

In February, eight of the twelve groups that make up the tion” with 3.9 percent, due to increase in share basket of National Urban CPI showed increases, one of parents’ association in public schools and of registered decrease and three remained unchanged. the annuity in private schools. The increase observed in the group furniture, household goods and The groups with positive variations and that af- for the ordinary home maintenance was mainly fected significantly were: Education 3.3 percent, due to the increase in eight of its eleven classes. with incidence of 0.170 percentage points; Furni- ture, articles for the home and for ordinary house- The largest variation was in the “Domestic and hold maintenance 0.8 percent, with incidence of household services” class with 2.2 percent, due to 0.060 percentage points; Recreation and Culture increase in the cost of domestic service. In Recre- and Health, both 0.4 percent, with incidence of ation and Culture group they showed increases in 0.037 and 0.013 percentage points, respectively. nine of their sixteen classes. Biggest variation was in the “Package Tour” class with 5.9 percent. Health In Education group they presented increases with 0.4 percent, was influenced by the increase in three of their four classes. The highest variation one of its seven classes, “Pharmaceuticals” with 0.7 was in the “Secondary Education” classes with percent, due to the increase in price of medicines. 24 5.4 percent, and “Preschool and primary educa- of prices in fuels for automobiles. Finally, groups groups Finally, automobiles. for fuels in of prices reduction for 3.0 percent, with equipment” port trans personal for lubricants and “Fuels classes, seven of its one in decrease the for 0.1 percent, with was Transport index the in variation negative showed that group The was increased. tocopies of pho n.p.”, price services “Other class the In of wristwatch. price in rise of the was aproduct wristwatches” and “Jewelery, class clocks wall in reflected increase The 0.4 percent. with both nep”, wall clocks and wristwatches” and “Other services “Jewelery, in increase to the due 0.1with percent, percent, and miscellaneous goods and services 0.8 with class equipment” “Telephone in increase to due 0.1 with percent, Communications tank; gas of 100 lbs price at product Hike percent; 2.3 with class “Gas” the in to increase due 0.1with percent, gas and water, electricity housing, 0.6 percent; with class “Beer” the in to increase due percent, 0.3 with tobacco and beverages Alcoholic were: index the in increases registered that groups Other Index, for that reason, the sum of incidents results in variation of index. of variation in results incidents of sum the reason, that for Index, Urban National of variation total to the respect with group each of contribution to the corresponds Incidence: Gráfica 1. INCIDENCIA MENSUAL DEL ÍNDICE DE PRECIOSCONSUMIDORAL NACIONAL URBANO: FEBRERO DE 2017 E - - group of National Urban CPI of February 2017: of February CPI Urban of National group per incidence monthly with graph Below, Communications group decreased 4.1 percent. The 0.3 percent. culture and Recreation And cent; 0.5 per both maintenance, household ordinary for and home the for articles Furniture, and ages bever non-alcoholic and Food 0.6wear percent; foot and Clothing 1.6 tobacco and percent; ages bever Alcoholic 1.8 percent; services and goods 1.9 Miscellaneous hotels and percent; taurants - Res 2.9 gas percent; and water, electricity ing, Hous 3.5 percent; both Education, and Health 6.2 percent; Transport observed: were creases 2017,ary in of 2016, following similar its the with of Febru CPI Urban National comparing When Restaurants and hotels remained unchanged. and footwear, and Clothing drinks; soft and foods GS Magazine February 2014 ------25

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26 treat the wastewater that is currently dum currently is wastewater that the treat then and transport collect, will that Burunga in system sewer a sanitary build will project This network. to a sewerage connected are seholds of hou 24 percent only where Burunga, in serious more is even situation The is treated. percentage asmall only collected, of sewage and, network to a sewerage connected are percent 33 ver, only Howe to sanitation. have access 72 percent and homes their to in water access have continuous of Panamanians percent 94 level, At national the Mayo. Miguel of Health, Minister “, areas said ban ur developing rapidly these in living of families meet the current and future needs and demands will that system sewer of asanitary construction and adequacy the 100 achieve we will /Zero, Plan Health Basic of our part is which project, this With boom. by ademographic companied ac growth economic significant had have ma West Pana in locations several years, recent “In of Health. Ministry country’s under Program tion also be strengthened the under Panama Sanita will Bay Panama in of wastewater pollution tion Institutional for capacity management and reduc Burunga”. for Project Water Management sidual “Re the through services sanitation to basic cess ac have better will of Panama, Province of the west Burunga, in people thousand 20 than More benefits Directors. of Executive Board Bank’s World main the of two by today approved loan million $65 of the be will Bay nama

B etter sanitation and less pollution in Pa in pollution less and sanitation etter AND REDUCTION OF POLLUTION IN PANAMA BAY WORLD SANITATION BANK SUPPORTS BETTER ------19-year maturity and a five-yeargrace ins period. five of one a has Group, Bank World make up that titutions Development, and Reconstruction for Bank International from loan million $65 The Bank. World from financing to addition in ces, sour external other and Government nal million, and includes funds from Natio of $ 81.2US cost a total has project The Panama. in Representative Bank World Abreu, Anabela said problems,” skin and trointestinal gas causes that water contaminated with tact con from sick of getting risk the reduce will In system to sewer access household benefited; addition, especially be will surroundings of the to health watch for and to clean to cook, of children, of care charge in are who Women, cent of Panama’s poorest urban households. per 30 among are which rates, poverty high populations with benefit willsector Burunga the “Comprehensive wastewater management in zone. coastal in estate real in investment and tourism increased through development mic of econo promotion and biodiversity marine of conservation promote will pollution ducing Re of Panama. Bay into flow that streams and rivers into treatment, previous without ped, Source: World Bank GS Magazine L&E February 2014 ------27

RUNNING TITLE GS Magazine February 2014

ECLAC PRESENTS REPORT

RUNNING TITLE RUNNING IN PANAMA

Source: MEF

study by Economic Commission for La- The Minister of Economy, Dulcidio De La Guar- tinA America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) revealed dia, stated that “the information provided is that services, construction and agriculture sec- fundamental to identify which sectors gene- tors absorb 71% of the Panamanian labor force. rate more jobs as a result of public investment, The document entitled: Structural Analysis of the so that the majority of the population has the Panamanian Economy: The Labor Market was necessary resources to satisfy your needs”. presented today at a press conference at the Mi- nistry of Economy and Finance (MEF), by CEPAL The document addresses aspects such as: ge- specialists), Rodolfo Minzer and Ramón Padilla. neration of direct and indirect employment, structural heterogeneity of labor market, the The research proposes to provi- role of exports in the dynamics and quali- de inputs for the design of public poli- ty of employment, and the potential of servi- cies related to generation of employment. ce sector to drive and sustain dynamic growth.

According to the document, services sec- The research was based on the analysis of 60 eco- tor absorbs 48.3% of labor force, construction nomic sectors, 57 corresponding to market activi- 10.4% and agriculture 12.1%. In the first one, fo- ties and three non-market activities, and used as a llowing activities are highlighted: local commer- reference year 2012, a period which, according to ce (14.3%), non-market social services (11.5%), ECLAC, maintains current conditions for analysis. social market services (8.1%) and others; such L&E as repair, maintenance, IT, accounting, domestic services and business services (14.4%).

On the other hand, the study identified that sectors with greater capacity to generate indirect employment are food, beverages, and tobacco, tourism, wood furniture and deri- vatives. However, most of these sectors have a direct job creation capacity much higher than indirect 28 jobs, the study indicates. nama Canal works with the latest technology latest technology the with works Canal nama Pa the of Center Control Traffic Maritime The capacity. and demand greater this manage efficiently more will system new the mented, imple once that so standards, safety and ce performan high to ensure to allocated be have had resources more demand, this meet to In order records. tonnage monthly veral se established has already Canal the In fact, more cargo and bigger neopanamax ships. received has route year,last interoceanic the Canal expanded of the inauguration After efficiency. route improve and day, each ble availa potentially of ships number crease in times, waiting ship custo reduce as will it mers benefit also will technology new The of resources. allocation by optimizing costs reduce help will it In addition, risk. rational ope mitigate help will turn in which making, improve will decision This assistants. deck and pilots tugs, including resources, its all for plan operational integrated to a fully execute able be will waterway the method, new this With operations. transit schedules and plans way Canal the Panama transform will System to customers. its Provides of service. liability re and efficiency increase and safety, prove im to optimizecosts, contribute will which te, growing transit throughthe interoceanic rou- to response in resources of maritime gement mana and programming ofsystem transit

T PROGRAM SERVICE PROGRAM TRAFFICRESOURCE AND MANAGEMENT PANAMA CANAL TO MARITIME LAUNCH NEW he Panama Canal will launch a new a new launch will Canal Panama he ------the end of the fiscal year in September 2017. September in year fiscal the of end the by tooperational be is expected programming traffic Canal for managing responsible module the and years, two over next operations Canal with integrated fully be will system new The 20years. than more for industries gistics lo and transportation to maritime, chain supply of the optimization and planning specializeswhich Systemes, in providing by Dassault owned is a company Quintiq said. Cano customers,” its and Canal the for to a reality make this atQuintiq partners our with toworking be pleased we very are and class, its in best is the technology “In short, (RENOVA) Program Systems . Spinal and ses Proces Renewal of the manager Cano, do Arnol said utilization,” optimize resource constraining and graphical programming to mathematical, and algorithms timization of op route to take advantage able be will we language, modeling advanced the “With optimization and programming problems. complex more of the some by solving cords cognized worldwide for breaking multiple re re has been system new the in used be will that technology The technology. optimal and

