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Volume 23 No. 3. July 1992 TheJournal of Gemmology THE GEMMOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION AND GEM TESTING LABORATORY OF GREAT BRITAIN OFFICERS AND COUNCIL Past Presidents: Sir Henry Miers, MA, D.Sc., FRS Sir William Bragg, OM, KBE, FRS Dr. G.F. Herbert Smith, CBE, MA, D.Sc. Sir Lawrence Bragg, CH, OBE, MC, B.Sc., FRS Sir Frank Claringbull, Ph.D., F.Inst.P., FGS Vice-President: R K. Mitchell, FGA Council of Management D.J. Callaghan, FGA C.R Cavey, FGA E.A. Jobbins, B.Sc., C.Eng., FIMM, FGA 1. Thomson, FGA V.P. Watson, FGA K. Scarratt, FGA RR Harding, B.Sc., D.Phil., FGA, C. Geol. Members' Council A. J. Allnutt, M.Sc., G.H. Jones, B.Sc., Ph.D., FGA P. G. Read, C.Eng., Ph.D., FGA H. Levy, M.Sc., BA, FGA MIEE, MIERE, FGA P. J. E. Daly, B.Sc., FGA J. Kessler 1. Roberts, FGA T. Davidson, FGA G. Monnickendam E.A. Thomson, R Fuller, FGA L. Music Hon.FGA D. Inkersole, FGA J.B. Nelson, Ph.D., FGS, R Velden B. Jackson, FGA F. Inst. P., C.Phys., FGA D. Warren C.H. Winter, FGA Branch Chairmen: Midlands Branch: D.M. Larcher, FBHI, FGA North-West Branch: 1. Knight, FGA Examiners: A. J. Allnutt, M.Sc., Ph.D., FGA G. H. Jones, B.Sc., Ph.D., FGA L. Bartlett, B.Sc., M.Phil., FGA D. G. Kent, FGA E. M. Bruton, FGA R D. Ross, B.Sc., FGA C. R Cavey, FGA P. Sadler, B.Sc., FGS, FGA S. Coelho, B.Sc., FGA E. Stem, FGA A.T. Collins, B.Sc., Ph.D Prof. 1.Sunagawa,D.Sc. B. Jackson, FGA M. Virkkunen, M.Phil., FGA E. A. Jobbins, B.Sc., C. Eng., FIMM, FGA C. Woodward, B.Sc., FGA Editor: E. A. Jobbins, B.Sc., C.Eng., FIMM, FGA Editorial Assistant: Mary A. Burland Curator: C. R Cavey, FGA The Genunological Association and Getn Testing Laboratory of Great Britain 27 Greville Street, London EClN 8SU Telephone: 071-4043334 Fax: 071-4048843 ^Journal of Gemmology VOLUME 23 NUMBER THREE JULY 1992 Cover Picture An orange coloured pearl showing a 'flame structure' comparable with that displayed by pink pearls from the Giant Conch, Strombus gigas. This pearl was fished off the Mergui archipelago, Myanmar (Burma) around 1960 and is 20mm in diameter; others have been found in the Baler shell, Melo amphora in Australian and Malaysian waters. Photograph taken in sunlight by E. A. Jobbins ISSN: 0022-1252 F.G.AF.G.A.. youyourr kekeyy ttoo ththee fascinatingfascinating worlworldd ooff GemmologyGemmology ThThee GemmologicaGemmologicall TheThe GemmologicalGemmological AssociatioAssociationn anandd GeGemm AssociationsAssociations coursecourse TestinTestingg LaboratorLaboratoryy ooff hashas beenbeen speciallyspecially GreaGreatt BritaiBritainn hahass beebeenn compiledcompiled intointo aa seriesseries activelactivelyy involveinvolvedd iinn ofof teachingteaching modulesmodules ththee ververyy beginninbeginningg ooff thatthat aarre bothboth readablereadable GemmologGemmologyy aass aann andand lavishlavishlly independenindependentt sciencescience.. illustrated.illustrated. Today. the Together they Today, the Together they Association takes provide a Association takes provide a pride in its comprehensive step­ pride in its comprehensive step- international by-step guide to the international by-step guide to the reputation as a lea rn ed fascinating world of reputation as a learned fascinating world of society dedicated to i gemmology and an society dedicated to the promotion of opportunitygemmology toan earnd an thgemmologicale promotion o f theopportunit covetedy initialsto earn gemmologicaeducation andl the thFGAe covete - Fellowd initial of thes educatiospread ofn and the GemmologicalFGA-Fellow o f the spreagemmologicald of AssociationGemmologica. l gemmologicaknowledge. l AssociationTo find out. more knowledgeThe Association. 