DOCSLIB.ORG

Mobile Phones, Internet, Information and Knowledge Myanmar 2016

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mobile Phones, Internet, Information and Knowledge Myanmar 2016 Mobile phones, Internet, information and knowledge Myanmar 2016 Ayesha Zainudeen, Helani Galpaya, Gayani Hurulle & Perampalam Suthaharan August 2017 LIRNEasia is a pro-poor, pro-market think tank whose mission is catalyzing policy change through research to improve people’s lives in the emerging Asia Pacific by facilitating their use of hard and soft infrastructures through the use of knowledge, information and tech- nology. Contact: 12 Balcombe Place, Colombo 00800, Sri Lanka. +94 11 267 1160. [email protected] www.lirneasia.net The survey was carried out with financial support from the UK Government’s Department for International Development and the International Development Research Centre, Canada. The views expressed in this work are the views of the creators and do not necessarily represent those of the UK Government’s Depart- ment for International Development, the International Development Research Centre, Canada, or its Board of Governors. Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge all The survey conducted in 2016 was fol- those who provided invaluable input and low up to one carried out in 2015. Mention engaged with LIRNEasia on the design, must be made of those who helped with implementation, and analysis of the the design of the initial questionnaire. Our survey. thanks go out to Joshua Blumenstock, Per Helmerson, Saad Gulzar, Jorge Garcia Third Eye Co. conducted the fieldwork Hombrados, Srignesh Lokanathan and on this survey. The input of Htun Htun Nilusha Kapugama. The advice given by Oo and San Naing in particular are much Rohan Samarajiva, who also spent time appreciated. reviewing the early part of data analysis, is appreciated. MIDO’s constant support throughout the research, in participating in fieldwork Special mention must also be made of and conducting quality checks, must be Piyumi Gamage for assisting in writing acknowledged. Phyu Phyu Thi, Htaike the report. Htaike Aung, Yatanar Htun, Hnin Nu Nu Niang and Myo Min Aung in must be given special mention. Table of Contents Executive summary ............................................................................................................................................. 14 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................................ 17 1. Socio-Economic Status ....................................................................................................................... 20 1.1. Labor and earnings ............................................................................................................................. 20 1.2. Household income and expenditure ................................................................................................ 24 1.3Type of housing .................................................................................................................................... 24 1.4 Electricity ............................................................................................................................................... 28 1.5 Transportation ...................................................................................................................................... 31 2. ICT ownership and use ......................................................................................................................... 32 2.1 Household ICT ownership ................................................................................................................... 32 2.2 Individual use of ICTs 2.2.1 Most recent use of a phone .................................................................. 34 2.2.2 Type of phone last used .................................................................................................................... 34 2.2.3 Purpose of last phone call ................................................................................................................ 39 2.2.4 Ownership of the phone last used ................................................................................................... 43 3.Mobile ownership and expenditure ................................................................................................. 47 3.1 Mobile ownership demographics ....................................................................................................... 54 3.2 Smartphone ownership ....................................................................................................................... 57 3.3 Operator market shares ....................................................................................................................... 57 3.4 Ownership of multiple SIMs................................................................................................................. 58 3.5 Expenditure on mobile phones and top ups..................................................................................... 61 ICTs in Myanmar: 2016 7 4. Internet use ............................................................................................................................................ 64 4.1 Devices used to connect to the Internet ............................................................................................ 64 4.2 Uses of mobile phones ........................................................................................................................ 66 Free (zero-rated) content ........................................................................................................................... 73 5. Digital skills ........................................................................................................................................... 75 6. Financial inclusion ............................................................................................................................... 78 6.1 Bank account and debit/credit card ownership ............................................................................... 78 6.2 Migrant family members, money transfer methods of household with immigrants ................... 79 7. Information sources, needs and access .......................................................................................... 80 7.1 Communication with those outside town or village ........................................................................ 80 7.2 Information needs ................................................................................................................................ 