Source: ACP GS Magazine L&E February 2014 ------29

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EVERY TWO YEARS THE MINIMUM WAGE IS ACTIVATED RUNNING TITLE RUNNING

Source: Fundación del Trabajo

ursuant to article 174 of the Labor Code, the minimum wage will be fixed perio- gy Of Adjustments to the Minimum Wage. Pdically, at least every two years, accor- The Workshop was convened by the Ministry of ding to recommendation of the Minimum Labor and Labor Development, with the tech- Wage Commission and by Executive Decree. nical assistance of the International Labor Or- Taking into account the aforementioned and ganization, which included the participation of that last revision occurred in 2015 and that the members of the Salary Commission, mem- came into force in 2016, we share with you bers of the Technical Committee on Minimum the Act of the Workshop of International Te- Wages and Sector Observers , Who endorsed chnical Assistance, in Minimum Wage Po- with his signature the Act that we present today. licies, in the Framework of the Methodolo- L&E

WORKSHOP: INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, IN MINIMUM WAGE POLICIES, IN FRAMEWORK OF METHODOLOGY OF MINIMUM WAGE ADJUSTMENTS

Source: Ministry of Labor and Labor Development of Panama (MITRADEL) International Labor Organizatiom (ILO)

CONCLUSIONS ACT va, Ms. Manuela Tomei and Mr. Patrick Belser, who were facilitators of the workshop, together with 1. In the context of the request made by the Minis- The Employment and Labor Market Institutions try of Labor, at request of the business sector, and Specialist, Gerson Martínez (ILO of Costa Rica). with the consent of labor sector, a workshop was convened to harmonize the understanding of ob- 3. Employers and workers stressed that jectives, principles, criteria and requirements for workshop was a technical exercise to sha- a possible adjustment of minimum wage in Pana- re information and views and at the same ma, taking into account the needs of workers and time to explore possible options and sce- their families as well as economic considerations, narios for setting of salary adjustments and to share relevant international experiences. in month of September. They also indicated that results of workshop shouldn’t 2. Technical assistance was requested from ILO, be considered binding on the parties. 30 which was composed of the Director of the De- partment of Labor and Equality of the ILO in Gene- 4. During the workshop, a num- ig n h lvl o hc i i fixed. is it ex for an need Workers the emphasized which to level the on ding depen effects possible and principles Level of adjustment and wage: minimum assessment. impact and ofterms compliance in rates,wage especially system multiple with of a minimum managing complexity the on wage rates, of we minimum reflected tiplicity mul or uniqueness As for the experiences. and strategies international corresponding the of knowing importance interest and the expressed they In regard, this impact. of their evaluation and as well as monitoring actors, wageminimum involving payments, social with compliance at ensuring aimed sures key on of role mea agreed participants The components. different tem rests on wage minimum effective sys thatan also recognized They growth. ble taina sus e and v i s inclu tained, ve sus achie tocies l poli a i c so and of of a set integrated economic part be must but isolation, in used wage be can’t minimum that also emphasized of They wealth. bution distri equitable an lowensure vely wages and wage tomum excessiprotect workers from of mini system. importance stressed Participants wage minimum a of definition the wage and of minimum Importance of were topics discussed,: ber ------for example the lowest of the 20% forhouseholds. example low-incomehouseholds, and patterns tion toto consump CPI calculateaccording the opportunity the workersliving, underlined to of regard cost the With productivity. and adjusting wage minimum were cost of living for to used criteria be possible the Among efficiency. their improving thereby cesses, pro adjustment to parameters guide rent transpa of and having clear utility zed the emphasi turn, in Employers, value. added an that wasit represented jective and clear ob thatunderlying provided option, an such werelogy, willingto they said consider but methodo current to change need the about reservations Workerscountry. expressed the of characteristics specific to adapted be must these but recipe, is single no there las, - of case in formu was it that, recognized tion, In addi dialogue. social replace cumstances cir no under should for adjustment formula or re was that a methodology consensus regarding wage minimum adjustments. The employers workers and Both criteria. social and economic between a balance achieving nomic criteria, particularly productivity, and of into taking eco account zed importance emphasi Employers kers The Panama. in by low-income wor accumulated backlog the considering especially level, of definition prevail families should in their workers and of ofneeds thatsatisfaction the stressed adjustmentsand of wage. minimum They level the basic basket topanded determine inform the decision process process decision the inform formulas or methodologies to use different Countries practices. international methodologies) of adjustment: (or formulas International particularly on prices. wageminimum adjustments, of effects economic and social dataon as ble well as studies for relia- need the emphasized GS Magazine February 2014 ------31

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on final objective. A formula, according to In relation to productivity, it was discus- them, should correct structural gaps and sed whether it would be more appropria- compensate for the loss of real purchasing

RUNNING TITLE RUNNING te to use the country’s average labor pro- power of wages. In particular, Convergen- ductivity or productivity by sector and, in cia Sindical, indicated that it is possible to the latter case, what possible repercus- arrive at an adjustment formula provided a sions would be on gaps between different medium/long-term adjustment process is wage rates for same occupational groups. envisaged to reduce this deficit. Otherwise, current dispersion of wages, including 5. Presentation and discussion of the gap between minimum wages of men the group work (results of the group and women, is destined to be perpetuated. work are in Annex 1 of this document). The Employers emphasized that adop- There is some dissatisfaction with current tion of a scientific methodology for adjus- management of minimum wage. Both emplo- ting minimum wages, by generating spe- yers and workers emphasized that, in general, cific need to have relevant and reliable both countries process a large amount of data data, would “force” public institutions to in anticipation of negotiations on minimum provide better data. That is why it is pro- wage adjustment, and that this information posed that technicians meet to work on tends to be overlooked, since political consi- the prioritization of criteria and variables. derations usually take precedence over acts. Next steps in the Group Work process. There was agreement that information is of great importance in determining wage There needs to be a greater correlation adjustments and that the data currently and balance between social and eco- available are insufficient and don’t include nomic indicators and political decision- some of the data requested by employers making. When private sector sugges- and workers. It was mentioned, for exam- ted introducing a formula, it did so in ple, that data provided by the INEC and the sense of considering it as an additional MEF refer to results and not to estimates component for political decision-making. and projections, although the MEF makes projections for internal use. The workers At the same time, there was a coincidence on emphasized that the problem also lies in the fact that there are margins, opportunity the indicators used, and that new indica- and willingness to improve the management tors can be developed and new measure- of the minimum wage system in the country. ments, such as the expanded basic basket. Part of current dissatisfaction is due to lack The workers agreed that there needs to be of consensus on what should be the objecti- a greater correlation between the data on ve of a minimum wage in Panama and what results and projections and political deci- are the criteria necessary to make minimum sion. Employers noted that the private sec- wage play this role. There is a lack of defined tor had suggested introducing a formula for and agreed criteria on how to be guided in ad- adjusting minimum wages as an additio- justment processes, which also explains re- nal element to facilitate decision making. servations of the working sector to consider the introduction of an adjustment formula. 32 Workers indicated that in order to arrive at a formula it was crucial to identify and agree In order to reach consensus on the cri- and facilitating information that feeds scien that feeds facilitating information and producing in advance must others, among Social, Comptroller, INEC, Seguro de Caja of Labor, MEF,that Ministry MICI, MIDA, wage rates. means minimum adjusted This of evaluation ofand impact the monitoring making, todecision the inform required tion of informa type the and to improve quality by effort an accompanied be must this All dialogue. social strengthening rather but tionalreplacing, without Wage Commission, of Na the decision-making would guide gy methodolo agreed The examined. would be indicators, that would usethose methodology as well as indicators, agreed possible this, From actions. future and Priorities jectives, ob that facilitate on to consensus the reach last wages Panama, yearsin of minimum of the oftrends areading the and situation to makeis of possible current aphotograph using it existing data, commission, technical task for immediate inter-institutionalAs an integrate interests various of sectors. the the need for a scientificand social formulation to as well as the gitimate sides, both interests on to are le sectors recognize that there two the for opened has been space The direction. this in step important has an taken workshop This workers. and of employers concerns gent to know and understand views and it is ur wage, of minimum the justment of ad process guide teria that should ------common? What’s different? 2. What dothe formulas presented in wages?minimum account in Panama for the adjustment of 1. What criteria/variables are taken into Groups: to the to Questions cording ac Work, of Group Presentations I APPENDIX ges, according to the priorities to to defined. be according priorities the ges, sta at successive support to providetechnical The ILO confirmedits willingness to continue appreciated. and waswork acknowledged ILO’s the and that regard facilitation technical in important and beneficial be to considered of was workshop development all. The reach of economy to growth the contributes which justice, social thatdoes formula or logy valuable to develop opportunity a methodo is a thatthere agreed All discussions. chnical te in sector of government inclusion broad to wee hold proposed Employers soon. gin be should that work agreed Participants go beyond inflation and productivity. that variables economic and social various on wage adjustments nimum ofnitoring mi monitoring and effects for mo is a need there future, In the Nationalthe MinimumWage by Commission. determined formulation social and tific steps. Equally important is the is the important Equally steps. isto essential take next concerned of will institutions political The Commission. the in discussion technical the torallel guide pa in proceed should cussion dis political that the ted out Workers (Convergence) poin of ILO. the assistance technical permanent the with meetings kly GS Magazine February 2014 ------33

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support negotiation on a permanent basis. 3. What are advantages and disadvantages of an adjustment formula?

