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SC/F14/J15 Prey Composition and Consumption Rate by Antarctic Minke Whales Based on JARPA and JARPAII Data

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SC/F14/J15 Prey Composition and Consumption Rate by Antarctic Minke Whales Based on JARPA and JARPAII Data SC/F14/J15 Prey composition and consumption rate by Antarctic minke whales based on JARPA and JARPAII data TSUTOMU TAMURA AND KENJI KONISHI The Institute of Cetacean Research, 4-5 Toyomi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0055, Japan Contact e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT In this study, the information on the feeding habits of Antarctic minke whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) sampled during the surveys of the Japanese Whale Research under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA and JARPAII), for the period of 1987/88–2010/11 are summarized. Some of the analyses considered recommendations offered during the 2006 JARPA final review meeting (e.g. those related to the duration of the feeding period, digestion rate and examination at smaller spatial scales). We compared the feeding habits of the Antarctic minke whales during the JARPA period (1987/88–2004/05) and the JARPAII period (2005/06–2010/11). The Antarctic minke whales fed mostly on Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in offshore areas, and on ice krill E. crystallorophias in coastal (shallow) areas on the continental shelf of the Ross Sea and Prydz Bay. The whales fed mainly before 5AM suggesting that feeding activity decreases early in the day. The daily prey consumption was estimated using two independent methods, which were from theoretical energy requirement calculations and from diurnal changes of stomach contents’ mass. The daily prey consumptions of Antarctic minke whales per capita during the feeding season based on these two methods were 95.1–127.0 and 182.6–250.3kg for immature and mature males, 125.8– 138.7 and 268.1–325.5kg for immature and mature females, respectively. This is equivalent to 2.65-4.02% of their body weight. The daily prey consumption per capita decreased between the JARPA period and the JARPAII period based on the results of the method of the diurnal change in stomach contents’ mass, for all sexual classes. The seasonal prey consumptions for all Antarctic minke whales in the total research area was 3.51-3.98million tons, and this amounted to 7.6-8.6% of the krill biomass estimated by acoustic survey in the total research area. These results related to prey consumption are useful as input data for the development of ecosystem models. KEYWORDS: FEEDING; ENERGETICS; FOOD/PREY; MODELLING; SCIENTIFIC PERMITS; ANTARCTIC; ANTARCTIC MINKE WHALE INTRODUCTION The Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis), which grows up to 10m (Horwood, 1990), is the most abundant balaenopterid species in the Southern Ocean with abundance estimated at 515,000 animals south of 60°S in austral summer (95% CI:360,000–730,000). These estimates were based on sighting data collected between the 1992/93 and 2003/04 seasons (IWC, 2013). Like other balaenopterid species (except the Bryde’s whale B. edeni) the Antarctic minke whale spends its breeding season at lower latitudes in austral winter and migrates to the Southern Ocean to feed in austral summer (Horwood, 1990; Kasamatsu et al., 1995). The Antarctic minke whale feeds mainly on Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in offshore waters (Kawamura, 1980; Bushuev, 1986; Ichii and Kato, 1991), and on ice krill (E. crystallorophias) on the coastal shelf along such areas as the Ross Sea and Prydz Bay (Bushuev, 1986; Tamura and Konishi, 2009). Previous studies estimated the daily prey consumption by Antarctic minke whales in the Southern Ocean on the basis of energy-requirement calculations (Lockyer, 1981a; Armstrong and Siegfried, 1991; Reilly et al., 2004). None of these studies considered the fact that whales’ conditions change with the progression of the feeding season. It is known that baleen whales store energy in their blubber and internal fat in the feeding season. Therefore, for the estimation of prey consumption, it is important to assess the energy storage during the feeding season of Antarctic minke whales. In the 2006 JARPA review, the meeting recommended additional analyses to consider factors such as: i) determination of the duration of the feeding period; ii) examination at smaller spatial scales; iii) using multivariate analysis to examine trends, incorporating covariates such as age, size and reproductive status of whales as well as the date and time of day. Furthermore in 2007 the IWC/SC summarized the three issues that would need to be addressed i) the length of the feeding season; ii) to what extent consumption rate is sensitive to digestion rate; and iii) the extent of feeding at night (IWC, 2008). The recommendation on multivariate analysis was addressed by Konishi et al. (2008), Konishi and Butterworth (2013), Konishi and Walloe (2014a, b) and Skaug (2012). In the present study we addressed the issues of feeding period, examination at smaller spatial scales and the effect of digestion rate. In this paper, we summarize the results of monitoring the feeding ecology of whales, which is part of the first objective of JARPAII. The feeding habits and daily prey consumption by Antarctic minke whales is examined based on a large data set obtained during the research surveys of the JARPA (1987/88-2004/05) and JARPAII (2005/06–2010/11). It is expected that the output of this study will assist in understanding the role of whales in the ecosystem and the development of ecosystem models for management purposes (see Kitakado et al., 2014). 