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Acoustic Absorption, 265 Acoustic Attenuation, 226, 252, 275–279

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Acoustic Absorption, 265 Acoustic Attenuation, 226, 252, 275–279 Index acoustic absorption, 265 cavitating pump dynamics, 378–382 acoustic attenuation, 226, 252, 275–279 cavitation, 128 acoustic damping, 275–279 bubble cloud, 135 acoustic impedance, 223 bubble collapse, 131 acoustic impulse, 145 bubble shape, 133, 139–142 acoustic pressure, 143 damage, 134, 136–143 added mass matrix, 62 event rate, 147 annular flow, 206 events, 139, 147 instability, 194–195 inception, 128 atomizing nozzle, 292 inception number, 129 attached cavitation, 142 luminescence, 149 tails, 142 noise, 142–148 auto-oscillation, 354 nuclei, 129 avalanches, 308 number, 128 averaging, 27–28, 47–48, 50, 343 patch, 142 scaling, 148 Bagnold number, 326 stable acoustic, 124 barotropic relation, 221, 231–233 transient acoustic, 124 Basset term, 72, 75 cavitation surge, 354–355, 378, 379 binary collision time, 311 frequency, 355 Bjerknes forces, 61, 95–124 onset, 354 Blake critical pressure, 112 charge separation, 183 Blake critical radius, 112 choked flow, 236, 284, 335, 368 boiling, 150–160 chugging, 356–359 vertical surfaces, 157–160 Clausius-Clapeyron equation, 104 boiling crisis, 153, 338 cloud natural frequency, 262 Brownian motion, 61 coefficient of restitution, 310, 327 bubble component acceleration, 73–78 characteristic, 345 cloud, 135, 259–266 resistance, 346 collapse, 131–149 compressibility, 374 damping, 124, 250 compressor surge, 349, 355 deformation, 86–91 concentration waves, 173, 351–353, 365 fission, 141 condensation, 160–162 migration, 96–99 condensation oscillations, 356–359 natural frequency, 120–123, 249, 258 condensation shocks, 242–245 stability, 110 conjugate states, 334 translation, 52–99 conservation of mass, 28–30 bubbly flow, 178, 188, 246–266 continuous phase, 173 limits, 181–183 Coulomb friction, 310, 317 shock waves, 253–259, 266 Coulomb yield criterion, 317 bulk modulus, 223 critical gas volume fraction, 236, 238 burning rate, 304 critical heat flux, 153, 342 407 critical mass flow rate, 236, 241 slug flow, 165, 169 critical pressure ratio, 236, 241 stratified flow, 165 critical radius, 112 wave flow, 165 critical solids fraction, 315, 318 fluidized bed, 184, 227, 308, 336–338 critical vapor volume fraction, 241 bubble, 188 foam flow, 183 D’Alembert’s paradox, 54 force chains, 308, 312, 313 debris flow, 308 force interaction, 33, 36, 51 density wave, 352 free streamline theory, 21 disperse flow, 20, 173 frequency dispersion, 225 friction, 196–205 frequency domain methods, 359 limits, 184–187 friction coefficient, 197 disperse phase, 173 Froude number, 77, 177 separation, 174–178 fully separated flow, 173 dispersion, 175 drag coefficient, 56 gas turbines, 267 drift flux, 24 Geldart classification, 189 drift flux models, 331–343, 367 geyser instability, 350–351 drift velocity, 24 grain elevators, 183 droplet granular energy, 322 combustion, 301–305 granular flow, 308–330 concentration, 289 boundary conditions, 325 deposition, 289 computer simulations, 326 entrainment, 289 kinetic theory, 322–326 evaporation, 299–301 granular heat flux, 322 mechanics, 299–305 granular temperature, 320–322 size, 294 dusty gases, 267–284 Haberman-Morton number, 87, 342 dynamic instability, 353–359 Hadamard-Rybczynski flow, 57, 72, 75 hard particle model, 310, 312 ebullition cycle, 153 harmonic cascading, 266 effective viscosity, 200 heterogeneous flow elastic-quasistatic regime, 313 friction, 201–203 electromagnetic forces, 183 homogeneous flow, 173, 220–245, 247, energy equation, 37–41 269–271, 362–364 energy interaction, 39, 51 equilibrium model, 228, 241 enthalpy, 23 friction, 199–201 entropy, 23 frozen model, 228, 241 equations of motion, 27–42 in nozzles, 233–242 hopper flows, 318–320 far-wake, 55, 59 funnel flow, 319 Fick’s law, 31 mass flow, 319 film boiling, 154–155, 158–160, 338 hydraulic diameter, 206 film condensation, 160–162 hydraulic gradient, 197 flame front, 302, 304 flexible coating, 135 imposed vibration, 312 flooding, 334, 338, 368 inertia tensor, 62 flow patterns, 163–195 inertial regime, 313 flow regimes, 163–195 inhomogeneity instability, 184–188, 369 annular flow, 165, 169 intermittency, 173, 187 bubble flow, 165 intermolecular forces, 183 churn flow, 169 internal friction angle, 317 churn-turbulent flow, 169 interstitial fluid effects, 326–330 disperse flow, 165, 169 isotropy assumption, 318 fluidized bed, 189 ITTC headform, 147 Geldart chart, 189 granular flow, 312–316 Jakob number, 