DOCSLIB.ORG

Environmental Security (NS4032) Summer 2019

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Environmental Security (NS4032) Summer 2019 Environmental Security (NS4032) Summer 2019 Tuesdays and Thursdays, 10:00-11:50 Glasgow, Room 389 Dr. Emily Meierding Email: [email protected] Office: Glasgow 348 Office hours: Mondays, 12:30-14:30 and by appointment Course Description The physical environment we live in shapes our operating environment, military and economic performance, and national interests. It creates opportunities and constraints, domestically and internationally. In short, it provides the context in which the other activities that we study at NPS occur. Yet, until the end of the Cold War, the environment was an understudied topic in Political Science and International Relations. In the last thirty years, in contrast, many scholars and policymakers have identified the environment as a significant threat to human and national security. This seminar interrogates these claims, examining how environmental stresses, including resource scarcity, population growth, natural disasters, climate change, and pollution, trigger insecurities, including violent conflict, within and between countries. The course also examines non-violent responses to environmental stress, including migration and protest, and evaluates whether environmental stress can be a catalyst for cooperation. Throughout the course we’ll wrestle with the questions: How is the environment a security threat? Whom does it harm? How concerned should we be about these effects? How can we moderate environmental insecurity? The course blends theory and practice. Through readings, discussions, and assignments, we will critically evaluate core concepts and theories of environmental security and apply them to contemporary events, such as the Syrian civil war, Hurricanes Harvey and Maria, the water crisis in Flint, Michigan, and international competition over the Arctic. You will also conduct an in- depth evaluation of environmental insecurities in a country of your choice, to enhance your regional knowledge and practice environmental risk assessment. Course Objectives Upon completing this course, you should be able to provide informed analyses of current environmental security issues to policymakers. Specific learning objectives include: • Examine and evaluate core environmental security concepts, including scarcity and security • Recognize and critique environmental security discourses • Describe, diagram, and assess prominent environmental security theories • Apply concepts and theories to current environmental security issues 1 • Draw on theories and real world cases to diagnose current environmental insecurities, predict actors’ responses, and produce policy recommendations • Communicate key findings in written and verbal formats • Employ critical reading and analytic skills Class Preparation Readings are required and must be read prior to each class session. Most readings are available on Sakai and the syllabus contains urls for the news articles. Be sure to review the syllabus to determine whether you’re expected to complete an entire article/chapter or just part of it! I have selected class readings that are classics in the field and/or representative of prominent viewpoints on each session’s topic. The readings are not comprehensive; they are a jumping off point for further discussion. You should approach the class readings with two goals: understanding and critical assessment. When reading a text, look for answers to the following questions: • What is the article or chapter’s topic? • What is the author’s argument? • What evidence does the author use to support his or her argument? • What assumptions does the author make? • What did the author omit? • Was the argument persuasive? Why or why not? • Was the argument useful and/or important? Why or why not? • How could the argument be strengthened? The syllabus also identifies a core question for each session to guide your reading. We will always discuss these questions in class. Further Readings (at the end of the syllabus) are suggestions if you would like more information about a session’s topic. They are not required and will not be covered in class, but may be useful for your final reports. They are not on Sakai, but can be found by searching Google or Google Scholar (scholar.google.com). If you are unable to track down any of these readings, please contact me for assistance. Course Assessment Your grade will assess your progress towards the course’s learning objectives. It is based on three components: 1. Participation 35% To obtain a high participation grade, you must consistently attend class, complete the required readings before each class session, and contribute regularly to class discussions and activities. The quality of your participation also matters. 