's Gemmological Association compTo finletde outhet morcoupone Gemmological Association covetedThe Association Fellowships is and Gem Testing Laboratory belowcomplet ande th wee coupowill n covetea markd ofFellowshi excellencep is and Gem Testing Laboratory beloimmediatelyw and w eforward will aonly mar besk oftowed excellenc upone Of Great Britain theimmediatel Association'sy forwar d onlmembersy bestowe. whod upo n Of Great Britain thprospectuse Association givings memberssuccessfu, llywh undertakeo the Association's fu ll details of this uniqprospectuue course.s giving successfullwritten andy practicalundertak eDiploma the Association examinations.s full details of this unique course. writte,------n and practical Diplom--a examinations--- . --------- - , To GAGTL Education Department, 27 Greville Street, London ECl N 8SU I I TPleaseo GAGT sendL Educatio details nand Department applicotion, 2 7form Grevill fore the Street Diploma, Londo inn Gemmology EC1N 8SU Course. I Please send details and application form for the Diploma in Gemmology Course. I Name: I I Name: I I Address : I I Address: I I I I . I L __ _ _ __ _______ ~elephon ~ _ ___- GEM;-.J . Telephone: . GEM; L: _J J.J. Gemm.,Gemm., 1992,1992,23, 23, 3 131131 NotesNotes fromfrom thethe LaboratoryLaboratory - 1155 Kenneth Scarratt Kenneth Scarratt GemmologicalGemmological AssociationAssociation andand GemGem TestingTesting LaboratoryLaboratory ofof GreatGreat Britain,Britain, LondonLondon ECINEC1N 8S8SUU DamagedDamaged firefire opalopal GemsGems withwith a waterwater content,content, suchsuch asas opalopal andand pearl,pearl, needneed specialspecial carecare whenwhen beingbeing displayedisplayedd forfor sale.sale. TheseThese gemsgems whenwhen keptkept forfor extendedextended periodperiodss inin anan enclosedenclosed atmosphereatmosphere andand underunder strongstrong heat­heat- generatinggenerating lightinglighting areare proneprone toto dehydrationdehydration whichwhich maymay resultresult inin crackingcracking oror otherother formsforms ofof damage.damage. TToo reducereduce thethe riskrisk ofof damagedamage manymany traderstraders keepkeep a smallsmall containercontainer ofof waterwater inin a showshow casecase wherewhere pearlspearls oror opalsopals areare onon display,display, andand alsalsoo regularlregularlyy wipewipe themthem withwith a dampdamp cloth.cloth. A clientclient soldsold a 2.31ct2.3 let pear-shapedpear-shaped firefire opalopal setset inin aa clustercluster ring,ring, seenseen inin FigureFigure 1,1, toto a retailerretailer approx­approx­ imatelyimately threethree yearsyears ago.ago. RecentlyRecently ththee retailerretailer rere­­ turnedturned ththee ringring statingstating thatthat a largelarge opaqueopaque conecone hadhad appearedappeared stretchingstretching fromfrom thethe rearrear facetsfacets intointo thethe centrecentre ofof thethe stone.stone. TheThe newnew 'inclusion''inclusion' waswas easilyeasily visiblevisible toto thethe unaidedunaided eyeeye andand thereforetherefore thethe stonestone waswas nnoo longerlonger saleable.saleable. Fig.Fig. 1.1. Pear-shapedPear-shaped firefire opalopal setset iinn a dustercluster ring.ring. NotNotee thethe OurOur clientclient unsetunset thethe stonestone andand sentsent itit toto thethe opaqueopaque conecone atat thethe toptop rightright andand underunder thethe tabletable facet.facet. LaboratoryLaboratory forfor examinationexamination andand anyany recommenda­recommenda­ stonestone waswas placedplaced inin a containercontainer ofof waterwater foforr a periodperiod tionstions thatthat couldcould bebe mademade toto brinbringg thethe stonestone backback toto ofof threthreee weeks,weeks, afterafter whichwhich thethe opacityopacity hadhad virtuallyvirtually itsits formerformer beauty.beauty. TheThe opaqueopaque conecone (see(see FigureFigure 2)2) disappeared.disappeared. AfterAfter a furtherfurther weekweek inin thethe waterwater thethe wawass indeedindeed quitequite larglargee andand hadhad a dramaticdramatic effecteffect onon opacityopacity hadhad disappeareddisappeared altogetheraltogether leavinleavingg onlyonly a