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Morte E Espectralidade-DIGITAL.Pdf 2 Morte e Espectralidade nas Artes e na Literatura Nota introdutória 3 Fernando Guerreiro · José Bértolo (Eds.) 4 Morte e Espectralidade nas Artes e na Literatura Este trabalho é financiado por fundos nacionais através da FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., no âmbito do projeto UID/ELT/0509/2019. Morte e Espectralidade nas Artes e na Literatura Edição: Fernando Guerreiro e José Bértolo Capa: Sal Studio, a partir de fotografia espírita de William Hope, c. 1920. Revisão: Moirika Reker (CEC) Paginação: Margarida Baldaia © 2019, Autores e Edições Húmus Edições Húmus, Lda., 2019 Apartado 7081 4764-908 Ribeirão – V. N. Famalicão Telef.: 926 375 305 [email protected] ISBN: 978-989-755-400-1 Impressão: Papelmunde, SMG, Lda. – V. N. Famalicão 1.ª edição: Abril de 2019 Depósito Legal: 454333/19 Nota introdutória 5 ÍNDICE 7 Nota introdutória 11 I. O ESPECTÁCULO DA MORTE NA LITERATURA E NO CINEMA 13 Pantomina e morte no cinema: Do espectáculo da morte no século XIX à construção de máscaras e ao melodrama: Le Mystère des roches de Kador de Léonce Perret Fernando Guerreiro 33 O sinal de Lázaro: Reanimação e textualidade mórbida na narrativa breve de Guy de Maupassant Amândio Reis 53 Aurélien d’Aragon ou le masque de la morte Kelly Basilio 63 O texto-molde: Escrita-leitura de L’Arrêt de mort de Maurice Blanchot Patrícia Soares Martins 77 Falar na língua dos mortos: Wenceslau de Moraes e Paulo Rocha José Bértolo 95 A fixação da morte em Leitão de Barros Ana Campos 105 Death works overtime: A morte em Six Feet Under José Duarte 6 Morte e Espectralidade nas Artes e na Literatura 119 II. A FOTOGRAFIA E OUTROS ESPECTROS 121 Espectros revisitados: Da fotografia espírita ao digital Margarida Medeiros 131 Azevedo Neves e A Máscara d’um Actor: Ciência, teatro e cultura visual Filipe Figueiredo 147 Pop-mortem Joel-Peter Witkin: Máscaras de carne Golgona Anghel 157 Do falso auto-retrato ao falso still de filme: Acerca do papel da fotografia na série Untitled Film Stills de Cindy Sherman Margarida Medeiros 171 “Todas as fotografias são memento mori”: Encenações da morte nalguns filmes de terror Luís Mendonça 183 Os fantasmas da fotografia revelados pelo cinema: De Nadar a Kiyoshi Kurosawa: Le Secret de la chambre noire Fernando Guerreiro 207 Ensaio sobre a ausência Susana Lourenço Marques 217 Notas biográficas dos autores Nota introdutória 7 NOTA INTRODUTÓRIA Morte e Espectralidade nas Artes e na Literatura é um volume organizado no âmbito do projecto de investigação RIAL – Realidade e Imaginação nas Artes e na Literatura, sedeado no Centro de Estudos Comparatistas da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa (FLUL). O projecto foi criado em 2017 com o objectivo de estimular um pensamento alargado sobre arte e repre- sentação, partindo dos dois conceitos titulares e inspirando-se numa herança artística e teórica que vem, essencialmente, do quadro da modernidade esté- tica, desde o século xviii até à contemporaneidade. O estudo desenvolvido no âmbito deste projecto tem explorado uma rede conceptual que traduz zonas de porosidade e de contaminação entre vida e arte, ficção e História, percepção e facto, ilusão e experiência, quotidiano e estranheza, sistemas simbólicos e cultura material, entre outros pares problemáticos, entendidos na sua complementaridade e interpenetração e não apenas antinomicamente. Entre 2017 e 2018, organizaram-se diversos encontros abertos ao público, de entre os quais dois que estão na origem deste livro. São eles a Jornada Máscaras de Cera: O Espectáculo da Morte na Literatura e nas Artes dos Séculos XIX e XX (organizada em parceria com a linha de investigação Teatro e Imagem do Centro de Estudos de Teatro da Universidade de Lisboa), que teve lugar na FLUL, no dia 14 de Dezembro de 2017, e o Seminário RIAL: O Realismo Espectral da Imagem Fotográfica, na mesma faculdade, a 26 de Abril de 2018. Debruçando-se sobre os assuntos já patentes nos títulos, ambas as actividades propuseram circunscrições específicas, porém correlatas, da proposta geral do projecto. No primeiro caso, o seminário promoveu a pro- blematização e a análise das configurações que o tópico da morte obteve na literatura, na fotografia, no cinema, na literatura e nas artes de palco no decorrer dos últimos dois séculos; o segundo encontro, por seu turno, visou abordar a espectralidade enquanto problema inerente à fotografia e à teorização em torno desta arte, reunindo uma série de intervenções que 8 Morte e Espectralidade nas Artes e na Literatura interrogaram diversos pressupostos da representação realista comummente associados à fotografia. Os estudos congregados na primeira parte deste volume incidem em obras e momentos específicos em que a literatura e o cinema trataram a morte, analisando a forma como estes tratamentos conduziram a um pensamento sobre as artes. No texto inaugural, Fernando Guerreiro centra-se na apropria- ção fetichizante da morte ao longo do século xix e no primeiro quartel do século xx, debruçando-se sobre, entre