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS Research area, periods and number of samples Data used in the present study was collected during the surveys of the JARPA and JARPAII in the International Whaling Commission (IWC) Antarctic management Areas III-East (35°-70°E), IV (70°-130°E), V (130°E-170°W including the Ross Sea) and VI-West (170°-145°W), south of 60°S (JARPA) and 62°S (JARPAII) (Fig. 1). The northern boundary of the Ross Sea was fixed at 70°S in Area V and VI. The surveys were conducted in the austral summer seasons (December-March) of the 1987/88-2004/05 (JARPA) and the 2005/06-2010/11 (JARPAII) seasons. During the surveys a total of 10,042 Antarctic minke whales were sampled. Table 1 shows the number of samples divided by Area and sex. After sampling, whales were brought to the research base vessel where the animals were examined by a biologist onboard. All whales were sampled during daylight hours, between 06:00 and 19:00h (Ship time). Sighting and sampling methods The survey track line was designed along each 10 degree longitudinal width interval in principle. The survey starting point was randomly selected from the arrangement of the survey track line and longitude standard lines in the survey. Sighting procedures were the same as in the previous JARPA surveys (Nishiwaki et al. 2006, 2014). The survey was operated under optimal research conditions (when the wind speed was below 25knots in the south strata and below 20knots in the north strata, and when visibility was more than 2n.miles). SSVs advanced along parallel track lines 7n.miles apart from each other at a standard speed of 11.5knots. Treatment of stomach contents All balaenopterid species have four chambered stomach compartments (Hosokawa and Kamiya, 1971; Olsen et al., 1994). Stomach contents were removed from each compartments and weighed to the nearest 0.1kg. The analysis of prey consumption in this study was based on data collected from the first compartment (forestomach) and second compartment (fundus). To examine the daily feeding rhythms of the minke whale, the freshness of prey in the forestomach was categorized into four digestion levels: F = fresh (prey not affected by digestion), fff = lightly digested (prey slightly affected by digestion), ff = moderately digested (prey moderately to highly fragmented), and f = heavily digested (unidentifiable remains or indigestible parts only). Because of the uniformity of prey within the stomachs of almost all whales, after checking the stomach contents, some fresh prey (200g) in the forestomach or fundus were collected and stored in 10% formalin for species identification at the laboratory. Prey species were identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible using external morphology (Barnard, 1932; Fischer and Hureau, 1985a, b; Baker et al., 1990). Biological data An estimate of the daily prey consumption requires the use of some additional biological and morphometric data. Body length of the whales was measured to the nearest 10cm from the tip of the upper jaw to the deepest part of the fluke notch in a straight line. Body weight was measured using large weighing machine to the nearest 50kg. For some individuals, muscle, blubber and internal organs were weighed for calculating the energy deposited during the feeding season. A correction factor for blood loss was not calculated in this study. Energy requirements are different for different sexual maturity classes; therefore, estimations of the daily prey consumption in this study took into consideration information on sexual maturity. Sexual maturity of Antarctic minke whales was defined in accordance with Ohsumi and Masaki (1975) and Kato (1986). Males with a single testis weight of 400g or more were defined as sexually mature. Females with at least one corpus luteum or albicans in their ovaries were defined as sexually mature. Analytical procedure of the daily prey consumption The amount of krill consumed by Antarctic minke whales was estimated using two independent methods, which were from theoretical energy requirement calculations (method-1) and from diurnal changes of stomach contents (Total of forestomach (1st. stomach) and fundus (2nd. stomach)) (method-2). Method-1 Estimation of daily consumption of krill from the standard metabolism The daily prey consumption (Dkg) in each sexual maturity class was estimated from the standard metabolic rate (SMRkJ) and energy deposit according to the following equations: Male or Immature female : Dkg =(SMRkJ + EDkJ) / EKJ (1) Mature female : Dkg = (SMRkJ + EDkJ+RkJ) /EKJ (2) 2 -1 -1 Where Dkg is daily prey consumption (kg day ), SMRkJ is the standard metabolic rate (kJ day ), EDKJ is Energy -1 -1 -1 deposition (kJ day ), R is Reproduction cost (kJ kg ) and EkJ is the caloric value of prey species (kJ kg ).
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