thethe appearanceappearance ofof ththee stone.stone. smallsmall turbidturbid areaarea (Figure(Figure 3)3).. TheThe solutionsolution waswas bothboth simplesimple andand effective.effective. TheThe Fig.Fig. 3.3. TheThe pear-shapedpear-shaped firefire opalopal inin Figs.Figs. I1 andand 22 after after soakingsoaking Fig.Fig. 2.2. TheThe pear-shapedpear-shaped firefire opalopal inin Fig.Fig. I,1, unsetunset andand display­display­ inin waterwater forfor fourfour weeks.weeks. TheThe opaqueopaque conecone hashas dis­dis­ iningg a sidsidee viewview ofof thethe opaqueopaque cone.cone. appearedappeared leavinleavingg onlyonly a smallsmall turbidturbid area.area. © CopyrightCopyright thethe GemmologicalGemmological AssociationAssociation ISSN:ISSN: 0022-12520022-1252 \0 \0 N ..- Vol Vol N - .lV Y' ';-< 132 J. Gemm., , 1992, 23, 3 4888.9 4848.1 e u ir\ ^O ir>SI65em·! 4730.2 T3 C coand ir> ro 4935 at J2 CO <U peaks 4Bi2.4 a £Hie C COand (em-i) Hlb H1b 4894.8 J3 the ÖC _C '>> «S "H. '•5displaying 4, 4978.7 dû Wavenumber Fig. .5in CJ o sdiamond .2 eoeB.8 •3 yellow -a o rd l» u treated tj e14i.O rn33ct <L> J3 the <•+-. Oof S 3 i- t> <U spectrum 8223.i a ~ac/5 <u w infrared Is ONPartial e30e.3 5. N m m ID '!If 0 0 0 0 0 III III III III m m ID OJ CIJ 0 • 0 III ID OJ CIJ N ID III • .CIJ o. • L • elll 00 ~. .g .gm Fig. J. Gemm., 1992, 23, 3 133 Large treated yellow diamond It is sometimes difficult to understand why certain stones are artificially treated. Obviously, colour or clarity enhancement can make a stone more saleable. However, when one has a 33ct diamond irradiated and annealed to produce a 'treated yellow' one has to question whether it is more saleable before or after treatment. Figure 4 shows a 33ct round brilliant-cut 'intense yellow' diamond recently submitted to the Labora­ tory for a report on the origin of its colour. Examination of the
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  • Lunar Mineralogy:A Heavenlydetective Story

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    American Mineralogist, Volume 61, pages l0S9-l I16, 1976 Lunar mineralogy:a heavenlydetective story. Part II1 JosrpHV. SnttrueNo Intt M. SrnslE Department of the Geophysical Sciences, Uniuersity of Chicago Chicago, I II inois 6063 7 Contents Abstract | 060 Introduction t06r Generaldiscussion of rock tvoes:relation to modelof Moon t06r Lunar specimenswith high MglFe l 066 (a) selectedspecimens of special interest r 066 (b) others I 070 Lunar specimenswith lower MglFe r07| (a) high-KREEPmaterial, mostly noritic t07I (b) low-KREEPnoritic material 107I (c) anorthositic to12 (d) graniticand rhyolitic 1074 (e) marebasalts t074 (f) ANr I 075 Origin of rock types I 075 Discussionof minerals lo'76 Feldspars r076 Olivines 107'7 Pyroxenes 1079 (a) relationof majorelements to rock type and crystallizationconditions 1079 (b) minor and traceelements 1080 (c) exsolution,inversion, and sitepopulation l08l (d) deformation 1082 Othersilicates.... 1082 Spinels 1084 (a) generalchemistry 1084 (b) spinelsfrom non-mare rocks I 084 (c) spinelsfrom mare rocks . I086 (d) miscellaneous 1086 Ilmenite I 087 Armalcolite, zirkelite, and possiblerelated phases . I089 Baddeleyite,corundum, and rutile l09l Apatite and whitlockite ... 1092 Sulfides,carbide, phosphide,and metals I 093 (a) sulfides I093 (b) coheniteand schreibersite I 095 (c) metallic Fe,Ni,Co minerals 109'7 Conclusion I 106 Appendix:additional lunar minerals..... r r07 Acknowledements I r08 References I 108 r059 1060 J. V. SMITH AND I. M. STEELE Abstract This secondpart is a revisedand expandedversion ofthe 1973Presidential Address, and incorporatesnew data publishedup to November 1975. The earlierlist of lunar mineralsis expandedto includecordierite, molybdenite, farrington- ite, akagan6ite,unidentified Cl,Fe,Zn-bearing phases, bornite(?), aluminum oxycarbide(?), monazite,thorite(?), pyrochlore(?), titanite, and graphite.