2 Participation will be evaluated on a daily basis, using a ✓+, ✓, ✓-, 0 scale • ✓+ = attended class and repeatedly contributed clear, original, informed content to class discussions and activities • ✓ = attended class and contributed clear, original, informed content to class discussions and activities • ✓- = attended class, but did not contribute clear, original or informed content to class discussions or activities • 0 = did not attend class Absenteeism: I excuse absences for illness, required appointments that cannot be scheduled outside of class time, and medical and family emergencies, if I am notified about them. Other absences are not excused. You are welcome but not required to notify me about unexcused absences. 2. Report 40% Due by midnight, 20 September For the purposes of this assignment, you are a military attaché at a US embassy. Your DCM (Deputy Chief of Mission) needs you to evaluate the risks posed by environmental stress (scarcity, degradation, etc.) within that country or between that country and a neighboring country. You will complete a 3000 word report that identifies key environmental stresses in the country, examines how they could generate insecurity, assesses the severity of the threat, and issues recommendations for threat mitigation. To create the report, you will draw on the concepts, theories, and models we cover in the course, as well as your own research on the particular issue(s) and country(s) you are examining. To ensure that the assignment is relevant to your degree, you must select a country within your NSA curriculum. The report will be evaluated on an A to F scale. I will distribute a rubric with more specific grading criteria, as well as detailed instructions, in the first week of class. 3. Portfolio 25% Various due dates (see below) Your portfolio consists of a series of assignments that build to your report. The purposes of these assignments are to encourage progress on your report, link the report to the concepts and theories we cover in class, clarify your arguments, strengthen the report’s organization and presentation, and share your findings with the class. I will provide further details about each assignment in class. All portfolio assignments will be evaluated on a ✓+, ✓, ✓-, 0 scale. • ✓+ = assignment is complete and demonstrates high level of effort and understanding of course content • ✓ = assignment is complete and demonstrates average level of effort and understanding of course content • ✓- = assignment is incomplete or demonstrates weak understanding of class content • 0 = no assignment submitted 3 A. Proposal 5% Due by midnight, 24 July Submit a report proposal. You will receive written feedback on this assignment from me. Include the following information: 1. Country (or pair of countries) you will examine 2. Environmental stress(es) you will examine 3. Explanation of why you selected #1 and #2. Why are these countries/stresses important? (1-2 paragraphs) a. This could include a discussion of the types of insecurity that you expect the selected stresses to cause b. You could also discuss implications for US national security 4. Annotated bibliography with 5+ sources. a. Provide full bibliographic information, using a standard citation format (e.g. Chicago). b. For each source, provide 1-3 sentences identifying the source’s topic and central arguments. B. Argument Map 2.5% Bring two copies to class on 30 July AND submit on Sakai Revised Map 5% Due by midnight, 10 August (submit on Sakai) Map the causal pathway from your environmental stress(es) to insecurity(s). Some of these maps will be shared in class. You can draw your maps in Word, Powerpoint, or by hand (and photographed). To submit online, please use pdf format. An effective argument map will: • Trace complete causal progressions from environmental stress to insecurity, so the reader can understand how we get from IVs (stresses) to DVs (insecurity). • Include any non-environmental factors that play important roles in the causal progression from environmental stress to insecurity. • Balance detail with clarity. C. Outline 10% Due by midnight, 25 August Complete a detailed outline of your report (2-3 pages, single spaced). You will receive written feedback on this assignment from me. Recommended format: Bulleted or numbered list of topics and sub-topics, with brief descriptions of each section’s content. D. Presentation 2.5% In class, September 12 and 17 Present your report to the class, focusing on key findings. 4 Format: 3 slides in 3 minutes Technical guidelines for report, proposal, and outline: • Submit electronic versions of assignments to the “Assignment” page on Sakai. • Include your name in the document name. • Unless otherwise noted, format written assignments as Word documents, double-spaced, with 12 point Times New Roman font, 1” margins, and page numbers. • For
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Heartland Institute Under Attack Global Warming Fever Drives Scientists to Desperation