RUNNING TITLE RUNNING Group 2: 4. What would be the viability of these It began with defining what Minimum Wage formulas in Panama in terms of: means (article 173 according to Labor Code). • Availability of data The table agreed to begin with this antecedent. • Access to the data in question • Impact monitoring Question 1 (criteria in Panama): what was • Social dialogue taken into account was what MITRADEL provided, elements considered for technical study but not necessarily for adjustment: Group 1: Evolution of the economy: global and secto- Question 1 (criteria in Panama): The group ral analysis (GDP), levels (CPI), real and no- defined a list of 10 initial variables that can minal wages, basic household food baskets, be expanded: CPI, GDP, Gross Capital For- labor market indicators, labor market and mation (FBKF), Average Salary, Occupa- labor market indicators, labor market po- tion, National and Sectoral GDP, base line verty. Variables that are taken in adjustment for monetary minimum wage And non- are: CPI, Basic food basket cost (50 arti- monetary (UN recommendation), Basic cles), social dialogue, executive discretion Basket, Financial Capacity of Companies. when there is no consensus among productive sectors (employers and workers). Question 2 (common elements): Similarities include the use of projections, utilization of Question 2 (elements in common): In com- GDP, CPI and productivity. Among the differen- mon would be social criteria, namely the ces: different review periods, subjective cri- cost of living; Among economic criteria are teria for defining parameters (eg, Costa Rica). GDP growth and productivity, while a third component is social dialogue. Differences: Question 3 (advantages and disadvantages): the methods of how social and economic Advantages include: predefined criteria, re- variables are calculated, for example, some quire some things not done, monitoring, in- formalize the discretion of the executive, dexing, while others add other should economic variables as an corres- adjustment factor, such pond as the unemployment m o r e rate and / or exit clauses. to adjustment Question 3 (advanta- period. ges and disadvanta- Disadvan- ges): Advantages: for tages: requires political definition, (clarifica- the private sector are the greater predic- tion: it is based on what happens in Panama), tability and less discretion of the executi- the world is dynamic and changing (rigidity ve. For the working sector, there is an ad- of the formula before changes of context). vantage, provided that the baseline and There must be a process of discussion and variables to be considered are conceptua- 34 validation of the variables by the Technical lly defined with their respective calculation Commission. The ILO should continue to methods. However, there is a lot of subjec- - of indica change the on impact mechanism, the in rigidity generate Disadvantages: can criteria. consensual and objective promoting wages, minimum on making decision the in power of political discretion reduce can nents compo other with Advantages: formula the 3 (advantagesQuestion disadvantages): and lowest the quintile. with differs IPC yment, pousse”, de Ratelary, “Coupe of unemplo ofsa the median include some different: GDP.National mon: of and cost living In the 2(common elements):Question com in other.basket ,among basicfood notice, tions labor contracts, opera levels, poverty Fund, data of SS the labor ofpacities companies, ca financial inflation, CPI, data, market labor mission: GDP growth, - to com sented the Some variables pre variables and sectors. of data some in ence abs the identifies It the of analysis that. on its proposals builds and same unified a not but mission com the in that are presented indicators decision making. There are variables and in for indicators are needed sus criteria 1(criteriaQuestion Panama): in Consen Group 3: wage. minimum the of adjustment for fined methodology, haven’t conceptually been de and economic variables, and its calculation social of wages, the for adjustment seline ba useof because for the formulas viability is no is thatthere Worker Sector The tions. to givetes value to calcula that serve the - estima of officialisation for need the sees 4 (viability): private sector Question The ofvariables. some determination in tivity ------Despite some mistrust between the parties, parties, the between mistrust Despite some inspections. of Labor Ministry from for those except monitoring is impact no There Fund. Insurance data of Socail the the for example: ac of data availability is restricted, some cess, Regarding specified. be to needs that of information some handling detailed more that allow indicators new a to construct sary neces is It refined. or expanded be to need not all relevantSome but indicators. lable, 4(feasibility): dataQuestion are avai Some amplified. be can distortions correctors, not Establish and aredistortions, initial there formula), the if impact can CPI for example, base year of the in the thatare generated ges (those criteria chan and methodologies tors,

ween sectors. ween diffi bet culties main to solve the agreements way to build best as the to valued be continues and remains gue dialo social GS Magazine L&E February 2014 ------35

RUNNING TITLE GS Magazine February 2014

RUNNING TITLE RUNNING World

Source: ECLAC

TAX REVENUE IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN CONTINUED TO GROW UP IN FAVOR OF LOW ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMY

ax revenues in Latin American and and Development (OECD), and the OECD De- Caribbean (LAC) countries continued velopment Center, covers 24 countries in the to grow in 2015, according to new fig- region, including Cuba and Belize for first Tures in the annual Tax Statistics in Latin time. The report was launched today during America and the Caribbean. The aver- the XXIX Regional Fiscal Policy Seminar, held age tax/GDP ratio for the countries of at ECLAC headquarters in Santiago, Chile. the region reached 22.8% of GDP in 2015, higher than the 22.2% registered in 2014. Region’s average tax/GDP ratio is 11.4 percentage points of GDP below average level The report, prepared jointly by the Inter- observed for OECD countries (34.3% of GDP). American Center of Tax Administrations This difference between OECD countries (CIAT), Economic Commission for Latin and those in the region is mainly explained America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), the by lower revenue collection for personal in- Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), the come tax and social security contributions Center for Tax Policy and Administration of in LAC countries. However, this difference in 36 the Organization for Economic Cooperation tax-to-GDP ratio between the OECD coun- of GDP 2014 in to 4.4% of GDP 2015 in for the average an fell from of of hydrocarbons 6.8% marketing and production revenues from cal fis result, a As countries. producing gion’s to in a fiscalreduction sharp revenuesin re 2014 since prices oil crude in drop has led substantial The revenues. fiscal region’s on prices of commodity fallpact international in im the analyzes report in section A special lower (8.8%much 24%, and respectively). is region in tax income of personal lection ofcol the participation hand, other the to 8.7%, compared respectively). enues On (16.8%to OECD countries of total rev tax compared high remains region in enues rev tax income of share corporate The average OECD. an with of the in pared 33% 2014, in countries revenues LAC in tax com for 49% accounted oftaxation totalindirect average, On revenue. of main source tax the taxes as indirect on is reliance region in tern pat a common differences, Despite these a Ratio with above OECD average. country only the being 38.6%tina and latter Cuba, in to 32.0% 32.1%Republic Brazil, in Argen in Guatemalain to 13.7% Dominican the in 12.4% from range These countries. tween ratios be tax/GDP the in differences wide are shows thatthere Caribbean the and America Tax Latin in The report Statistics average an - with of 2.1% report this of GDP. in considered of period level - within the its maximum reached tax income sonal 2011.since per from income In contrast, drop revenues region in tax income corporate in first the means This 2015. in region Tax/GDP in increase plains the ratio the in of points GDP) 0.2(by ex and percentage tax income corporate from a fall income in VAT in increase An excise and taxes offset recorded since this information is recorded. 2015 in region the and tries lowest is the ------with the agreement central government. to a tax-sharing revenues are subject al tax however, In Chile, panies. - of subnation 58% com and to exemptions natural persons tax grant bases and taxable establish taxes, cal lo new apply can governments subnational which to degree the as defined autonomy, fiscal of level high havea Mexico and Brazil Argentina, in governments that subnational It is motornoted and vehicles. companies on taxes excise licensing taxes and ownership, real taxesestate on recurring from derived are mainly countries revenues these in tax Subnational region. the in countries nine in governments of subnational structure ing financ examines section special second A natural resources. non-renewable from nues there were additional in declines fiscal reve 2016 It is estimated thatduring metals. and of to minerals due downward prices in trend of GDP 2014 in to 0.4% of GDP 2015 in - was 0.5% fell from -which region the in mining from revenues fiscal of evolution the wise, 10 covered Like analysis. this in countries GS Magazine L&E February 2014 - - - - - 37

RUNNING TITLE GS Magazine February 2014

Main

RUNNING TITLE RUNNING conclussions Ratios de impuestos/PIB

• On average, tax revenues in Latin America cial security contributions increased by 0.1 and the Caribbean increased from 22.2% percentage point of GDP. These increases of GDP in 2014 to 22.8% of GDP in 2015, an offset a decline in corporate income tax increase of 0.6 percentage points. It should revenues of 0.2 percentage points of GDP. be mentioned that tax revenues averaged 20.8% of GDP over last decade.

• The growth in tax revenues is explained by a rise in collection of taxes on goods and services, which increased by an average of 0.5 percentage points of GDP.

There is an increase of 0.1 percentage points of GDP in collection of personal income tax and property taxes. Income from so-

Tax structure

• The share of income taxes and profits in total tax revenues increased between 2003 and 2014, driven in part by higher commodity prices exported by region. However, there is a decrease in this proportion in 2015, from 28.1% to 27.2% of total tax revenue.