81 7.3 Source of information .......................................................................................................................... 82 7.4 Mode of information ............................................................................................................................ 82 8. Perceptions about mobile technology and its impacts .............................................................. 83 8.1 Perceived benefits of mobile use and access ................................................................................... 83 8.2 Concerns about mobile use and access ............................................................................................ 84 Annex 1: Methodology note 1. Sample Design ....................................................................................................................................... 87 1.1 Survey Representativeness ................................................................................................................. 87 1.2 Sample Size determination ................................................................................................................. 90 1.3 Sampling Method ................................................................................................................................. 90 1.4 Sample Allocations............................................................................................................................... 94 8 ICTs in Myanmar: 2016 1.5 List of Survey Covered Townships...................................................................................................... 96 2. Selection probabilities and sampling weights ............................................................................. 98 2.1 Selection probabilities for different sampling stages ...................................................................... 98 First Stage Unit (FSU or PSU), Township ................................................................................................. 98 Second Stage Unit (SSU), Ward or Village Tract ...................................................................................... 98 Third Stage Unit (TSU), Segments ............................................................................................................ 99 Households ................................................................................................................................................. 99 2.2 Sampling Weights for Households ..................................................................................................... 100 2.3 Sampling Weights for household members aged 15 – 65 years-old ............. ................................ 100 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 : Summary of findings: Mobile momentum in Myanmar .................................................................. 16 Figure 2: Sample demographics – gender (% of population aged 15-65) .....................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Urban–Rural Differences in the Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus Among 25–74 Year-Old Adults of the Yangon Region, Myanmar: Two Cross- Sectional Studies
    Open Access Research BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020406 on 30 March 2018. Downloaded from Urban–rural differences in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among 25–74 year-old adults of the Yangon Region, Myanmar: two cross- sectional studies Wai Phyo Aung,1,2 Aung Soe Htet,1,3 Espen Bjertness,1 Hein Stigum,1 Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong,4 Marte Karoline Råberg Kjøllesdal1 To cite: Aung WP, Htet AS, ABSTRACT Strengths and limitations of this study Bjertness E, et al. Urban–rural Objectives To investigate the association between urban– differences in the prevalence of rural location and the occurrence of diabetes mellitus (DM) ► The study followed the internationally recommend- diabetes mellitus among 25–74 in the Yangon Region, and to estimate the proportion of year-old adults of the Yangon ed WHO STEP protocol. urban and rural participants already diagnosed with DM, Region, Myanmar: two cross- ► A national reference laboratory was used for the in- and of those, the proportion under treatment and under sectional studies. BMJ Open vestigation of fasting plasma glucose. control. 2018;8:e020406. doi:10.1136/ ► Both urban and rural areas were included. bmjopen-2017-020406 Design Two cross-sectional studies, using the WHO STEPs ► Because the results were from only one region of methodology. Myanmar, the results might not be generalised to the ► Prepublication history for Setting The Yangon Region of Myanmar, urban and rural this paper is available online. entire Myanmar population. areas. To view these files, please visit the journal online (http:// dx. doi. Participants Men and women, aged 25–74 years, included during the study period from September– org/ 10.
    [Show full text]
  • Occupation and Industry Report
    THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census The Union Report: Occupation and Industry Census Report Volume 2-B Department of Population Ministry of Immigration and Population MYANMAR March 2016 The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census The Union Report: Occupation and Industry Census Report Volume 2-B For more information contact: Department of Population Ministry of Immigration and Population Office No. 48 Nay Pyi Taw MYANMAR Tel: +95 67 431 062 www.dop.gov.mm March, 2016 Foreword The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census was conducted in March 2014 by the Ministry of Immigration and Population (MOIP). It was supported by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and development partners, namely Australia, Finland, Germany, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. This is the first census in over three decades; the last censuses being in 1983 and 1973. This census was undertaken within the provisions of the Population and Housing Census Law enacted in July 2013. Its results are vital to the planning and development of Myanmar. The results will inform on-going reforms, policy making and planning for development at all levels. The results of the 2014 Census have been published so far in three volumes. The first was the Preliminary Results (Census Volume 1), which was released in August 2014. The Census Main Results were launched in May 2015 by H.E. U Thein Sein, the President of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. These included The Union Report (Census Report Volume 2), Highlights of the Main Results (Census Report Volume 2-A), and the reports of each of the 15 States and Regions (Census Report Volume 3-[A to O]).