    GREEN WATCH BANNER TO BE INSERTED HERE The Heartland Institute Under Attack Global Warming Fever Drives Scientists to Desperation By Matt Patterson Summary: It was Valentine’s Day, but it was no love letter. On February 14, 2012, renowned environmental scientist Peter Gleick transmitted to a group of liberal bloggers and journalists documents that he obtained from the Heartland Institute, a Chicago-based think-tank specializing in environmental policy. Gleick’s goal: destroy Heartland, a group that has mobilized scien- tists who are skeptical about global warm- ing. Gleick faked his identity and pretended to be a Heartland board member to obtain some of the documents. One of the docu- Dr. Peter Gleick - Thief ments that Gleick sent was a fake, created Yale and received his Ph.D. in Energy and social equity.” In 2010 the Pacifi c by Gleick or parties unknown to prove what and Resources from the University of Institute received more than $2.2 million wasn’t true. Gleick’s reckless, unethical and, California, Berkeley in 1986. He is in grants and contributions from a mix of most likely, criminal action shows just how currently president of the Pacifi c Institute foundations (e.g. Hewlett, Packard, Robert desperate green activists are to prop up their for Studies in Development, Environment, Wood Johnson, Rockefeller Brothers, overblown claims about global warming. and Security, which he co-founded in Rockefeller) and government agencies r. Peter Gleick was a trusted 1987. (e.g. Sacramento County and the Florida and respected scientist, with a Dcareer studded with honors and The Oakland, California-based research May 2012 awards.
    [Show full text]
  • Selected Bibliography of On-Demand Academic Public Lectures
    Selective Bibliography of On-Demand Academic Public Lectures Version 2.0 (January 14, 2010) Compiled by George Wrenn Cataloging Librarian Humboldt State University Library [email protected] Table of Contents UPDATE HISTORY ................................................................................................................................... 10 RATIONALE ............................................................................................................................................ 11 CRITERIA FOR LISTING ............................................................................................................................ 11 SOURCES AND RESEARCH DATES ........................................................................................................... 12 AGGREGATING LECTURE SITES ............................................................................................................... 14 COMMERCIAL SITES ................................................................................................................................. 14 Busitalks beta ................................................................................................................................ 14 delicious ........................................................................................................................................ 14 FORA.tv ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Free Science Videos and
    [Show full text]
  • PETER HENRY GLEICK (July 2017)
    Peter H. Gleick CV Page 1 PETER HENRY GLEICK (July 2017) Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security 654 13th Street, Preservation Park, Oakland, California 94612 510 2511600; 510 251-2203 (telefax); [email protected], http://www.pacinst.org/about_us/staff_board/gleick/ EDUCATION Doctorate (PhD) University of California, Berkeley, Energy and Resources, 1986. Master of Science (MS) University of California, Berkeley, Energy and Resources, 1980. Bachelor of Science (BS) Yale University, Engineering and Applied Science, 1978. Cum laude, distinction. EMPLOYMENT and RESEARCH POSITIONS President-Emeritus, 2016 to present Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. President and Co-Founder, 1987 to 2016 Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. Research Associate, 1983 to 1986. Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, Deputy Assistant to the Governor of California. 1980-1982. Energy and Environment Office of the Governor of California. Research and Teaching Associate. 1978 to 1981. University of California and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. HONORS, AWARDS • 2017 Winner of the Sustainability Science Award from the Ecological Society of America (with co-authors). • 2016 Named one of E&E Publishing “Nine Californians who play key roles in water policy” • 2016 Named one of Water and Wastewater International’s top 10 Water Leaders • 2015 Recipient of the Leadership and Achievement Award from the Council of Scientific Society Presidents • 2015 Recipient of the Carla Bard Environmental Education Award from the Bay Institute • 2013 Named one of 25 Xylem “Water Heroes” Award • 2013 Recipient of the first “Lifetime Achievement Award” from Silicon Valley Water Conservation Awards • 2012 Nominee for the Rockefeller Foundation Next Century Innovators Award • 2011 Recipient of the Ven Te Chow Award from the International Water Resources Association • 2011 Recipient of the United States Water Prize from the US Water Alliance • Cited in an xkcd comic.