115 heterogeneous flow, 168 jet breakup, 292–298 homogeneous flow, 168 map, 164 Kelvin impulse, 99 saltation flow, 168 Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, 192–193 408 Keulegan-Carpenter number, 64 drag, 81–84 kinematic shocks, 334, 370–375 fission, 178–181 stability, 372–374 heat transfer, 41–42 kinematic waves, 173, 187, 352, 365–384 interactions, 308–311, 328 speed, 368 loading, 268 two-dimensional, 383–384 size, 178–181, 218, 294 Knudsen number, 61 slip, 271 Kolmogorov scales, 43 stiffness, 310 turbulence interaction, 42–47 laminar boundary layer, 139 patch cavitation, 142 landslides, 308 photocopiers, 183 Ledinegg instability, 349–350 photophoresis, 61 Leidenfrost effect, 155–157 pipe friction, 177, 196–215 Lewis number, 302 Plesset-Zwick equation, 105 limit of fluidization, 338 plunge pools, 285 liquid compressibility, 131, 232 polytropic constant, 106 Lockhart-Martinelli correlation, 205–210 pool boiling, 151–153, 338–343 porous media flow, 329 Marangoni effects, 91–95 pressure suppression systems, 356 Martinelli correlations, 205–215 pumps Martinelli parameter, 207 axial, 217, 354 Martinelli-Nelson correlation, 211–215 bubbly flow, 179–181 mass diffusion, 118–120 cavitation, 217 mass flux, 22 cavitation number, 217, 355 mass fraction, 23 centrifugal, 217, 354 mass interaction, 28, 51 dredge pump, 215 mass mean diameter, 27, 294 dynamics, 378–382 mass quality, 23 energy conversion, 215–219 microjet, 134–138 flow coefficient, 215, 355 microlayer, 152 head coefficient, 215 mist flow head degradation, 217 limits, 181–183 multiphase flow, 215–219 mixing shock, 183 mixture density, 23 quality, 23 Mohr-Coulomb models, 317–318 momentum equation, 31–36 rapid granular flow, 313, 320–326 Monte Carlo methods, 325 Rayleigh collapse time, 109 Morison’s equation, 64 Rayleigh-Plesset equation, 100, 247 multiphase flow Rayleigh-Taylor instability, 155, 192, 193, 341 models, 20–22 rectified diffusion, 96, 120, 124, 126–127 notation, 22–25 relative motion, 220 relative velocity, 22, 36 natural convection, 151, 157 relaxation time, 36, 75 near-wake, 55, 59 remnant cloud, 138, 141 nomenclature, 11–18 reservoir conditions, 231 nozzle flow, 233–244 Reynolds number, 54, 197 nucleate boiling, 151, 153–154, 338 Reynolds stresses, 48–50 nucleation, 151, 243 ring frequency, 258 sites, 153 rocket engines, 267, 379 oblique collisions, 327 salt water, 288 ocean spray, 286–288 sand storms, 267 one-way coupling, 80 Sauter mean diameter, 27, 294 operating point, 346 scattering cross-section, 265 Oseen flow, 58, 73 Schiebe headform, 147 sedimentation, 365, 375–378 particle segregation, 175, 201 acceleration, 73–78 separated flow, 20, 173 added mass, 62–65, 80 friction, 205–215 charge, 183 limits, 191–193 collisions, 327–328 shape distortion, 133 409 shock wave, 132, 136, 149, 253–259, 266, unsteady internal flow, 359–360 272–275 size distribution, 25–27 velocity relaxation, 271–272 slow granular flow, 317–320 ventilation, 128 slurry flow, 168, 177, 197, 308 vertical flow small slip perturbation, 282–284 friction, 203–205 soft particle model, 310, 312 vertical pipe flow, 333–336 soil liquefaction, 308 viscosity, 24 sonic speed, 221–231, 249 volcanic dust, 267 sonophoresis, 61 volume flux, 22 spherical-cap bubble, 89 volume fraction, 22 spillways, 285 volumetric flux, 23 spray, 285–307 volumetric quality, 23 combustion, 305–307 vortex shedding, 56, 59, 64 formation, 285–298 stability water-hammer methods, 359 of laminar flow, 279–280 wavy wall flow, 280–281 of multiphase flows, 344–364 Weber number, 181, 296 steam turbines, 267 white caps, 287 stoichiometry, 302 Whitehead paradox, 57 Stokes flow, 56–61, 69–74 Stokes number, 327 yield criterion, 317 Stokes streamfunction, 54 Young’s modulus, 310 stratified flow, 194 Strouhal number, 59 subharmonics, 125 subscripts, 16 super-resonant flow, 266 superficial velocity, 22 superscripts, 17 surface contaminants, 95 surface roughening, 142 surface tension, 91 system characteristic, 346 system components, 344–347 system stability, 347–359 temperature relaxation, 271–272 terminal velocity, 75, 81 thermal conductivity, 24 thermal effects, 113 thermocapillary effects, 91 thermodynamic equilibrium, 221 thermophoresis, 61 throat conditions, 235 time domain methods, 359 Tollmein-Schlicting waves, 293 trajectory models, 21 transfer functions, 359–364 cavitating pumps, 382 transfer matrices, 359–364 homogeneous flow, 362–364 pumps, 361 turbines energy conversion, 215–219 turbomachine surge, 349 turbulent jets, 293–298 two-fluid models, 21 two-way coupling, 80 units, 18 410.
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