outros, elementos da cultura popular tais como jornais, máscaras mortuárias e museus de cera, e estendendo-se até ao melodrama teatral sensacionalista e ao cinema mudo. Seguem-se três reflexões conduzidas no âmbito mais estrito dos estudos literários, focando- -se, no primeiro caso, a narrativa breve do final do século xix, e, no segundo e no terceiro casos, romances publicados na década de 1940. Amândio Reis trata um conjunto de contos de Guy de Maupassant que, unindo-se temati- camente na partilha do motivo do “efeito Lázaro”, concretizam, na verdade, uma reflexão metaliterária em torno da própria ideia de ficção. Patrícia Soares Martins discute um dos maiores pensadores do século xx sobre a morte na arte, Maurice Blanchot, ocupando-se, em particular, de L’Arrêt de mort, uma obra que transporta para o domínio da ficção alguns conceitos-chave da inda- gação filosófica do autor. Kelly Basilio trabalha sobre a efígie de L’Inconnue de la Seine e o modo como ela, talvez mais como “prefiguração” do que “repre- sentação” da morte, sobredetermina o universo do par de Aurélien de Louis Aragon. José Bértolo e Ana Campos equacionam instâncias de cruzamento entre a literatura e o cinema: no primeiro caso, estabelece-se um diálogo entre Wenceslau de Moraes e Paulo Rocha a partir dos fantasmas invocados pelo primeiro em Ó-Yoné e Ko-Haru e, pelo segundo em A Ilha dos Amores e A Ilha de Moraes; no segundo caso, procede-se a uma análise de Inês de Castro, de Jorge Leitão de Barros, que valoriza, ainda, outras variações sobre o mesmo tema, bem como diversos escritos do cineasta. Por fim, José Duarte pondera sobre uma série televisiva emblemática no que diz respeito ao tratamento da morte enquanto espectáculo, Six Feet Under, tomando em consideração a sua primeira temporada. A segunda parte desta colecção de ensaios explora a hipótese da fotografia enquanto o meio de representação paradigmático de um olhar sobre a morte e a espectralidade no âmbito das artes. O conjunto abre com a perspectiva de Margarida Medeiros sobre a história desta arte, desde as primeiras expe- riências com a fotografia espírita até ao advento do digital. Filipe Figueiredo considera o uso da fotografia feito por Azevedo Neves, no seu célebre estudo Nota introdutória 9 das expressões humanas, A Máscara d’um Actor, cruzando artes do espectá- culo, fotografia e ciência. Golgona Anghel e Margarida Medeiros centram-se em fotógrafos específicos. A primeira analisa o universo singular de Joel- Peter Witkin, valorizando a reflexão levada a cabo por este artista em torno de conceitos como terror, monstruosidade e abjecção, e a segunda recupera a célebre série Untitled Film Stills, de Cindy Sherman, interrogando o esta- tuto da fotografia enquanto arte na obra desta fotógrafa norte-americana. Baseando as suas reflexões em zonas de articulação entre a fotografia e o cinema, Luís Mendonça examina diversos filmes de terror contemporâneos que concebem o seu carácter horrífico a partir de dispositivos fotográficos, e Fernando Guerreiro oferece um estudo sobre Le Secret de la chambre noire, de Kiyoshi Kurosawa, através da convocação, sugerida pelo próprio filme, do panorama da fotografia no século xix. O volume termina com uma meditação de Susana Lourenço Marques sobre a fotografia enquanto lugar simultanea- mente de presença e ausência, memória e esquecimento, matéria e invisível, suscitada por uma série de imagens encontradas na Colecção de Fotografia da Muralha, actualmente em depósito na Casa da Memória de Guimarães. 10 Morte e Espectralidade nas Artes e na Literatura Nota introdutória 11 I o espectáculo da morte na literatura e no cinema 12 Morte e Espectralidade nas Artes e na Literatura Pantomina e Morte no Cinema: Do Espectáculo da Morte no Século XIX ... 13 PANTOMINA E MORTE NO CINEMA: DO ESPECTÁCULO DA MORTE NO SÉCULO XIX À CONSTRUÇÃO DE MÁSCARAS E AO MELODRAMA LE MYSTÈRE DES ROCHES DE KADOR DE LÉONCE PERRET Fernando Guerreiro* O ESPECTÁCULO DA MORTE: DA MORGUE AO MUSEU DE CERA O Romantismo, na sua ligação com a Modernidade (de Stendhal a Baudelaire), hipertrofia a pulsão escópica: o olhar. A pulsão do “olhar” incide então com a mesma avidez, insistência, sobre as formas de vida (o realismo de Balzac), o exotismo dos lugares e das cultu- ras (a literatura de viagens de Hugo, Dumas, Gautier, entre outros), a morte (a literatura frenética de Nodier e Pétrus Borel mas também as “flores do mal” de Baudelaire) ou mesmo o “invisível” (o ocultismo das “tables tournantes” de Victor Hugo). Assim, se no quadro da cultura ao mesmo tempo jornalística (com o folhetim e o sensacionalismo das notícias) e teatral (tendendo sempre ao melodrama) do fait divers – uma cultura ela própria participando do novo cerimonial da “estetização do quotidiano” a que se refere Baudelaire desde 1846 –, tudo tende para o “espectáculo”, também a “morte” vai ser o lugar de práticas de encenação e visibilização do seu “aparato” – afinal, não o esque- çamos, contemporâneas da introdução, desde meados da década de 30, da Fotografia na sociedade.
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