    [Show full text]
  • Water, Security, and Conflict
    ISSUE BRIEF WATER, SECURITY, AND CONFLICT PETER GLEICK AND CHARLES ICELAND HIGHLIGHTS ▪ A wide range of water-related risks undermine human well-being and can contribute to political instability, violent conflict, human displacement and migration, and acute food insecurity, which in turn can undermine national, regional, and even global security. ▪ Political instability and conflicts are rarely caused by any single factor, such as a water crisis. Instead, water crises should be seen as contributing factors to instability. ▪ While water risks have threatened human civilizations over millennia, today’s global population growth and economic expansion—together with threats from climate change—create a new urgency around an old problem. ▪ We classify water and security pathways under three broad categories: diminished water supply or quality, increased water demand, and extreme flood events. ▪ Water risk is not only a function of hazards, such as extreme droughts and floods, it is also a function of a community’s governance capacity and resilience in the face of natural hazards. ▪ No single strategy is sufficient to reduce water risk. Instead, multifaceted approaches will be needed. WRI.ORG EXECUTIVE SUMMARY migration, and food insecurity are much more likely if governance is CONTENTS Context weak, infrastructure is inadequate, 2 Executive Summary Water has played a key role and institutions are fragile. in human security through- Although water risks are grow- 3 Introduction out history, but attention to ing worldwide, there are many water-related threats has been 4 Water in a risk-reducing options avail- Dynamic World growing in recent years due to able to decision-makers. Some increasing water risks.
    [Show full text]
  • BRIDGING CITIZENS and DECISION- MAKERS by LEE
    COMMUNITY-BASED WATER MONITORING: BRIDGING CITIZENS AND DECISION- MAKERS By LEE-ANNE WALKER B.A., University of Alberta, 1985 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in ENVIRONMENT AND MANAGEMENT We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard .......................................................... Dr. Lenore Newman, MEM Program Head School of Environment and Sustainability .......................................................... Dr. Ann Dale, Trudeau Fellow, Canada Research Chair in Sustainable Community Development .......................................................... Dr. Tony Boydell, Director School of Environment and Sustainability ROYAL ROADS UNIVERSITY September 2009 © Lee-Anne Walker, 2009 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-58711-9 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-58711-9 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriété du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse.
    [Show full text]
  • M. Comment Letters Received After December 31, 2007 Appendix M APPENDIX M Comment Letters Received After December 31, 2007
    M. Comment Letters Received After December 31, 2007 Appendix M Appendix APPENDIX M Comment Letters Received After December 31, 2007 The public review period on the Draft PEIR, initially scheduled for 90 days (from June 29, 2007 through October 1, 2007), was extended by an additional 15 days, to October 15, 2007. All comments received through December 31, 2007 were accepted by the San Francisco Planning Department and are responded to in this Comments and Responses document. Comment letters received after December 31, 2007 are presented below; these comments are not responded to individually, but the issues have already been addressed. Table M.1 includes a cross reference for each of these letters to either a master response or another response that includes a discussion of related issues. SF Planning Department Case No. 2005.0159E M-1 PEIR on SFPUC Water System Improvement Program / 203287 Appendix M Comment Letters Received After December 31, 2007 TABLE M.1 COMMENT LETTERS SUBMITTED ON THE DRAFT PEIR AFTER DECEMBER 31, 2007 Comment Letter Format Name of Commenter Organization/ Affiliation Date of Letter Issues Pertinent Response Arthur R. Jensen, Bay Area Water Supply & Modified WSIP; agricultural Section 4.10, Master Response on Modified WSIP Letter 02/21/08 Ph.D. Conservation Agency conservation Alternative Bay Area Water Supply & Section 13.4, Phased WSIP Variant; Section 14.1, Phased WSIP Variant; economic Letter Arthur R. Jensen Conservation Agency 07/17/08 Master Response on WSIP Purpose and Need impacts of service interruption
    [Show full text]
  • The Water Crises Are Here – Esquire Sep2018