    [Show full text]
  • Migrants from Myanmar and Risks Faced Abroad
    MIGRANTS FROM MYANMAR AND RISKS FACED ABROAD A desk study YEARS International Organization for Migration The views, opinions, findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of IOM or its Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the work do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. This study is part of the Migrants In Countries In Crisis (MICIC) Initiative. This publication has been made possible by the support of the American people through the US Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration (PRM). The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of any agency of the Government of the United States of America. AUTHOR David Ndegwa COORDINATORS Lorenzo Guadagno Yin Mar Saw Sharon Dimanche GRAPHIC DESIGN Pierluigi Rauco PHOTO CREDITS IOM/Piers Benatar IOM Editorial: International Organization for Migration 17 Route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel.: +41 22 717 91 11 Fax: +41 22 798 61 50 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.iom.int © 2016 International Organization for Migration (IOM) All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Right to a Nationality in Myanmar
    Foreword Many women in Myanmar do not have full access to the rights guaranteed by the applicable domestic and international legal framework. This is partly due to a large portion of the population bearing the burden of an insecure legal identity. According to Census data, almost a third of the population of Myanmar do not have a form of identity document, 54% of those who do not have identity cards are women. In this sense, a common goal of the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and UN Women is to improve the protection of women in Myanmar through the recognition of legal identity rights, including access to civil documents and citizenship, and thus improving access to the services that are dependent on a secure legal identity. Hence, the NRC in Myanmar, UNHCR and UN Women seek to remove legal and practical obstacles concerning access to documents and citizenship, paying attention to the gender dimension of such obstacles. In this context, this report ¬aims to expand existing knowledge on the gender dimension and the impact that the the current legislation and the factual lack of documentation to confirm citizenship has for women. Efforts to improve gender equality in citizenship issues are ongoing. The UNHCR has an important presence in Myanmar and plays an essential role in coordinating protection actors. UN Women is promoting gender equality through advocacy, research and other activities. Since June 2012, NRC has been supporting the Myanmar Ministry of Immigration, Labour & Populations (MoLIP) to speed up the issuance of national identity cards to conflict-affected communities in the South East.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of UNFPA Support to Population and Housing Census Data to Inform Decision-Making and Policy Formulation
    COUNTRY REPORT Evaluation of UNFPA support to population and housing census data to inform decision-making and policy formulation 2005-2014 Myanmar CountryEvaluation Office, Case UNFPA Study Januaury 2016 Evaluation Office 1 M yanmar Country Case Study Report Evaluation Office Alexandra Chambel Evaluation manager, Evaluation Adviser and chair of the evaluation reference group Natalie Raaber Research assistant ICON-INSTITUT Public Sector consultants Jordi del Bas Lead evaluation expert Jean Michel Durr Senior census expert Isabelle De Pourbaix Census expert Nyo Nyo Soe National expert Christophe Dietrich ICON Backstopping Copyright © UNFPA 2015, all rights reserved. The analysis and recommendations of this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Population Fund. This is an independent publication by the independent Evaluation Office of UNFPA. A multicultural team of international and national experts authored this report. The report has been quality assured, including extensively fact-checked, by the UNFPA Evaluation Office and the UNFPA Country Office in Myanmar. The findings have been found to be sound and credible by the UNFPA Evaluation Office. The report has not, however, been subject to a professional copy edit or systematic editorial checks and may therefore vary in editorial quality. Any enquiries about this report should be addressed to: Evaluation Office, United Nations Population Fund, e-mail: [email protected] For further information on the evaluation please consult the Evaluation Office webpage: http://www.unfpa.org/public/home/about/Evaluation/EBIER/TE
    [Show full text]
  • Contesting Buddhist Narratives Democratization, Nationalism, and Communal Violence in Myanmar
    Policy Studies 71 Contesting Buddhist Narratives Democratization, Nationalism, and Communal Violence in Myanmar Matthew J. Walton and Susan Hayward Contesting Buddhist Narratives Democratization, Nationalism, and Communal Violence in Myanmar About the East-West Center The East-West Center promotes better relations and understanding among the people and nations of the United States, Asia, and the Pacific through cooperative study, research, and dialogue. Established by the US Congress in 1960, the Center serves as a resource for infor- mation and analysis on critical issues of common concern, bringing people together to exchange views, build expertise, and develop policy options. The Center’s 21-acre Honolulu campus, adjacent to the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, is located midway between Asia and the US main- land and features research, residential, and international conference facilities. The Center’s Washington, DC, office focuses on preparing the United States for an era of growing Asia Pacific prominence. The Center is an independent, public, nonprofit organization with funding from the US government, and additional support provided by private agencies, individuals, foundations, corporations, and govern- ments in the region. Policy Studies an East-West Center series Series Editors Dieter Ernst and Marcus Mietzner Description Policy Studies presents original research on pressing economic and political policy challenges for governments and industry across Asia, About the East-West Center and for the region's relations with the United States. Written for the The East-West Center promotes better relations and understanding policy and business communities, academics, journalists, and the in- among the people and nations of the United States, Asia, and the formed public, the peer-reviewed publications in this series provide Pacifi c through cooperative study, research, and dialogue.
