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Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO DIVISIÓN DE ESTUDIOS DE POSGRADO FACULTAD DE ECONOMÍA INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES ECONOMICAS IIEc–UNAM MAESTRIA EN ECONOMÍA DE LOS RECURSOS NATURALES Y DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE LA INDUSTRIA AUTOMOTRIZ ANTE LOS RETOS AMBIENTALES. T E S I S QUE PARA OPTAR POR EL GRADO DE: MAESTRO EN ECONOMÍA PRESENTA: CAMPOS SÁNCHEZ CARLOS ALBERTO [email protected] TUTOR DR. ROBERTO I. ESCALANTE SEMERENA Adscrito a la División de Estudios de Posgrado de la Fac. Economía México, Marzo de 2013. 1 UNAM – Dirección General de Bibliotecas Tesis Digitales Restricciones de uso DERECHOS RESERVADOS © PROHIBIDA SU REPRODUCCIÓN TOTAL O PARCIAL Todo el material contenido en esta tesis esta protegido por la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA) de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (México). El uso de imágenes, fragmentos de videos, y demás material que sea objeto de protección de los derechos de autor, será exclusivamente para fines educativos e informativos y deberá citar la fuente donde la obtuvo mencionando el autor o autores. Cualquier uso distinto como el lucro, reproducción, edición o modificación, será perseguido y sancionado por el respectivo titular de los Derechos de Autor. 2 Agradecimientos Agradezco a la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, al Dr. Roberto Escalante Semerena, a los Doctores Benjamín García Páez, Consuelo González, Sergio E. Martínez, asi cocmo al Maestro Carlos Mallén Rivera el hacer posible este examen de grado. Todas las opiniones vertidas en este documento son exclusivamente mi responsabilidad. A mi familia, que me ha permitido hacer este día posible. In many ways, the work of a critic is easy. We risk very little yet enjoy a position over those who offer up their work and their selves to our judgment. We thrive on negative criticism, which is fun to write and to read. But the bitter truth, we critics must face is that, in the grand scheme of things, the average piece of junk is more meaningful than our criticism designating it so. But there are times when a critic truly risks something, and that is in the discovery and defense of the new. Anton Ego. Ratatouille (2007). 3 4 Índice Introducción…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………11 Capítulo 1. Evolución de las variables ambientales y su incorporación a diversos niveles de las estructuras sociales. Un enfoque histórico. …………………………………………………………………………………15 Antecedentes ................................................................................................................................ 15 a) La aparición de las variables ambientales en el escenario mundial, un debate inconcluso .... 17 El arribo de los políticos neocon, a los cargos de gobierno a nivel global ................................ 19 El asenso de las variables ambientales a nivel internacional y los acuerdos que de este hecho se han generado ................................................................................................................................ 20 Escudriñando el trabajo del IPCC .............................................................................................. 23 Los acuerdos internacionales en materia ambiental ante la conformación de bloques negociadores ............................................................................................................................. 27 Temas difíciles de acordar entre los diversos grupos y países .................................................. 30 Diversas propuestas de reducción de emisiones ...................................................................... 30 El principio de la responsabilidad diferenciada ........................................................................ 31 Transferencias de recursos ....................................................................................................... 31 b) La industria de estructura corporativa y su evolución con respecto a la regulación en materia ambiental. ..................................................................................................................................... 32 La industria y la regulación ambiental ...................................................................................... 34 Las corporaciones y sus propuestas de autorregulación ambiental ......................................... 38 Incentivos adicionales del sector empresarial respecto al medio ambiente ............................ 40 Críticas a la autorregulación empresarial en materia ambiental .............................................. 42 El mercado y las prácticas ambientales .................................................................................... 42 c) Una breve revisión a la interacción entre La Industria Automotriz y la problemática ambiental ....................................................................................................................................................... 43 Dimensionando el problema ambiental ocasionado por la Industria Automotriz.................... 44 El comportamiento de los fabricantes automotrices en base a la estructura social que soporta a sus casas matrices. ................................................................................................................. 47 Las empresas automotrices y las estructuras institucionales de los países donde residen sus centrales corporativas. .............................................................................................................. 47 La industria automotriz y el cambio climático. ......................................................................... 51 5 Capítulo 2. La regulación a la Industria Automotriz en materia ambiental por parte de los países con mayores niveles de desarrollo. ………………………………………………………………………………………………55 a) Medidas de Regulación en los vehículos automotores ............................................................ 63 La regulación automotriz en materia ambiental ....................................................................... 63 Ley de Aire Limpio de 1970 ....................................................................................................... 66 Enmiendas a Ley de Aire Limpio de 1977 .................................................................................. 66 Ley de Aire Limpio Enmiendas de 1990 .................................................................................... 67 Las normas Tiers ........................................................................................................................ 67 Tiers l – Fase 1. (1994 – 1999) ................................................................................................... 68 La Transición hacia la norma NLEV (1999–2003) ...................................................................... 69 Tiers ll. (2004 – 2009) ................................................................................................................ 70 Tiers lllA de 2010 hasta 2016 .................................................................................................... 75 b) Las normas de emisión de gases contaminantes generada por fuentes móviles .................... 76 Estándares de emisión de la Unión Europea............................................................................. 77 Fechas para el cumplimiento .................................................................................................... 77 Límites para el cumplimiento de la norma de emisiones ......................................................... 79 Automóviles de pasajeros que emplean gasolina ..................................................................... 79 Automóviles de pasajeros con motor diesel ............................................................................. 80 Camiones de motor diesel......................................................................................................... 80 Otras regulaciones de emisión aplicables en la UE ................................................................... 82 Las normas de emisión en Japón .................................................................................................. 83 c) La norma CAFE ........................................................................................................................... 85 Breve reseña histórica de la evolución de la norma CAFE ........................................................ 87 Las normas CAFE y la huella ecológica ...................................................................................... 89 Algunas acotaciones a la norma CAFE vigente hasta el 2007 ................................................... 90 La Norma CAFE reformada. ....................................................................................................... 91 Los saldos a favor y el mercado secundario implantados por la nueva norma CAFE. .............. 95 La nueva norma CAFE y los combustibles alternos. .................................................................. 96 Inconsistencias de la norma CAFE reformada ........................................................................... 99 Nuevo intento de establecer una norma CAFE reformada. .................................................... 101 Inestabilidad comercial dentro del mercado automotriz en los EE.UU. ................................. 103 6 El papel de la tecnología en el nuevo proyecto CAFE ............................................................. 104 El nuevo intento de Obama, para modificar las normas de rendimiento ............................... 107 d) Posibles
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