• Share of taxes on goods and services fell from 55 percent of total tax revenues in 1990 to 49 percent in 2014. In contrast, share of these taxes in tax revenues for OECD countries remained stable at 38 around 33 % during same period. L&E T ments with about four regional partners, partners, regional four about with ments agree trade preferential had country can average Ameri Latin by year 2000, the fact, In economies. regional tives to strengthen initia are increasing there and have been is not to new region; There concept the But an and open integrated commercial region. of advantages becoming summarizes the and environment global the in change es the analyz which America” Integration Latin in TowardsNeighbors: a Renewal of Economic “Better by World Bank the report flagship isby set This a new growth. sustainable and key be positive to with could a future experts, to according integration, trade of Benefits becoming an open-door neighborhood. of idea interest at with the looks ribbean

LATIN AMERICA LATIN - Ca the and America of Latin region he 5 regional integration regional Reansons strengthening for - - - - tained over years by the tained average an of 20%. - main has been to relation in total exports commercially, volume of intraregional exports to integrate efforts American Despite Latin a small 10%meant to 15% of total trade. exports intraregional Africa, North and East Middle the and Africa Sub-Saharan Asia, as South such regions At extreme, other the of respectively. total 50% and trade, for 60% intra-regional accountedic region, exports 15) Union European Pacif Asia and East and EU15 In the partners. regional + (enlarged between occur halfof flows trade world, In the towards integration. opening a real regional However, always didn’t these show a great 10. about to rose figure this 2013 by while Source: World Bank GS Magazine February 2014 - 39

RUNNING TITLE GS Magazine February 2014

This graph gives an account of the im- profits, either by buying or selling products pact of intraregional exports in re- that make up the same value chain or by ex- lation to total exports in 2014: changing technology, knowledge and talent.

RUNNING TITLE RUNNING A deeper integration between small and lar- But why should Latin America stren- ge countries in South America, Central Ameri- gthen trade integration? According ca and Mexico would be much more beneficial. to the study, here are some reasons: 4. Lower customs costs and fewer 1. It is an already proven formula barriers

The current momentum for regional integra- Lowering tariff barriers is another way of ope- tion has been influenced by the success of ning up to regionalization. In this way, ca- the East Asia and Pacific region, where intra- pacity of the region could be facilitated to regional trade and exports to the rest of the connect between countries, to be more world have significantly increased revenues. efficient and to improve mutual learning. At first glance, this suggests that pursuing formal political agreements to strengthen 5. Regional integration is key to economic ties within the region could drive integrating the world growth in Latin America and the Caribbean. A business strategy can make a region much 2. It is key to improving connectivity more efficient and powerful. It allows sharing knowledge; Have more competitive tariffs among Further regional integration could drive poli- partners that lower the cost of products; Genera- cies that improve the quality of infrastructure te more business; And, ultimately, be more eco- and connectivity. At present, logistics costs in nomically competitive with the rest of the world. region are among highest in the world. Geogra- Open regionalization allows the exchange of key phic obstacles make the region facing higher goods for regional competitiveness, such as elec- costs than other regions. In fact, the quality of tricity and land transport, to be much less costly. transport routes is relatively poor compared to the rest of the world: almost 70% of the roads In conclusion, a competitive region is needed to are unpaved, a rather high percentage com- make a competitive economy. The challenge now pared to East Asia and the Pacific and the is to create a joint agenda that will lead to greater Middle East and North Africa (Less than 30%). gains for the entire region, concludes the study. L&E 3. The taste is in the difference The study states that the more diverse the countries that agree on trade agreements, the more they can complement and greater

40 “ 2016-2020 achieving in is a key and element yearsGroup’s for the Plan (i) Action Forest development. and World Bank the in appears approach This climate both for nefits be to generate order in sectors, different - these factors - between opposing not just complementarities finding means rests fo about smart being At World Bank, the employment. and of a source income being air and water filtration, soil fertility, as well as sequestration, carbon by including forests, provided services valuable also undermine can they communities, of local well-being the and of countries development economic for are essential activities these while hand, other the On wood. from for fuels demand and of mining, roads and development land, of of expansion factors, agricultural including by areanumber driven world the in gradation forest de and deforestation hand, one the On forests. from get we benefits the prove how to and - im sectors other in tivities by- ac how forests are affected derstand to un landscapes scrutinizing with do it has to toInlation essence, forests”? re in to “intelligent it mean be does What natural resources. fundamental most our of of one forests, to management the them transformativeto - versal and apply trans be and - to havenologies capacity of tech of of qualities intelligent some the It isto time take advantage phones. cell with

ENVIRONMENT FORESTS” GENERATE BENEFITS FOR PEOPLE AND STRATEGIES RELATION IN “INTELLIGENT TO Smart” approaches can’t only be used used be only can’t approaches Smart” ------(according to 2011 estimates) directly and (GDP) product Mozambique’s gross domestic of 3% for almost accounts already sector try fores The gas emissions. greenhouse and deforestation reduce time at same - And crops agricultural and production charcoal and as timber forests - such affect that can of activities sustainability the improving ted, and medium-sized landowners are inves of small of thousands livelihoods project, res of year. forest each are lost this Through 140 hecta about rests. In country, this 000 to fo approach asmart implements Group of how example World Bank is a good (i) llion USD 47 worth mi a project In Mozambique, and energy agriculture,ment, among others. manage disaster risk infrastructure, dustries, in also extractive in but sector forestry the in not only of range sectors, a in wide expertise draw its to on can note World Bank that the It is important scale. alarger on plemented innovative im be design that can solutions to and benefit mutual for opportunities tify to iden key partners various with to working to forests is approach a smart Implementing energy. materials and building rests for food, of usefo more millions hundreds velihood, li for their them exclusively on almost rely forests live and near who or in people million to million 350 to 300 the In addition sources. to thanks forest re poverty extreme from 1 11in world, the Around emerge people to poor. the Crucial forests providesupport as goals, reduction World poverty Bank’s the Source: World Bank GS Magazine February 2014 ------41

RUNNING TITLE Legislación y Economía March 2017

employs 22,000 people and there is consi- cluding measures such as implementation derable potential to increase these benefits. of solutions Infrastructure based on nature.

Another example is the work of World This project, with additional assistance Bank in Moldova, where most poor com- from Forest Program (i) and Global Fund munities depend on agriculture for sub- for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, will: sistence, but competitiveness of agri- (i) benefit 300,000 Jamaicans through food exports remains relatively low. better preparedness to climate change.

One of the goals of Agricultural Sector Com- Regardless of what drives changes in fo- petitiveness Project in this country is to rest cover, they can have very real and far- increase the use of sustainable land ma- reaching impacts on communities and nagement practices such as forest sha- their well-being, as well as global clima- ding, which can limit soil erosion and car- te. In an increasingly complex and inter- bon sequestration while contributing to connected world, development challen- To generate higher yields for farmers. ges, including those related to forests, demand more comprehensive responses. We are also learning more about how to har- The International Day of Forests, held on ness positive impacts of forests to reduce 21 March, is a reminder that being smart risks of natural disasters. Mangroves, for about forests is a crucial approach to achie- example, can’t only act as a buffer against ving sustainable development goals. L&E storms, floods and coastal erosion, but also provide valuable habitat for wildlife, which translates into positive results for fisheries, tourism and Jobs at the local level. In Ja- maica - one of the countries most vulnerable to natural hazards - a project worth USD 30 42 million (i) aims to help Government strengthen country’s resilience to such threats, in- Legislación y Economía March 2017

RESIDUAL WATERS, AN OPEN-ENDED OPPORTUNITY

Source: FAO

AO celebrated World Water Day on enough effort, there is potential to turn 22F March recalling the opportunity of wastewater into a valuable resource.” treated wastewater for agriculture and improving food security and nutrition. “The challenges to achieve this vary by country, but many challenges are shared Globally, most wastewater is released and we need close cooperation among na- into environment without being treated. tions to push action on this issue,” he added. As a result, in many regions of the world contaminated water is poured into riv- Fiji’s government is about to assume ers and lakes and ends up in the oceans. presidency of the next Conference of But treated and reused wastewater can the Parties to the United Nations Frame- be a cost-effective and sustainable so- work Convention on Climate Change. lution to the scarcity of this resource. Fiji’s government is about to assume presidency of the next Con- “We need to use water in agriculture in a ference of Parties to the UN Frame- more efficient, productive, equitable and work Convention on Climate Change. environmentally friendly way and where quality is not compromised,” said FAO More results with less water Deputy Director General María Helena While agriculture accounts for about 70 Semedo at a World Water Day ceremony percent of freshwater consumption, only held at headquarters of the UN Organi- a small percentage of treated wastewater zation in Rome. “We should maximize is reused for agricultural purposes. FAO potential of wastewater as a valuable works with its member countries to increase and sustainable resource,” she added. their recycling in a safe and safe manner.

In his speech, Fiji’s President Jioji Ko- In Jordan, for example, 90 percent of nousi Konrote said: “There is an urgent treated wastewater is used for irrigation, need for more investment and research and in Israel this percentage is close to 50 into wastewater management to reduce percent. We know that at least 50 coun- the potentially deadly impact of waste- tries around the world use wastewater to water pollution on our environment. With irrigate, representing 10 percent of all ir- 43 Legislación y Economía March 2017

rigated land. However, data remains in- complete in many regions, as in Africa.

The Global Water Scarcity Framework, launched by FAO, promotes alternatives such as rainwater harvesting and re-use of treated wastewater. It also encourages the exchange of knowledge and the development of innovative approaches to address- ing water-related problems in agriculture. A resource, rather than a problema The report on the development of water resources in the world, published today by UN-Water, calls for a quantita- tive change to consider wastewater as a resource, rather than a problem, in a world where water is increasingly scarce.