  • Lunar Sample Mineralogy

    Lunar Sample Mineralogy

    8 Lunar Sample Mineralogy Table III. – Lunar Mineralogy Lunar sample mineralogy is relatively simple with only the following major minerals: plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine and ilmenite (Smith and Steele 1976; Papike et Major phases Rough formula al. 1998). This simple mineralogy of lunar samples results because lunar rocks were formed in a Plagioclase Ca2Al2Si2O8 completely dry and very reducing environment with Pyroxene (Ca,Mg,Fe)2Si2O6 no hydrous minerals. Grain boundaries between Olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 minerals on the Moon are remarkably distinct with no Ilmenite FeTiO3 alteration products. Residual melt, in the form of glass, is present in the mesostasis of igneous rocks. Metallic Minor phases iron grains are found in many rocks. Troilite is the only sulfide. Minerals, which might have been added by meteorites, have all been melted or vaporized by Iron Fe (Ni,Co) impact. Troilite FeS Silica SiO2 Table III lists most of the minerals reported in lunar Chromite-ulvοspinel FeCr2O4-Fe2TiO4 samples. Very little Na is found in lunar rocks; thus, Apatite Ca5(PO4)(F,Cl) most lunar plagioclase is almost pure anorthite. Merrillite Ca3(PO4)2 Maskelynite (shocked plagioclase) is common. Some Ternary feldspar (Ca,Na,K)AlSi3O8 feldspars with ternary (Ca, Na, K) composition were K-feldspar (K,Ba)AlSi3O8 found in rare lunar felsite clasts. Two phosphates were Pleonaste (Fe,Mg)(Al,Cr)2O4 found; apatite and “whitlockite”. Whitlockite has since Zircon (Zr,Hf)SiO4 been identified as merrillite. Baddeleyite ZrO2 The extensive study of lunar pyroxene has helped Rutile TiO2 mineralogists understand the phase relations, Zirkelite-zirconolite (Ca,Fe)(Zr,Y,Ti)2O7 polymorphism, and exsolution of this complex mineral.
  • Lnd Thorium-Bearing Minerals IQURTH EDITION

    Lnd Thorium-Bearing Minerals IQURTH EDITION

    :]lossary of Uranium­ lnd Thorium-Bearing Minerals IQURTH EDITION y JUDITH W. FRONDEL, MICHAEL FLEISCHER, and ROBERT S. JONES : EOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1250 1list of uranium- and thorium-containing vtinerals, with data on composition, type f occurrence, chemical classification, ~nd synonymy NITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1967 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. GS 67-278 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing, Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 30 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Introduction _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ 1 Chemical classification of the uranium and thorium minerals____________ 5 A. Uranium and thorium minerals _ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ 10 B. Minerals with minor amounts of uranium and thorium______________ 50 C. Minerals reported to contain uranium and thorium minerals as im- purities or intergrowths_______________________________________ 61 Index____________________________________________________________ 65 In GLOSSARY OF URANIUM- AND THORIUM-BEARING MINERALS FOURTH EDITION By JuDITH W. FRONDEL, MicHAEL FLEISCHER, and RoBERTS. JoNES INTRODUCTION The first edition of this work was published as U.S. Geological Survey Circular 74 in April1950, the second edition as Circular 194 in February 1952, and the third edition in 1955 as U. S.