    [Show full text]
  • Livelihoods and Food Security in Rural Myanmar: Survey Findings
    LIVELIHOODS AND FOOD SECURITY IN RURAL MYANMAR: SURVEY FINDINGS A joint Australia-Myanmar project funded through the Australian Research Council Livelihoods and Food Security in Myanmar i CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................. iv Scope of the study ................................................................................................................................................. 5 Objective ................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Sampling method ............................................................................................................................................... 6 Data collection method ................................................................................................................................ 7 Comparison to other studies ....................................................................................................................... 8 Demographics ........................................................................................................................................................... 9 Housing and material possessions ............................................................................................................. 12 Household assets ............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Three Essays on the Development of the Labor Market and the Private Sector in Burma (Myanmar)
    Dissertation Three Essays on the Development of the Labor Market and the Private Sector in Burma (Myanmar) Saw Htay Wah This document was submitted as a dissertation in December 2015 in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the doctoral degree in public policy analysis at the Pardee RAND Graduate School. The faculty committee that supervised and approved the dissertation consisted of Arie Kapteyn (Chair), Joanne Yoong, and David Powell. PARDEE RAND GRADUATE SCHOOL For more information on this publication, visit http://www.rand.org/pubs/rgs_dissertations/RGSD367.html Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2016 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Abstract Prior research suggests that access to credit, access to electricity, access to public services, access to skilled labor, and ethnic discrimination in the labor market are the top constraints inhibiting the development of the labor markets and the private sector in Burma.
    [Show full text]
  • Education for Displaced Populations in Karen State, Myanmar
    ED/GEMR/MRT/2018/P1/16/REV Background paper prepared for the 2019 Global Education Monitoring Report Migration, displacement and education: Building bridges , not walls EDUCATION FOR DISPLACED POPULATIONS IN KAREN STATE, MYANMAR This paper was commissioned by the Global Education Monitoring Report as background information to assist in drafting the 2019 GEM Report, Migration, displacement and education: Building bridges, not walls. It has not been edited by the team. The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to the Global Education Monitoring Report or to UNESCO. The papers can be cited with the following reference: “Paper commissioned for the 2019 Global Education Monitoring Report, Migration, displacement and education: Building bridges, not walls”. For further information, please contact [email protected]. Mariko Shiohata 2 0 1 8 1 Education for Displaced Populations in Karen State, Myanmar ABSTRACT 1 This paper provides an account of the changing education environment for children in Karen ethnic communities in Myanmar, drawing on data collected through the implementation of a child protection project. Due to more than 60 years of armed conflict and displacement in Karen State, education services for children are seriously fragmented. There are various types of education services in ethnic armed group-controlled areas, including those run by the central government and also others run by the Karen National Union (KNU). A substantial number of children cross the border into Thailand where they attend schools in Karen refugee camps, Migrant Learning Centres, and even Thai state schools. Since the 2012 ceasefire agreement between the Myanmar central government and the KNU, the former’s influence over education in Karen state has been increasing.
    [Show full text]
  • Who's Counting?