FAO has contributed to the report with a chapter highlighting that agriculture is both a producer and user of wastewater and that the sector can both cause and suffer the consequences of pollution.

Treated wastewater can also be a potential source of raw materials such as phosphorus and nitrates that could become fertilizers. It is estimated that 22 percent of global demand for phosphorus - a finite mineral resource - could be covered by the reuse of treated wastewater.

Improved wastewater management also generates social, environmental and economic benefits and contributes to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. The key to optimizing wastewater management is to underline its benefits and increase social acceptance of its use. L&E

44 Legislación y Economía March 2017

REFERENCE BASE TO ACHIEVE ODS GOAL 8.7 WORLD ESTIMATION OF MODERN SLAVERY 2017

Source: OIT

1. What is the purpose of the global of any and any Which such individual does estimate? not volunteer. “ Forced labor includes practices such as slavery, slavery-like practices, Accurate and reliable data is an essential debt bondage and serfdom defined in other tool for dealing with complex social chal- international instruments, namely the Slavery lenges. Data provide information on spe- Convention of the League of Nations (1926) cific issues and also enable policy makers and the Convention Supplementary Agree- to make evidence-based strategic decisions, ment on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave project implementers identify obstacles, Trade and Institutions and Practices Simi- and partners involved in related develop- lar to Slavery of the United Nations (1956). ment initiatives offset funding deficits. “Forced marriage” is defined as the mar- Estimating the incidence of modern slavery riage decided by another person with- provides a vision of the global scope of the out the consent of one of the parties. problem, facilitating the development of specific policies and actions at the national, regional and global levels. The global estimate 3. When was the last world estimate of of modern slavery in 2017 will provide bench- modern slavery published? marks from which to measure the progress of global efforts to eradicate modern slavery. This will be the first global estimate of modern slavery produced by the In- ternational Labor Organization (ILO) 2. What is modern slavery? and the Walk Free Foundation (WFF).

The term “modern slavery” has not been de- Previously the ILO had developed estimates fined by any international instrument. For of forced labor together with a methodol- the purpose of elaborating the World Es- ogy used for appraisal in 2005 and 2012. The timate of Modern Slavery of 2017, “mod- WFF produces the World Slavery Index which ern slavery” will encompass two compo- provides an estimate of modern slavery, nents: forced labor and forced marriage. country by country, as well as a global total.

The term “forced or compulsory labor” is It is important to note that the ILO and WFF defined by the ILO Convention (No. 29) on are harmonizing their data and their ef- Forced Labor, 1930, Article 2.1 as “any work or forts in order to produce a unique global service required of an individual under threat estimate that can be used as a bench- 45 Legislación y Economía March 2017

mark to measure progress since 2017. The estimate will be based on the most ro- bust data available worldwide, including:

4. What is the methodology? • Surveys conducted jointly by the ILO and the Walk Free Foundation in 27 countries. Modern slavery is a rare occurrence (from These surveys are based on the experi- statistical point of view), largely con- ence of both organizations in developing cealed and therefore difficult to measure. surveys to understand the magnitude of In recent years, there have been impor- modern slavery. Surveys included face-to- tant investments and great progress in the face interviews with people from all over methodology used to quantify this crime, the world, all conducted in local language. including through survey methodologies that seek to overcome technical difficulties. • Surveys conducted by the Walk Free Foun- dation from 2014 to 2016, which provide In 2017, for the first time, survey data, based data from 26 other countries. These sur- on random, representative samples at the na- veys are based on face-to-face interviews tional level, will be available on prevalence of in 53 languages in all these countries. forced labor and forced marriage in more than 50 countries. Together with other pre-existing • Information on database on global as- data, such as the International Organization sistance to victims of trafficking in IOM. for Migration (IOM) database of global assistance to victims of trafficking, it provides a firm 6. How the figures will be presented? basis for the most reliable estimate of modern slavery. The estimate will provide an over- The World Estimate of Modern Slav- view of situation at regional and global levels. ery of 2017 has two components: forced labor and forced marriage. The ILO is also leading an initiative to bring together professionals working on the mea- The forced labor component of the estimate surement of forced labor to identify the mini- will consist of: mum requirements to carry out this work. • Forced labor imposed by the State; This is a recommendation of the 19th Con- • Forced labor involving commercial sexual ference of Labor Statisticians, which in 2013 exploitation; and adopted a recommended resolution that: • Forced labor in the private economy “The ILO establishes a working group to share best practices in forced labor sur- The three types of forced labor will be pre- veys to encourage such surveys in a great- sented as population (number of people, er number of countries. The working group on average, who were forced into forced la- should involve ILO constituents and other bor at any given time during last five years), experts in discussion and development of and as a flow (number of people who expe- international guidelines in order to harmo- rienced work Forced during last five years). nize concepts, formulate statistical defini- tions, standardized lists of criteria and re- In addition, global estimate of forced labor search tools on forced labor, And to report in private economy will be broken down by: to the 20th International Conference of La- • Sex and large age groups (children and bor Statisticians on progress achieved.” adults); • Sector of economic activity; 5. Where do data come from for the • Average duration of forced labor World Estimate of Modern Slavery of • Type of means of coercion imposed on 2017? victims; 46 • Region of residence and region of exploita- Legislación y Economía March 2017 tion. 10. ¿Qué es la Meta 8.7 de los ODS?

7. Who is in charge of the estimation? En 2015, los líderes del mundo adop- taron los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sos- The World Estimates of Modern Slavery has tenible (ODS) para 2030: 17 objeti- two authors, the International Labor Or- vos interdependientes y 169 metas ganization (ILO) and the Walk Free Foun- asociadas para orientar el desarrollo mundial. dation. The International Organization for La Meta 8.7 de los ODS exhorta los gobier- Migration (IOM) is a contributing partner. nos a: “Adoptar medidas inmediatas y efi- caces para erradicar el trabajo forzoso, The World Modern Slavery Estimate of poner fin a las formas modernas de- es 2017 will be issued as a product of Alli- clavitud y la trata de seres humanos y ase- ance 8.7 at the same time as the World Es- gurar la prohibición y eliminación de las timate of Child Labor in 2017, as part of peores formas de trabajo infantil, inclui- a package entitled “Global Estimates of dos el reclutamiento y la utilización de ni- Modern Slavery and Child Labor 2017.” ños soldados y, a más tardar en 2025, poner fin al trabajo infantil en todas sus formas.”

8. When and where this study will be 11. How will these estimates help to ef- presented? fectively measure ODS Goal 8.7?

Alliance 8.7, together with lead organiza- The Global Slavery Estimate of 2017 tions and partners, will present the Glob- will provide regional and global figures al Estimates of Modern Slavery and Child from which to measure the progress of Labor in 2017 during the 72nd session global efforts to achieve ODS Goal 8.7. of the United Nations General Assembly. The World Modern Slavery Estimate of 2017 A series of national and regional events will provide a better understanding of the are planned worldwide to disseminate extent of the problem with figures disag- the Global Estimates of Modern Slav- gregated by gender, age, economic activ- ery and Child Labor in 2017 and to push ity, average duration of forced labor, type action to achieve Goal 8.7 of the ODS. of coercion imposed on victims, region of residence And region of exploitation. Global estimates will also be presented to the IV World Conference on the Eradication of Child Labor, which, under ODS Target 8.7, 12. What is the Alliance 8.7? will address problems related to forced labor and, in this context, Quality for young peo- Alliance 8.7 is a global strategic partnership ple. The Conference will take place from 14 committed to achieving Goal 8.7 of the Sus- to 16 November in Buenos Aires, Argentina. tainable Development Goals, which calls on the world to “take immediate and effective action to eradicate forced labor, stop modern 9. When will the next estimate be pub- forms of slavery and trafficking in human be- lished? ings and to ensure prohibition and elimina- tion of worst forms of child labor, including It is planned to publish the Global Esti- recruitment and use of child soldiers and, mates of Modern Slavery every four years. by 2025, to end child labor in all its forms.”

Alliance 8.7 aims to achieve Goal 8.7 and support associated Goals 5.2, 16.2, 16.3 and 47 Legislación y Economía March 2017

16.through coordination of national, regional and global efforts, and focusing on acceler- ating deadlines, sharing knowledge, fostering innovation and mobilizing resources. More information can be found at www.alliance87.org .