    The Water Crises Aren’t Coming—They’re Here For eons, the earth has had the same amount of water—no more, no less. What the ancient Romans used for crops and Nefertiti drank? It’s the same stuff we bathe with. Yet with more than seven billion people on the planet, experts now worry we’re running out of usable water. The symptoms are here: multiyear droughts, large-scale crop failures, a major city—Cape Town—on the verge of going dry, increasing outbreaks of violence, fears of full-scale water wars. The big question: How do we keep the H20 flowing? By Alec Wilkinson, Aug 23, 2018 I. All the Water There Is Here’s a concept: paper water. Paper water is water the government grants certain farmers who are drawing water from a river or a watershed in, say, California. The phrase describes the water the farmer, under premium conditions, is entitled to. Practically, however, paper water is mostly notional water, conceptual water, wish water, since over the years California has awarded many times as much paper water as there is actual water— which, to distinguish it, is quasi-legally called wet water. Some paper water might be made real during years of exceptional abundance, but most of it will forever be speculative and essentially useless, since it can’t realistically be traded, having no value. Paper water thus amounts to a type of hypothetical currency, backed by the Bank of Nowhere, Representing Nothing since 1960 (or thereabouts), when modern water troubles arrived in America and especially in California, where the wildly expanding citizenry required new state and federally managed water systems run by Watercrats.
    [Show full text]
  • ERG Newsletter 2015
    ENERGY & RESOURCES GROUP COMMENCEMENT | MAY 15, 2015 310 Barrows | University of California, Berkeley | erg.berkeley.edu CONGRATULATIONS ERG GRADUATES! Doctor of Philosophy: Peter Alstone, Zachary Burt, Zoe Chafe, Andrew Crane-Droesch, Julian Fulton, Gang He, Josiah Johnston, Christopher Jones, Joseph Kantenbacher, Autumn Petros-Good, Jalel Sager, Rebekah Shirley, Cleo Woelfle-Erskine Master's Degrees: Nkiruka Avila, Anne-Perrine Avrin, Zubair Dar, Christopher Hyun, Veronica Jacome, Kripa Jagannathan, Victoria Junquera Garcia, Noah Kittner, Hongyou Lu, Peter Marsters, Andrea Mercado, Laura Moreno, Yang Ruan, Ida Sognnaes, Monica Testa Undergraduate Minors: Giovanni Castaldo, Emily Szeto, Reza Abedi, Yu Chuan Chen, Julie Juarez, Marissa Moultak, Pascal Polonik, Angela ERG Master's Graduates 2015 Shen, Kaela Shiigi, Clifford Wang Photo: Sharada Prasad CS ERG ALUM PETER GLEICK TO SPEAK AT COMMENCEMENT PRESIDENT AND CO-FOUNDER OF THE PACIFIC INSTITUTE Peter Gleick is renowned as a leading expert, innovator, and communicator on water and climate issues. He co-founded and leads the Pacific Institute in Oak- Dr. land, an independent NGO in the fields of water and economic and environ- mental justice and sustainability. Dr. Gleick’s influence on the field of water has been long and deep: he developed the first analysis of climate change impacts on water resources, the earliest comprehensive work on water and conflict, and defined basic human needs for water and the human right to water – work that has been used by the UN and in human rights court cases. He pioneered the concept of the “soft path for water,” developed the idea of “peak water,” and has written about the need for a “local water movement.” Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Large-Scale Land Acquisitions in Tanzania: a Critical Analysis of Their Implications on Water Security
    LARGE-SCALE LAND ACQUISITIONS IN TANZANIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THEIR IMPLICATIONS ON WATER SECURITY by Alanna Taylor Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia August 2015 © Copyright by Alanna Taylor, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED ................................................. viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 THE ‘LAND RUSH’ ................................................................................................. 2 1.3 THE ROLE OF WATER .......................................................................................... 4 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION ......................................................................................... 6 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS PROJECT ....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Experts to Speak in Santa Cruz on Climate Change and Impacts to Local Water Resources