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The Australian National University Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 171 (2015) 1–28 bki brill.com/bki Who’s Counting? Ethnicity, Belonging, and the National Census in Burma/Myanmar Jane M. Ferguson Department of Anthropology, University of Sydney [email protected] Abstract Partially rooted in British colonial ethnology and administration, the ethnic cate- gories of the 2014 Myanmar census have attracted controversy, particularly from repre- sentatives of non-Burman political organizations. The categories themselves, as well as the bureaucratic exercise of the census, have a complex genealogy which offers considerable insight into understanding the contemporary situation. Drawing from Hirschman’s theory that the study of measurements of ethnicity is a unique resource for understanding the meaning of ethnicity in a society, this article discusses the con- troversy surrounding the 2014 census, and how some census-related issues have been crucially framed by bureaucratic structures that came before. Keywords Myanmar – Burma – census – ethnicity – colonialism – bureaucracy Sunday 30 March 2014 saw the commencement of Myanmar’s1 first national census in over 30 years. The Ministry of Immigration and Population, together with teams of international analysts from the United Nations Population Fund (unfpa) and approximately us$75 million in international grants, spent a year and a half organizing for the massive data-gathering operation. Completion of 1 Following a coup in 1988, the military government changed the name of the country from Burma to Myanmar. Numerous activist groups and some governments, including that of the United States, refused to adopt the name change.
    [Show full text]
  • 2. Provisional Population of Myanmar the Provisional Results of the 2014 Myanmar Census Show That the Total Population of Myanmar Is 51,419,420
    1. Introduction • The Government of Myanmar conducted its most recent census in March/April 2014. • The aim of the 2014 census is to provide data for effective development planning, evidence-based decision-making, and to facilitate the reform process. Access to accurate and reliable socio-economic data is essential as the country formulates its development policies and projects to improve the lives of its people. A CENSUS • Currently the questionnaires that were completed during the census are being captured in Nay Pyi Taw. This process will lead to the compilation of the Main Census Results, planned to be released in May 2015. To enhance • Meanwhile, the Government has released the Census Provisional Results. This data is from the Enumeration Area Summary sheets, completed by enumerators and verified by supervisors in the field. The employment Provisional Results are to meet the high demand for reliable, accurate and up-to-date information by all data users. The Provisional Results opportunities provide the total population by sex and administrative unit, from national, state/region, district down to township level. It also shows the population sizes of Yangon, Mandalay and Nay Pyi Taw cities, as well for the youth as the state/region capitals. Other information included is indicators such as sex ratio and population density. The Population and Housing Census of Myanmar, 2014 The Population and Housing Census of Myanmar, 2014 1 Summary of the Provisional Results Summary of the Provisional Results 2 2. Provisional Population of Myanmar The Provisional Results of the 2014 Myanmar Census show that the total population of Myanmar is 51,419,420.
    [Show full text]
  • City Life Survey
    City Life Survey: Myanmar 2017 Pilot Initiative 1 Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank all who contributed to this research and made the publication of this paper possible. Particular thanks are due to Myo Aung Htwe and Arkar Soe at the Yangon School of Political Science for their involvement in the City Life Survey design, implementation and analysis. We’d also like to thank the members of the review team for their inputs into the questionnaire design. A large number of people within The Asia Foundation and the Yangon School of Political Science have contributed to the City Life Survey and paper publication process and we wish to thank all of them for their guidance, encouragement and patience. Particular thanks are due to Mark Koenig, for his valuable comments throughout, and Matthew Arnold and Kim N.B. Ninh for their advice and support. Finally, we would like to thank the residents of Yangon, Taunggyi and Hpa-An who opened their homes and took part in the City Life Survey. PROJECT MANAGEMENT James Owen David Ney CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Arkar Soe David Ney William Ford Alison Chan James Owen RESEARCH PRODUCTION Arkar Soe Hay Manh Htun Myo Aung Htwe Htin Aung Lin Yu Zin Htoon Alex Chuan-Hsien Chang GRAPHIC DESIGN Elzemiek Zinkstok Ye Htut Oo Wai Yan Myo Myint PHOTO CREDITS James Owen Htoo Thandar 2 Preface More of the world’s people now live in urban than rural areas. Although still a predominantly agriculture-based society, the 2014 national census in Myanmar uncovered a surprisingly rapid pace of urbanization in recent years as the country’s transition after decades of military rule has enabled freedom of movement and greater job opportunities in cities.
    [Show full text]