13. What is the International Labor Organization?

The International Labor Organization (ILO) is the United Nations agency for the world of work. It establishes international labor standards, promotes rights at work and fosters decent employment opportunities, enhances social protection, and strengthens dialogue on labor-related issues. The ILO has a unique structure that brings together representatives of governments, employers and workers. It was founded in 1919 and has 187 Member States. More information can be found at www.ilo.org

14. What is the Walk Free Foundation?

The Walk Free Foundation is an international human rights organization with the mission of eradicating modern slavery in a generation. It was founded by Andrew and Nicola Forrest and offers information and skills that countries require to fight against slavery in their jurisdictions. The Foundation is well positioned in anti-lavery debate, working with various actors, such as governments (Global Slavery Index), corporations/ corporations (Bali Economic Process Fo- rum) and the Global Freedom Network. L&E

48 Legislación y Economía March 2017

Lisbeth Martéz - Asistente [email protected]

mother, who was a member of the board Ilustrious of directors, he met with senior IBM ex- ecutives in Seattle. He managed to sell them the DOS operat- PEOPLE ing system, although he still didn’t have it BILL GATES and then bought it at Real name: William Henry Gates III a very low price from Birth: October 28, 1955 versity and moved a young programmer. U.S. citizenship to Albuquerque, Al- tair headquarters, IBM needed that op- William Henry Gates III (October 28, 1955, Seattle, Washington) is an American entrepreneur, cofounder to agree with that erating system to of software company Microsoft, maker of Windows, company to assign a compete with Apple, the most widely used personal computer operating system in the world. computer language, which is why trad- Basic, to 50% of sales. ing was flexible. Mi- crosoft wanted the He studied at the pri- took him a week to The following year, he license rights, main- vate and high school outdo his teacher. learned of the success tenance, and even the of Lakeside, in Se- Also at Lakeside, of the Apple com- ability to sell the DOS attle. This school al- Gates met Paul Allen, pany and that they to other companies. ready had a computer with whom he would need an interpreter in the year 1968. Thus later found Microsoft. from Basic. He tried IBM made the big- Gates had the possi- to present his version gest mistake of its bility to contact soon He created the soft- to Apple, but he was history and accept- with the machine and ware company Micro- not even received. ed, considering that to take pleasure to soft on April 4, 1975, what would produce computer science. and was a student at In 1980, as Presi- dividends would be He didn’t take long Harvard University. In dent of Microsoft the hardware and not 49 to learn and it only 1976, he left the uni- and with help of his the software. A few Legislación y Economía March 2017

days later, Microsoft bought the copy- as a direct competitor of Macintosh. right to the QDOS from Tim Paterson who worked for Seattle Computer Prod- At the end of the second millennium, ucts for $ 50,000, which he gave to IBM Microsoft Windows operating system without changing anything other than (in all its versions) was used on most the name of MS-DOS (Microsoft DOS). personal computers on the planet. He is married to Melinda French, and both Aware of the importance of graphic en- hold the leadership of the Bill and Melinda vironment that Apple had shown in his Gates Foundation, dedicated to rebalanc- computer Lisa, it was proposed to get the ing health and education opportunities graphic environment and the “mouse” globally, especially in less favored regions. to operate it. Meanwhile, Steve Jobs, founder of Apple, started the develop- On June 16, 2006 he announced his in- ment of the Macintosh, Bill Gates vis- tention, in July 2008, to abandon his daily ited Apple. He offered to improve his tasks at the head of Microsoft to dedicate spreadsheets and other programs. He himself entirely to the foundation. The threatened to sell his computer equip- transition of responsibilities will be pro- ment to IBM, resulting in an Apple-Micro- gressive to avoid negative affections in the soft alliance. Microsoft took advantage daily development of the company, con- of graphical environment and with the tinuing as President of Honor of the same. mouse, and released Microsoft Windows,

WARREN BUFFETT

Name: Warren Edward Buffett. Birth: August 30, 1930. U.S. citizenship He was born in Omaha, Nebraska, on August 30, 1930, where he currently lives and works. Despite his advanced age and immense fortune, he continues to work actively. It is known as “The Oracle of Omaha” for its ease to enter into businesses that go up like foam.

The Buffett fam- They had three chil- age 11 that he want- what is not known ily was humble: children. The second of ed to be a millionaire. is where the desire dren and grandchil- them demonstrated His father was a Re- to amass millions dren of grocers, who dowries for mathe- publican congress- comes because his rose very slowly to matics and an eager- man for 4 legislatures father never showed the middle class. ness to collect things, and later became a a special interest They were people from stamps to bottle brokerage company, in becoming a mil- who came from the plates. He was the where Warren Buf- lionaire. When con- Lutheran culture one who, based on fett worked for some gressional salaries of hard work, hon- listening at the din- years. The integrity increased from $ esty and winning ner talks on interest and righteousness 10,000 to $ 12,500, 50 things for oneself. rates, profits and div- of Warren come from he rejected increase idends, declared at education received, and didn’t un- Legislación y Economía March 2017

derstand his son’s passion. He tried to get a job with Graham’s signature and it was his first failure. Finally, he got the job It was neither Warren nor anything else. At that at Graham-Newman and there he learned a lot time, his parents smiled patronizingly, but he about investing in stocks, following the rules went to his room and brought a small wooden of his teacher. Graham retired and Buffett re- box that would not let anyone touch, not even to turned to Omaha in 1956 with no plan in mind, clean the dust. From a space between the draw- until someone asked him to handle his invest- ers he drew US $ 120, a considerable amount ments. That’s how Warren Buffett started. He for 1941, and invested in six shares of the Cities created a limited partnership in this city, using Services Preferred that he shared with his sister. capital from his family and friends. The yield obtained between 1956 and 1969 was 29.5% After a fluctuation of price he thought that he per year, a vertiginous figure if we think that the would lose money, and he re-sold them winning most common in this market is to find figures five dollars a share as soon as they rose again. between 7 and 11%. This means a cumulative But he once recalled that “just a few months return of around 2,900%. The company was a later, CSP raised more than US $ 200, and I re- great success and has since achieved an av- alized that I had stopped making a lot of money erage annual profit of 23 percent. As his abil- because I was in too much of a hurry. It was ity with finance became known, more people my first great lesson... And third, be aware that placed their trust in him, leaving his savings in when you invest, if you lose, you’re going to hands of Buffett and increasing his capital base. make someone angry a lot... I learned it in the worst possible way, since when the value Of After several years, he came to the conclusion CSP was down, my sister saw him every morn- that the market was overvalued as a whole ing in the newspaper and went all the way to and that it would be impossible for him to con- school reminding me. It’s a much bigger night- tinue to reap the returns he had achieved so mare than the toughest board of shareholders.” far. He decided in 1969 to liquidate the company he had created by returning lucky in- At the age of 16, he founded a Wilson Coin- vestors to his capital and his proportionate Operated Machine Company, which was based share of the profits, and acquired a share of his business on repairing pinball machines and Berkshire Hathaway, a textile firm that was on then installed them in various establishments. the brink of bankruptcy, giving its original in- The first purchase was made for $ 25 and af- vestors the Opportunity to invest. Some did. ter installing the machine that same night had already raised $ 4 and that was the beginning From 1969 to 2003, Berkshire business had of his meteoric career as an entrepreneur. With an average annual return of 22.2% com- money generated by this business he bought pared with 10.4% of the S & P 500 including a farm in Nebraska for $ 1,200. He was also dividends. This “small” difference of 11.8% engaged in collecting and reselling golf balls is enormous due to the compound inter- and distributing newspapers, which earned est effect. A dollar invested in a S & P-in- him a total of $ 9,000 with which he paid for dexed fund would have been converted into his studies at the University of Nebraska. theory (excluding expenses and taxes) at $ The first company of the billionaire was Buf- 4,743. The same dollar invested in Berkshire fett Associates, which started with a capital would have become, theoretically, $ 259,485. of $ 105,000. After years of overtaking Wall Street profits, the investor decided to liq- It should be noted that Berkshire Hathaway uidate it and created Buffett Partnerships. owns 63 companies. Buffett writes one letter 51 a year to each CEO of these companies, wish- Legislación y Economía March 2017

ing them good omens for the next year also Most of the money will be given to the Bill and with their respective goals to meet. They never Melinda Gates Foundation, with specific in- hold meetings or call regularly on the phone. structions to be spent on the welfare of mankind.

He doesn’t use a mobile phone or computer. The “Oracle of Omaha” will also go down Owning the eighth largest company in the in history for making the most expensive world with assets close to $ 400 billion or donation ever known, 85% of its wealth being third richest man on the planet (2013) to charities and, among these donations, means nothing to Buffett, who bought himself has given $ 31 billion) to the foundation a modest house in 1962 and is still living in it . that his friend Bill Gates is with his wife. He also collected wisdom, and his knowledge has become a paradigm. They have This association will receive most of Buffett’s written a score of books and countless ar- fortune when he dies, even though the investor ticles analyzing their style of management has three children. Warren Buffet stated that and their nose to detect good stock prices. virtually all of his fortune will go to the Buffet Foundation. They will get some of the bonds One of the keys to its philosophy is not to and shares of Buffett, which the billionaire says buy anything that doesn’t guarantee an in- is “more money than anyone can dream.” The creasing productivity value: stocks with as- richest man in the world opposes the principle sets anchored to the ground, well oiled en- of transferring large fortunes from one gen- gines, solid walls and well-sealed windows. eration to another. Buffet has always said that “it’s not good to leave your children enough He announced that he would donate 99% of money to think they do not have to work.” his money to charity. But not only was the amount striking, the mode also attracted at- Buffett’s lifestyle and career are a success sto- tention, it wouldn’t do it through convention- ry, different from the rest of the investors. He al means and nothing would bear its name. studies and moderates quietly until he finds the right price and once he buys, he doesn’t sell. L&E

52 Legislación y Economía March 2017

BILL GATES AND WARREN BUFFETT SPEAK ABOUT TRUMP, LIFE AND FUTURE

espite the uncertainty in EE. Two of the what we read daily in headlines, the world is world’s three richest men are optimistic. improving and our best days are still to come.