    NEWS RELEASE FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Contact: Betsy Herbert April 23, 2008 831-430-4627 Experts to speak in Santa Cruz on climate change and impacts to local water resources Internationally recognized climate change experts Dr. Peter Gleick, Dr. Lisa Sloan and others will speak on global climate change and local water resources in a May 14 forum in Santa Cruz sponsored by local public water districts and environmental agencies. The forum titled “Tools for Addressing Climate Change and Local Water Resources,” is designed to inform water resource managers and the public about the probable impacts of climate change on local water resources, how to plan for these impacts, and how to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It will be held from 1-4 p.m. at the University Inn, 611 Ocean Street, followed by a reception. Dr. Gleick, President of the Pacific Institute in Oakland, will address his research in hydrologic modeling at the watershed scale and its use as a planning tool for water managers. Gleick is an internationally recognized expert on water who has written extensively on climate change issues. Dr. Sloan, Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Director of the Climate Change and Impacts Laboratory at UCSC, will discuss her research in refining global climate models to assess impacts to water resources at the regional scale. Sloan has published more than 60 peer-reviewed articles in her field. Jim Crowley, P.E. is an engineering unit manager at the Santa Clara Valley Water District where he leads a technically diverse team responsible for water supply planning and sustainability.
    [Show full text]
  • California Has Been Fighting Hard to Avoid Going Bust Recently
    California has been fighting hard to avoid going bust recently. But it's short on something far more vital than money: fresh water. The Golden State is suffering its worst drought in recorded history. Water levels in groundwater basins and reservoirs are well below average, says California's Department of Water Resources. Court-ordered restrictions on deliveries have hit supplies from the two largest water systems. The outdated state water grid just can't keep up with growth in the state's population. California needs a long-term solution to its fresh water problems, fast. It's not alone. Climate change, drought, growing populations and industrial demand are placing an ever-greater strain on the Earth's available fresh water. Water use has grown twice as fast as the world's population over the last century, so that more than a billion people already live in areas where water is short, says the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation. By 2025, 1.8 billion people will experience severe water scarcity, while two-thirds of the planet's population – 5.5 billion people – could be living under water 'stress' conditions. The answer seems obvious – desalination. Around 97% of the earth's vast water reserves are too salty for human consumption. Of the 3% that is freshwater, 1.7% is locked in glaciers, with just 1% easily accessible in rivers, lakes or groundwater. So it makes sense to find a way to turn some of that salty water into something we can use. "Water is going to be very short until you have a new source.
    [Show full text]
  • Rep Beyer Factcheck Project Bi
    Response to Congressional Hearing Naomi Oreskes Professor Departments of the History of Science and Earth and Planetary Sciences Harvard University 10 April 2017 Among climate scientists, “refutation fatigue” has set in. Over the past two decades, scientists have spent so much time and effort refuting the misperceptions, misrepresentations and in some cases outright lies that they scarcely have the energy to do so yet again.1 The persistence of climate change denial in the face of the efforts of the scientific community to explain both what we know and how we know it is a clear demonstration that this denial represents the willful rejection of the findings of modern science. It is, as I have argued elsewhere, implicatory denial.2 Representative Smith and his colleagues reject the reality of anthropogenic climate change because they dislike its implications for their economic interests (or those of their political allies), their ideology, and/or their world-view. They refuse to accept that we have a problem that needs to be fixed, so they reject the science that revealed the problem. Denial makes a poor basis for public policy. In the mid-century, denial of the Nazi threat played a key role in the policy of appeasement that emboldened Adolf Hitler. Denial also played a role in the neglect of intelligence information which, if heeded, could have enabled military officers to defend the Pacific Fleet against Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor. And denial played a major role in the long delay between when scientists demonstrated that tobacco use caused a variety of serious illnesses, including emphysema, heart disease, and lung cancer, and when Congress finally acted to protect the American people from a deadly but legal product.
    [Show full text]