A few weeks ago I was in New York, where Here are some of my favorite ques- DI had a conversation with Warren Buffett tions and excerpts from our answers. at Columbia University. The event, moder- ated by journalist Charlie Rose, combined What are your biggest hopes and con- two of my favorite things: meeting college cerns in this new political environment? students and talking to my friend Warren. Warren Buffett (W. B.): The United States will Over the years I have had the opportunity to move forward. What has happened in this speak with thousands of students on campus nation for 240 years is an absolute mira- across the United States. Their youthful en- cle. The most fortunate person in history of ergy, their passion and their curiosity are con- the world is the one born in this country to- tagious and help fuel my optimism. Similarly, day. I bought my first stock when I was 11, in Warren’s wit and wisdom are a national trea- April 1942. The Dow was at 100 points. If you sure. As it has done during the 25 years that look, you will see that it currently stands at our friendship has lasted, it captivated everyone 20,000. Something good must have happened in the room (and a million more on Facebook). since then, and it will continue to happen.

(Also: Buffett Millionaire Challeng- Bill Gates (B.G.): The optimism is partly be- es Trump to Disclose Tax Return) cause US innovation is strong and support for Warren Buffett and I answered a wide range of research is largely bipartisan, so every year questions about global health, fear of failure, should bring more breakthroughs. This admin- education, innovation, business, our friend- istration (that of Donald Trump) is quite new; We ship, and books. If there is an underlying theme, do not know what your budget priorities will be. 53 it would be our common belief that, despite Legislación y Economía March 2017

If the Government asked for your advice on has done all sorts of things for you. And I rec- immigration, what would you recommend? ognize it absolutely. But in the end, if I have ‘x’ dollars to spend, I can improve the lives of more W. B .: This country is built on immigration. We people if I assign it intelligently in other parts are sitting here, in part, because of two Jewish of the world. And that attracts a lot of criti- immigrants who in August 1939 signed what is cism, but I assume, since that’s what I think. perhaps the most important letter in the history of the United States. Leo Szilard and Albert Ein- B. G .: In terms of helping people in other coun- stein, two immigrants who came directly from tries, the US foreign aid budget is 8 percent of Germany (formerly Szilard from Hungary), told the budget. And in next few years there will be President Franklin D. Roosevelt that the Ger- a discussion about whether it’s worth it. And in mans were about to develop an atomic bomb, terms of stability and countries that are finally which was likely to work and that it was It’s self-sufficient to be part of the global economy, better that we get to work on something fast. there are some huge benefits that come out of it. And from there arises the Manhattan Project. So, if we were talking about spending 20 or 30 If it had not been for those two immigrants, percent abroad, I agree, that would be a very who knows if we would be sitting in this room. interesting discussion. But what we are try- This country has been blessed by immigrants, ing to preserve is something that has proven to and you can take examples of any country be beneficial and is becoming more and more you want and see that they have arrived here intelligently, things in which our foundation in- and found something that unleashed their po- vests as a whole or independently, as in polio. tential, something that failed to unleash the So I am hopeful that this can remain a priority. place they left behind. We are the product of it. Si volvieran a empezar, ¿en qué industria estarían? (Special: Apple, Facebook and Google ¿Dónde empezarían hoy su propio negocio? take legal action before Trump’s decree) W. B.: Yo haría lo mismo. Para empezar, sería un Both have invested a lot of money over- fracaso en cualquier otra cosa. Me divertí cuan- seas, but there are pressing problems in the do tenía 20 años y a los 30. Y ahora que tengo United States. There are poor and sick peo- 86, me sigo divirtiendo. Así que no me canso de ple here, and we should deal with that before aconsejar a los estudiantes: busquen el empleo we tackle anything abroad, don’t you think? que tomarían si no necesitaran trabajar. Lo que quiero decir es que no vayan por la vida como W. B .: My opinion is that all lives have same sonámbulos y no digan que todo va a estar bien, value. If you have a limited amount of dollars, que haré esto y aquello, y que solo estoy marcan- you can actually do a lot, and in many ways, do el tiempo para envejecer. Les digo lo que les more people out there than in the United States. he dicho a todos: eso es como ahorrar sexo para Here we have more resources for 320 million la vejez, es una locura. No es una buena idea. people than those around the world for more than 7 billion people. So you can improve the B.G.: Bueno, me encantan las ciencias du- luck of more people by spending wisely a bil- ras. Probablemente escogería la informáti- lion dollars, or any other amount, in other places. ca, debido a que el trabajo en inteligen- cia artificial está en un nivel muy avanzado. Coming from Omaha and having the money I (Además: Esto es lo que se vi- 54 have, people might well say, why not spend it ene en tecnología para el 2017) all on Omaha? You grew up here, and Omaha Legislación y Economía March 2017

How did they overcome their fear of failure? W. B .: I suppose what surprised me initially is that B. G .: I think I was very lucky that when I attended we have many things in common, such as curi- high school, they took a computer and developed osity. Bill tried to sell me a computer, and that’s a fascination for it and I became a little fanatical, probably the only sale he could not make. Sub- so I didn’t see it as risky, I saw it as a hobby. But I sequently, computer improved my life greatly. think it’s great to take risks, especially when you’re young, trying different things or fields, which B. G .: One of the first questions he asked are not very popular and that you could enjoy. me was: “Hey, Microsoft is a small company, and IBM is gigantic. Why do you think you W. B .: Don’t fear failure. Harvard turned me down. can do better? Why can’t you win in the ‘soft- It was the best thing that could have happened to ware’ game? “I used to ask myself that every me. There are some good things that happened day, but no one had asked me that question. that didn’t look good at the time. Don’t worry. Don’t look back, keep going because some things And then we talk about the software econo- will happen and you will forget them. Go ahead. my, which is very particular, and he related it to things he had already seen. I did not understand Is there any important life les- anything about the bank, why some people go son you have learned about relation- ahead and others don’t. But he was able to put ships through your personal experiences? that in very clear terms. I found someone whose model of the world was so rich that it helped W. B .: Well, that’s a very important question. You me to understand the things I wanted to know. will move in the direction in which the people with whom you associate move. Therefore, it is impor- I would emphasize his humility and his sense tant to partner with people who are better than of humor. He enjoys what he does, and shares you. In fact, the most important decision that it with other people. Even when I ask ques- many of you will take, not all, will be to choose your tions that are quite naive and have prob- spouse. And you must associate with people who ably done 50 times, he is very kind. L&E are the kind of person you would like to be. Be- cause they will surely move in that direction. And BILL GATES * the most important person in this regard is your Founder of Microsoft spouse. I emphasize how important this is. And This text originally appeared in ‘GatesNotes’, Bill they’re right, the friends they have will form them Gates’ blog as they go through life. Make good friends and keep them for the rest of your lives, but they have to be people you admire, just like they do to you.

B. G .: Some friends get the best of you, and that’s why it’s good to invest in those friend- ships. And some friends defy you about the things you’re doing, and that level of intimacy is great. It’s really through Melinda and seeing other people as I realized that it’s really worth the dedication to these people, since you’re always there to help them, and vice versa. 55 What surprises you the most from each other? Legislación y Economía March 2017 Panama Owner of his own destiny

Albin Rodríguez [email protected]

he Panama team tied 1-1 game at Estadio Rommel Fernández. with their United States I have lived a typical game of elimi- counterpart in a fierce match natory, two rivals with discipline, at- at Estadio Rommel Fernan- titude, Panama an orderly team and dez for the fourth date of trying to balance from the beginning the CONCACAF hexagonal. of the match against the United Sta- TThe United States advanced on sco- tes that came to complicate mentio- reboard in the 40th minute through ned the coach of Panamanian team. Clint Dempsey who scored at pleasure against Penedo after receiving assis- It wins with draw against the United tance from Pulisic who stole the ball to States, I don’t feel sorry for having Baloy who was wrong to leave the area. tied, I liked discipline of the team Panama didn’t lower the arms and in and how the game was played. The a side of Adolfo Machado to the area, attitude of the team was noticed af- the American defense couldn’t clear ter losing in Trinidad, today the two and the ball was left to Gabriel “Gavi- teams went to look for the result. lán” Gómez that shot to the goalkee- Regarding not being able to score per Tim Howard to put 1-1 the 44. despite creating opportunities, the strategist from Panama commen- With the draw, Panama reached five ted: “They are very anxious all, I was (5) points to stay in third place, whi- inclined to experience players, it is le the United States reached four the need and despair to be in World (4) to place in the fourth position. Cup, it is something to be improved.

Cápsula deportiva Mexico is first with 10 points, Cos- L&E ta Rica second with 7, Honduras fifth with 4 after drawing 1-1 with the Ti- cos and Trinidad and Tobago with 3 after losing 1-0 with the Mexicans. Statements by Bolillo Gomez. Coach Hernán “Bolillo” Gómez said 56 he doesn’t feel sorry for having tied against the United States in an even

Canada. and Mexico with bid a joint submit it could 2026, in although tournament the favorite is States the United toThe win May. in ratification for Council FIFA the to presented will be confederations, tal continen ofsix the leaders the and tino by FIFAformed Infan Gianni President agroup of bureau, the proposal The teams. that will feature 48 tournament 2026 of for the increases quota as part tickets direct toAsiafour from and eight nine, to five from increase would Africa by FIFA the Thursday ed bureau. present to proposal the according would also have half a dozen teams, America South and quota, current their 2026, in twice World Cup the in World Cup 2026 teams forhave six CONCACAF It will CONCACAF would haveCONCACAF teams six L&E - - - A ht ae hm h classification. the them gave that of Barrera Juan atriplet 3-0 with Haitians the beat in Managua in turn leg first re disputed in Port-au-Prince and in 3-1 rallied Nicaragua in Cleveland. Stadium FirstEnergy at at Martinique measured will be 15 July Nashville in on dium and - at States Nissan Sta United the 8 against July on Panama will debut Tampain James Stadium Raymond Bay. 12 for July is scheduled Gomez Bolillo at by Hernán led matchthose against The Panama. and Martinicia States, United to the to B next integratepen group the With the classification, the pinoleros hap 7 to States. July United from 26 the in to played Cup be Gold the in present be to team right won the Nicaragua the ti,

fter their great comeback against Hai against great comeback their fter Oro Copa en Panamá de repechaje yserá rival Gana Nicaragua [email protected] Albin Rodríguez GS Magazine L&E - - -

February 2014 57

RUNNING TITLE GS Magazine February 2014

The Champion of CONCACAF

RUNNING TITLE RUNNING Beach Soccer prepares

Albin Rodríguez [email protected]

unta Chame was stage for a new training Pof the selection of Beach Soccer of Panama moves, dominated ball and penalty that completed a new week of training with kicks, then ending the practice of more a view to the World-wide one in Bahamas. than two hours with an interscuers. Coach Schubert Perez said that The squad led by Schubert Perez the players are training conscien- started the session with an activa- tiously to play for a World Cup first. tion and then move to the works with balloon using goals with the dimen- Alfonso Maquensi said that the sions that will be used in the World Cup. group is working well and that they are focused on the first match of Emphasis was placed on offensive tri- the World Cup against Portugal. L&E angulations, defensive and offensive

Start the Eight Series in National Baseball

Albin Rodríguez [email protected]

uck is on and the top eight teams are still fight- According to the format of the Cham- Ling in the National Major Baseball Champion- pionship in this series will be playing ship dedicated to the professor Emilio Castro. the best of seven and the four classi- fied also go to the best of seven games. After a regular round of 20 matches per team where only Coclé, Chiriquí Occi- The Round of 8 kicks off this Sunday, April dente and Darien were out of the classi- 2 with games between Panama West vs. fication, it is expected that from Sunday Chiriquí at Carlos Alvarado in Dolega and Los 2 April a new battle for the title will begin. Santos visiting Panama Metro at Rod Carew. L&E Chiriquí (15 - 4) vs Panama West (8 - 11); Panama Metro (15 - 5) vs Los Santos (10 - 58 10); Colón (14 - 6) vs Veraguas (11 - 9) and Herrera (12 – 8) vs Bocas del Toro (12-8). • BBQ Fest Playa Blanca, open 1 at the Town the 1at open Playa Blanca, Fest • BBQ 9. 8and April Atlapa Center Show, Convention Beauty • Panama 2017, 14 Valley of the Anton in 15 and of April. Mountain the in Reggae Fest Music • Bocas (Old Town). Góngora Casa La space a beautiful in 5, Wednesday, April on by INAC, organized Festival Theater Panamanian • 4th. Cultural Capsule Cultural • Miraflores LocksTheater: Eugene Onegin,Sat Loving Dialogues,April5to7 • DomeoftheUniversity ofPanama: Indecently April • Anayansi Theater: BehindtheWall from 7to9 always others“5to9andfrom 19to30April • CasaGóngora(OldTown): Thosewhowere April 20toMay 3. • Teatro ofAnnaFrank LaPlaza:TheDiary from and 12 • Teatro LaPlaza:Magic,Illusion,RealityApril 11 • Teatro LaPlaza:SantoRemedioApril6th 1st. • Teatro LaPlaza:“InThree andTwo” untilApril April 2 • InidaTheater: AladdinandTheMagicLamp panitas • InidaTheater: Peter Pan tothe rescue ofCam April 2 • ElAngelTheater: My3In-LawsHarassmeuntil Sinbad inthe7seasuntilApril9 • TheStationTheater: TheAdventures ofPirate of the3LittlePigsfrom April1toMay 14 • TheaterTheSeason:SnowWhiteOnFarm 9 • TheStationTheater: “TheKidnapping”untilApril Metropolis urday, April22at11:55a.m., viasatellitefrom NY Fast and Furious 8 CINEMA FAIRS FESTIVALS AND THEATER - - residents. and nationals for Only a.m. 9:00 2from April Sunday, Biomuseo, to the admission • Free . p.m. 13:00 April event, visitor, free expert the be will Guardia Rodrigo Architect Panama, in to• How Recycle BIOMUSEO Sports Center,Sports Clayton. Kwianis 94:30 p.m. April Moon, Drum • Full dinerenblanc.com or [email protected] https://panama. information: 20 April, Thursday on place take will and in Panama time first the for arrives City” Blanc-Panama en Dîner • “Le Gratuitous Saber. El City Ateneo p.m 24 8:00 April Monday, Pianist Xie-China, Ming of Concerts: Association National • The April and 20d Viejo Casco singles, For Panama Dating &Chocolat • Wine vention Center Con Figali Amador 21 the at April Friday Figali, Tour World -Plaza -Purpose BIEBER • JUSTIN Clayton edge, of Knowl Teatro 20 City Ateneo, April Thursday, teto Quin Dhour Brahim concert: in Music • WORLD 4. April on Durán 2017: Flag • No Roberto Arena Center Square 2017, Dunny • Bad Convention Atlapa 30, April Administration Building. 2017, of the Bocelli Meadow 22 • Andrea April At p.m. 4:00 a.m. 9:00 from Park Municipal 2017 Harpy • Festi Summit 9at Sunday, April and Cinta Costera. TeatroMultiplaza, Teatro Balboa, Villalaz Anita 2017 5, to April 30 March from in: Cinépolis held to be Festival, Film • 6toInternational IFF April 2017, Housing • Expo ATLAPA to 20 23 from Center Playa Blanca. MUSEUMS AND EXPO. AND MUSEUMS AND SHOWS AND CONCERTS EVENTS, [email protected] Mariela deSanjur GS Magazine

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RUNNING TITLE GS Magazine February 2014

SPORTS DATES RELIGIOUS

• Feast of Divine Mercy: April 23 RUNNING TITLE RUNNING • Drag Circuit 2017: 1 and 2 April Road to the • Pesach: begins 10 and ends April 18 Mendozas, La Chorrera • Holy Week: 9 to 16 April. • Boxing Value at the Limit, April 5 at the • Good Friday: April 14 Panama Hotel. • Easter Resurrection: April 16 • .Ultimate Combat Challenge 2017, Arena Ro- berto Durán April 8 • X Walk to commemorate World Autism Day. Saturday April 1 Omar Park 7:00 am. • Baseball: National Major League Baseball Championship # 73, Copa Cerveza Panama DATES and dedicated to Professor Emilio Castro will IMPORTANTS continue until May. • Ocean to Ocean Regatta 2017, April 7 to 9 • April 2: International Autism Day • Nacional Frontenis 2017, National Sports • April 2: International Day of Children’s Litera- Complex 1 and 2 April ture

• April 2: Day of good deeds • April 4: National Day for the prevention and fight against obesity FAIRS • April 7: World Health Day • 1st Festival of Arts and Culture on April 1st • April 8th: Buddha’s Birthday and 2nd from 12:00 p.m. In Atlapa, El Valle Las Totumas Room • April 10: Good Day • April 10: Harpy Eagle Day • Children’s and Youth Literature Festival on April • April 14: Police Day 2 from 10:00 a.m. At the • April 14: Good Friday Club House of Omar Rec- reation Park • April 15: Incident of the slice of watermelon • April 22: Earth Day • Expo Tattoo Panama 2017, Atlapa on April 28th • 24 to 30: World Immunization Week • Expovivienda, ATLAPA • April 26: National secretary’s day from 14 to 17 April • April 28: International Day for Safety and • Agricultural Fair of Capira from March 31 to Health of Workers. April 2 • April 27: International Day of Consciousness About Noise • Expo-Orchid Fair in Boquete from the 7th to the 16th of April • April 29: International Dance Day • 30 April: Noise Awareness Day • International Fair of Azuero from April 20 to • April 30: International Jazz Day. L&E May 1

• Columbus National Fair until April 9th

• Camarón Arriba Fair, Santa Rosa Bugaba, April 28 to 30

60 • Tortí Fair, Chepo until April 2 Legislación y Economía March 2017

61 Legislación y Economía March 2017

Alianzas alrededor del Mundo

Mitrani, Caballero, Rosso Alba, Francia, Ojam & Ruiz Moreno-ARGENTINA

Guevara & Gutiérrez S. C. Servicios Legales- BOLIVIA

Machado Associados Advogados e Consultores- BRASIL

DSN Consultants Inc- CANADÁ

Lewin & Wills Abogados- COLOMBIA

Rivera, Bolívar y Castañedas- PANAMÁ

Espinosa & Asociados- CHILE

Lawnetworker S.A. Asesores Legales- ECUADOR

Peter Byrne & Associates- ESTADOS UNIDOS

Machado Associados Advogados e Consultores- ESTADOS UNIDOS

Ortiz, Sosa, Ysusi y Cía., S.C.- MËXICO

Estudio Rubio Leguia Normand & Asociados- PERU

Adsuar Muñiz Goyco Seda & Pérez-Ochoa, P.S.C.- PUERTO RICO

Pellerano & Herrera- REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA

Alvarado & Asociados- NICARAGUA

Torres, Plaz & Araujo- VENEZUELA

Facio & Cañas- COSTA RICA